Izingxenye ze-Petroleum kanye nezingxenye zazo

Uwoyela ongahluziwe uqukethe izinhlanganisela eziningi ze-hydrocarbon ezinosayizi wamangqamuzana ahlukene, izakhiwo, amaphuzu abilayo, nezici zamakhemikhali. Ukucwengwa kwehlukanisa lezi zinhlanganisela zibe ngamaqembu abizwa ngokuthi amafrakshini e-petroleum ukuze acutshungulwe futhi asetshenziswe.

Amafrakshini kaphethiloli aqukethe ama-hydrocarbon abelana ngobubanzi obufanayo obubilisa ububanzi kunezinhlaka zamakhemikhali ezifanayo. Ukwakheka kwawo kuyehluka kakhulu ngoba uwoyela ongahluziwe uyahluka ngokuya ngomthombo wawo wokwakheka komhlaba nomlando wokubunjwa.

I ukwakheka kwamafutha angcolile kunomthelela enanini nekhwalithi yamafrakshini atholwe ngesikhathi sokuhluzwa. Umehluko kumapharafini, ama-naphthenes, ama-aromatics, ama-heteroatom, nezinsimbi zithinta izidingo zokucubungula ezansi nomfula.

Izihlungi ziqala ngokuhlukanisa uwoyela ongahluziwe ngokomzimba ngokusebenzisa i-atmospheric kanye ne-vacuum distillation ngaphambi kokufaka izinqubo zokuguqula amakhemikhali. Le misebenzi iguqula i-feedstock eyinkimbinkimbi ibe izinto zokubasa, izinto ze-petrochemical, imifudlana yokugcoba, kanye nemikhiqizo esindayo.

Ukuqonda izingxenye ze-petroleum kwenza kube lula ukuqonda ukuthi uwoyela ongahluziwe uba kanjani uphethiloli, uphalafini, uphethiloli wendiza, udizili, uwoyela wegesi, izinto zokugcoba, i-LPG, i-petrochemical feedstocks, kanye ne-petroleum coke.

Amagesi kanye Nezingxenye zeNaphtha

Amagesi kaphethiloli akha imikhiqizo yokucwenga elula kunazo zonke futhi ikakhulukazi aqukethe i-methane, eceleni kwenani elincane le-ethane, i-propane, i-butane, ne-isobutane. Izilinganiso zabo zincike kakhulu ezicini zikawoyela ongahluziwe.

I ubunjalo bamafutha egesi isiza ukuchaza ukubaluleka kwamagesi e-petroleum amancane ekukhiqizeni amandla. Lawa magesi angasebenza njengophethiloli wokuhluza, uphethiloli wasendlini, noma i-petrochemical feedstocks.

Amagesi e-petroleum angase futhi aqukathe izinhlanganisela ezingathandeki njenge-hydrogen, i-carbon dioxide, i-hydrogen sulphide, ne-carbonyl sulphide. Abacwengi basusa lezi zinto ngoba bangadala ukugqwala kanye nobunzima bokucubungula.

I-Naphtha ithatha ibanga eliphansi lokubilisa futhi iqukethe ikakhulukazi ama-hydrocarbon agcwele, kanye nenani elincane lezinhlanganisela ezinuka kamnandi. I-naphtha engalashiwe ngokuvamile idinga ukuthuthukiswa ngaphambi kokuba abacwengi bayisebenzisele ukukhiqiza uphethiloli ngokuqondile.

I-naphtha eluhlaza ivamise ukuguqulwa, i-isomerization, ukuxutshwa, nokwelashwa okungeziwe ngaphambi kokungena ekwenziweni kukaphethiloli wentengiso. Le misebenzi ithuthukisa izici zikaphethiloli futhi ikhuphule inani lomphumela wokugeleza kwe-petroleum.

Opharafini bakha izingxenye ezibalulekile ezigcwele ze-naphtha, kuyilapho ama-cycloalkanes nezinhlanganisela ezinuka kamnandi nazo zineqhaza elikhulu. Izilinganiso ziyahlukahluka ngokuya ngomthombo kanye nemvelo kawoyela ongahluziwe ocutshungulwayo.

Ama-cycloalkane anamalungu amahlanu nayisithupha, ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi ama-naphthenes, avela ngaphakathi kwe-naphtha. Ama-cyclopentanes nama-cyclohexanes afakwe esikhundleni ngokuvamile avela eceleni kwezinhlanganisela zepharafini kule ngxenyana kaphethiloli ebilayo ephansi.

Izingxenye ezivamile ezinephunga elimnandi zifaka i-benzene kanye nokuphuma kwe-alkylated benzene. Izithako eziqukethe i-cycloparaffin ehlanganisiwe namaringi anephunga elimnandi, okuhlanganisa i-tetralin ne-naphthalene, kungenzeka futhi phakathi kwebanga elifanele lokubilisa.

Izingxenye ze-Distillate Petroleum Ephakathi

Ama-distillate aphakathi athatha amabanga aphakathi abilayo phakathi kwemifudlana elula ye-naphtha kanye nezinsalela ezinzima. Bahlinzeka ngokuphakelayo okubalulekile kokukhiqiza uphalafini, uphethiloli wendiza yendiza, uphethiloli wedizili, kanye nemikhiqizo ehlobene.

I izinhlelo ezahlukene ze-hydrocarbon fuel bonisa ukuthi kungani ama-distillates aphakathi ahlale ebaluleke kakhulu kwezohwebo. Izakhiwo zabo ezingokomzimba zibenza bafanelekele izinto zokuhamba, ukufudumeza, ukuhamba ngezindiza, kanye nezidingo zamandla eziningana zezimboni.

I-Middle-distillate petroleum iqukethe izinhlanganisela eziningi ezigcwele kodwa futhi ihlanganisa nenani elilinganisekayo lama-naphthenes nama-hydrocarbon anephunga elimnandi. Lezi zinto ezinuka kamnandi zingenzeka njengezakhiwo ezinendandatho eyodwa noma izinhlanganisela zamandandatho amaningi ahlanganisiwe.

Opharafini abavamile phakathi kwalolu hlu lokubilisa ngokuvamile basuka cishe ku-C11 baye ku-C20. I-Mono- kanye ne-dicycloparaffins equkethe izindandatho ezinamalungu amahlanu noma ayisithupha amelela izakhiwo ezibalulekile ze-naphthene engxenyeni.

Ama-naphthalenes e-methylated amelela izingxenye ezibalulekile zephunga elimnandi lama-distillates aphakathi. Ezinye izithako ezinephunga elimnandi eziyindandatho eyodwa neziyindandatho ezimbili zenzeka ngamanani amancane, ngokulinganisa kwazo kuye ngesitoko esithile esingahluziwe.

I-kerosene kanye nowoyela wegesi elula yimikhiqizo ebalulekile ehlukaniswe ngesikhathi sokuhluzwa kwe-atmospheric. Lokhu kusakaza kuvame ukuvela ngasekugcineni esindayo kakhulu sekholomu yomoya ngaphambi kokuba ukucubungula kokucwenga kuqhubekele ekuphathweni kwezinsalela.

Uwoyela we-vacuum gas nawo ungowomndeni obalulekile wemifudlana yokucwenga emaphakathi. Ukwakheka kwawo kubonisa uwoyela ongahluziwe wasekuqaleni futhi uqukethe izilinganiso ezihlukahlukene zama-saturates, ama-naphthenes, ama-aromatics, nopharafini abasinda kakhulu.

I-vacuum gas oil ingasebenza njengowoyela wokushisisa kanye ne-diesel feedstock, kodwa abacwengi bavame ukuyiqondisa ekuqhekekeni okunamandla. Ukuguqulwa kungakhiqiza imifudlana elula, kuhlanganise ne-naphtha elungele ukuxutshwa kukaphethiloli.

I umsuka kawoyela ongahluziwe kanye nezinto eziwumthombo wawo kunomthelela ukusatshalaliswa kwayo kwe-hydrocarbon. Ngenxa yalokho, amafutha amabili aluhlaza acutshungulwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo angase akhiqize ukwakheka okuhluke kakhulu kwe-middle-distillate.

Funda Futhi: Izindlela Zokufuduka Kwe-Petroleum kanye Nezehlakalo Ze-Petroleum

Kuchazwe Izingxenyana Zephethiloli Enzima

Izingxenye ze-petroleum ezinzima zimelela ezinye zezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ezihlukaniswa ngesikhathi sokucwengwa kukawoyela ongahluziwe. Aqukethe ama-hydrocarbon anesisindo samangqamuzana aphezulu kanye nenani elikhulu lama-heteroatom nezinsimbi zokulandelela.

Izingxenye ezisindayo zingase zibe nama-molecule anesisindo samangqamuzana afinyelela ezinkulungwaneni ezimbalwa. Ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kwesakhiwo kwenza kube nzima ukukhomba izinhlanganisela ngazinye ngoba ama-molecule amaningi aqukethe izindandatho eziningi ezifakwe esikhundleni namaqembu asebenzayo.

Izinsalela ze-vacuum ziqukethe inani elikhulu lesulphur, i-nitrogen, umoya-mpilo, i-nickel, i-vanadium, nezinye izinhlanganisela. Lezi zingxenye zingathinta imisebenzi yokuhluza, umsebenzi we-catalyst, ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo, nezinqubo zokuguqula ezilandelayo.

I ukuphathwa kwezinsiza zemvelo ezinomkhawulo inikeza umongo owusizo wokucubungula i-petroleum. Uwoyela ongahluziwe usalokhu ungowokugcina, okwenza ukusetshenziswa ngendlela efanele kanye nokucutshungulwa okunesibopho kubaluleke kakhulu.

Izinsalela ezinzima ngokuvamile zidinga ukuqhekeka okushisayo, ukuphekwa, noma ukuqhekeka kwamanzi ngenxa yokuthi ama-molecule awo ayinkimbinkimbi awakhiqizi kalula imikhiqizo ebalulekile ebalulekile ngokuhlukana ngokomzimba kuphela.

Ukucubungula okuqondile kwezingxenye ezisindayo ezingalashwa kungadala ubunzima obukhulu ngoba izinsimbi nezinhlanganisela eziqukethe i-heteroatom zingase zenze ama-catalyst angasebenzi. Ngakho-ke ukwelashwa kusengaphambili kubaluleka ngaphambi kwemisebenzi ekhethiwe yokuguqula i-catalytic.

I ukulondolozwa kwezinsiza ezingavuseleleki isekela ukusetshenziswa kahle kwe-petroleum ngoba uwoyela ongahluziwe udinga izikhathi ze-geological ukuze wakheke futhi awukwazi ukugcwalisa ngokwemvelo ngamazinga okusetshenziswa komuntu.

Izingxenye ezisindayo ze-petroleum zihlala ziwusizo kwezohwebo naphezu kwezinselelo zazo zokucubungula. Ubuchwepheshe bokuguqulwa obufanelekile bungabuyisa imikhiqizo elula, izingxenye zikaphethiloli, i-petrochemical feedstocks, i-coke, nezinye izinto ezivela kulokhu kusakazwa okunzima.

Ukucwengisiswa Kwezingxenyana Ze-Petroleum

Ukucwengwa ngokomzimba kuhlukanisa izingxenye zikawoyela ongahluziwe ngokuya ngezakhiwo zomzimba, ikakhulukazi amaphuzu abilayo. Ukusakaza okuwumphumela bese kudlulela ekuhlanganiseni, ekwelapheni, ekugcinweni, ekukhiqizweni kukaphethiloli, ekukhiqizweni kwe-petrochemical, noma ekuguquleni okwengeziwe.

1. Ukukhipha Usawoti kanye Nokukhipha amanzi: Abacwengi bakhipha amanzi nosawoti kuwoyela ongahluziwe ngaphambi kokwenziwa komsebenzi omkhulu wokucwilisa. Lokhu kungcola kungakhuthaza ukugqwala, ukubola, ukukala, nezinye izinkinga ngaphakathi kwemishini yokuhluza.

2. I-Atmospheric Distillation: Okungahluziwe okushisiwe kungena kukholamu yomoya womkhathi lapho umhwamuko noketshezi kuhlukana khona ngokwebanga lokubilisa. Le nqubo ikhiqiza amagesi, i-naphtha, uphalafini, uwoyela wegesi, nezinsalela zomkhathi.

3. I-Vacuum Distillation: Izinsalela zomkhathi zingangena kukholamu ye-vacuum lapho ingcindezi encishisiwe ivumela ukuhlukana okuqhubekayo emazingeni okushisa aphansi abilayo asebenzayo. Le nqubo inciphisa ukuwohloka okushisa okukhulu kwemifudlana esindayo ebalulekile.

4. Ukuqoqwa Kwezingxenyana: Amakholomu okuhluza aqoqa imifudlana evela ezigabeni ezihlukene ngokuya nezici zawo zokubilisa. Ingxenye ngayinye ibe isithola ukucubungula okwengeziwe ngokuya ngokwakheka kwayo, ikhwalithi, ukusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe, kanye nenani lemakethe.

I izimiso zokunciphisa udoti futhi ingasekela imisebenzi ephumelelayo yokuhluza. Ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa okungadingekile kwezinto zikaphethiloli kusiza ukulondoloza izinto ezingavuthiwe ngenkathi kunciphisa ukuphehla kukadoti kanye nezingcindezi zemvelo.

Ukuhlukaniswa ngokomzimba akuguquli ngokuyisisekelo ama-molecule amaningi e-hydrocarbon. Esikhundleni salokho, ihlela ingxube engcolile ibe imifudlana izinqubo zamakhemikhali ezilandelayo ezingakwazi ukuyisingatha ngokuphumelelayo nangokonga.

Ukuguqulwa Kwekhemikhali Kwezingxenye Zophethiloli

Ukucwenga amakhemikhali kushintsha ama-molecule e-hydrocarbon kunokumane ukuwahlukanise. Izihlungi zisebenzisa izinqubo zokuguqula ukukhulisa ukunikezwa kwemikhiqizo ebalulekile, zithuthukise ikhwalithi kaphethiloli, futhi zinciphise ukungcola okungafuneki.

1. Ukuthuthukiswa Kwevelu: Abacwengi baguqula izinto ezisindayo ezinenani eliphansi zibe imikhiqizo elula njenge-naphtha ne-LPG. Le mifudlana ingasekela ukukhiqizwa kukaphethiloli, izimakethe zikaphethiloli, kanye nezidingo zokwenziwa kwe-petrochemical.

2. Ukuthuthukiswa Kwamafutha: Izinqubo zokuguqulwa zithuthukisa izici ezifana nekhwalithi ye-octane. I-Lower-octane naphtha ingabhekana noshintsho ukuze ikhiqize i-octane ephezulu elungele ukuxutshwa kukaphethiloli kanye nokululama okunuka kamnandi.

3. Ukunciphisa Ukungcola: Izinqubo zokucwenga zinciphisa isulfure, i-nitrogen, izinsimbi, nezinye izinhlanganisela ezingathandeki. Ukugxila kokungcola okuphansi kuvikela ama-catalyst, kusekela imikhiqizo ehlanzekile, futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kokucwenga.

4. Ukulinganisa Komkhiqizo: Ukuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali kwenza izindawo zokuhlanza zilungise okukhiphayo ngokuya ngesidingo semakethe. Ukusakaza okufanelekile okusindayo nokumaphakathi kungase kube imikhiqizo elula uma isidingo sikaphethiloli ne-LPG sikhula.

I ukuphathwa ngendlela efanele kanye nokulahlwa kwemfucuza yokuhlanza futhi iyingxenye yokucutshungulwa kwe-petroleum. Imikhuba emihle yokulahlwa kwemfucuza isiza ekuvimbeleni ukungcola kungangeni emhlabathini, emanzini, nakwezinye izingxenye zemvelo.

Ukwelashwa ngamanzi kuvame ukuhambisana nokuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali ngoba eminye imifudlana ye-petroleum iqukethe isulfure, i-nitrogen, izinsimbi, nezinhlanganisela ezingagxilile ze-unsaturated. Ukwelashwa okusekelwe ku-hydrogen kungathuthukisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo ngaphambi kokuhlanganiswa noma ukusatshalaliswa kokugcina.

Thermal Cracking And Coking

Ukuqhekeka okushisayo kusebenzisa amazinga okushisa aphakeme ukuphula ama-molecule amakhulu e-hydrocarbon abe ama-molecule amancane. Ngokungafani nokuqhekeka kwe-catalytic, indlela yokusabela eyinhloko ihlanganisa ama-radicals mahhala akhiqizwa ngokuhlukana kwebhondi eshisayo.

1. I-Radical Initiation: Ukushisisa kunikeza amandla anele ukuze amabhondi e-carbon-carbon aphuke ngendlela efanayo, enze izingcezu ezimbili zama-free-radical. Ukuma kwe-bond cleavage kuba nomthelela ekuphenduleni okulandelayo ngesikhathi sokuqhekeka.

2. I-Chain Propagation: Ama-radicals asanda kukhiqizwa athola i-beta scission kanye ne-hydrogen abstraction. Lokhu kusabela kwephula ngokuphindaphindiwe amaketanga e-hydrocarbon futhi kukhiqize ama-molecule amancane, afaka ama-olefin neminye imikhiqizo elula.

3. Ukuqedwa Okukhulu: Ama-radicals wamahhala agcina ehlanganisa noma abambe iqhaza ekuphenduleni kwe-hydrogen-transfer enqamula amaketanga okusabela okukodwa. Izimo zokusebenza zinquma isilinganiso esihlobene semikhiqizo ewumphumela.

4. Ukwakhiwa Komkhiqizo: Ukuqhekeka okushisayo kungakhiqiza amagesi, i-naphtha, ama-distillates aphakathi, ama-olefin, ne-coke. Ukusatshalaliswa komkhiqizo kuncike ekwakhiweni kokuphakelayo, izinga lokushisa, ingcindezi, isikhathi sokuhlala, kanye nokuqina kokuqhekeka.

Ukupheka okubambezelekile kanye nokupheka uketshezi kumelela izinqubo ezibalulekile zokuguqulwa kokushisa okudayiswayo. Zivumela izindawo zokuhluza ukuthi zicubungule izinsalela ezinzima futhi zibuyisele izinto ezilula kusukela kwezinye izitoko ezinenani eliphansi.

Ukupheka kuwusizo ikakhulukazi ezinsalela eziqukethe i-asphaltenes eningi nezinsimbi ngoba izinto ezinjalo zingavala ama-catalyst emisebenzini evamile yokuqhekeka kwe-catalytic.

I-Coking ikhiqiza amagesi e-hydrocarbon, i-naphtha eqhekekile, ama-distillates aphakathi, kanye ne-petroleum coke. Imikhiqizo yegesi neyoketshezi ingaqukatha ukungathobeki kahle, okwenza i-hydrotreatment ibe usizo ekuthuthukiseni ukuzinza nokukhipha isulfure.

Inqubo Yokupheka Ebambezelekile

Iyunithi yokupheka ebambezelekile isebenzisa ihitha yesikhathi esifushane exhunywe kuzigubhu ezinkulu ze-coke. Okuphakelayo okushisayo kungena isigubhu esisodwa lapho ukusabela okushisayo kuqhubeka khona futhi i-coke eqinile inqwabelana kancane kancane ngaphakathi.

Lapho i-coke ifinyelela izinga elinqunywe kusengaphambili, opharetha badlulisela okuphakelayo kwesinye isigubhu. Izihwamuko ezivela kusigubhu esisebenzayo zingena ku-fractionator ukuze zihlukaniswe zibe amagesi, i-naphtha, uphalafini, namafutha egesi.

Umfanekiso – Iyunithi Yokupheka Ebambezelekile (Speight 2006)

Ukubaluleka kwemvelo kokucutshungulwa kwe-petroleum kuyacaca lapho kucatshangwa ukungcoliswa kawoyela emvelweni. Ukuchitheka nokukhishwa kungathutha izinhlanganisela ze-petroleum emhlabeni wonke, amanzi, intlenga, nezinhlelo zebhayoloji.

Funda Futhi: Imigomo Yokulawula Udoti kanye Nezincazelo zayo

I-Catalytic Cracking Yezingxenye Ze-Petroleum

Ukuqhekeka kwe-Catalytic kuguqula okuphakelayo kwe-petroleum esindayo nenani eliphansi kube imikhiqizo elula nebaluleke kakhulu. Inqubo ingakhiqiza uphethiloli onezici ze-octane ezingcono kunemikhiqizo eminingi etholakala ngokuqhekeka okulula okushisayo.

Ukuqhekeka kwe-Catalytic kukhuthaza i-isomerization, okudala izakhiwo ze-hydrocarbon ezinamagatsha. Lawa ma-molecule anamagatsha aneqhaza ekuthuthukisweni kwekhwalithi ye-octane kaphethiloli futhi enze ukuguqulwa kwe-catalytic kubaluleke kakhulu kwezentengiso.

Ama-catalyst ajwayelekile okuqhekeka afaka ubumba olune-asidi, i-amorphous silica-alumina, nama-zeolite. Izinhlelo zesimanje ze-catalytic zivame ukusebenzisa ama-catalyst aqukethe i-zeolite ngoba izakhiwo zawo zinikeza umsebenzi owusizo nokukhetha ngesikhathi sokuguqulwa.

Indlela yokusabela iyahluka ekuqhekekeni okushisayo ngoba ukuqhekeka kwe-catalytic kuqhubeka ikakhulukazi ngama-carbocation intermediate kune-free-radical intermediate.

Izingosi ze-Acid kuma-catalysts aqhekekayo zikhuthaza ukwakheka kwe-carbocation kanye nokuhlela kabusha. Laba baphakathi bangakwazi ukushintsha amashifu e-methyl, i-beta scission, nokunye ukusabela okukhiqiza ama-hydrocarbon alula nama-isomer anegatsha.

I inqubo yokwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile yezimboni ihlala ibalulekile ezindaweni ezihluzwayo ngoba izikhungo zikaphethiloli zikhiqiza amanzi angcolile aqukethe uwoyela, amafutha, izinto ezimisiwe, izinto ezincibilikisiwe, nokunye ukungcola.

Amayunithi okuqhekeka kwe-Fluid catalytic aqukethe i-reactor ne-regenerator. Okuphakelayo kwe-hydrocarbon othintana nabo ku-fluidized catalyst ngaphakathi kwe-reactor, kuyilapho i-regenerator isusa i-coke efakwe futhi ibuyisela umsebenzi we-catalyst.

Umoya oshisayo usekela ukukhiqizwa kabusha ngokusabela nge-coke efakwe futhi uyiguqule kakhulu ibe yi-carbon dioxide. I-catalyst evuselelwe ibe isibuyela ku-reactor ukuze iqhubeke nokuguqulwa kwe-hydrocarbon.

I imithombo kanye nezinhlobo zokungcoliswa kwamanzi zibalulekile ekuphathweni kwezindawo zokuhluza ngenxa yokuthi ukukhishwa ngengozi nokukhishwa kwezimboni kungangenisa ukungcola okuhlobene ne-petroleum ezindaweni zasemanzini.

I imiphumela emikhulu yokungcoliswa kwamanzi futhi zikhombisa ukuthi kungani izikhungo zikaphethiloli zidinga ukuvinjelwa okusebenzayo, ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi angcolile, ukuvimbela ukuchitheka, kanye nezinhlelo zokuqapha kuyo yonke imisebenzi yokucwenga nokugcinwa.

I ukulawula ngendlela efanele ukungcoliswa kwamanzi idinga ukuthi izimboni zikhawulele ukukhishwa kokungcola, zilawule amanzi angcolile ngendlela efanele, zigcine izinto zokusebenza, futhi ziphendule ngokushesha lapho ukungcoliswa kwe-petroleum ngengozi kwenzeka.

Ukuvikelwa kwemvelo okuhluzwayo nakho kuncike kokubanzi izindlela zokunciphisa nokulawula ukungcola ezehlisa ukukhishwa okuyingozi okuvela kumayunithi okucubungula, izindawo zokugcina, izinhlelo zokuthutha, kanye nemifudlana ehlobene nemfucuza.

I amasu okunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwamanzi ingahambisana nezinhlelo zamanzi angcolile okucwengisiswayo ngokugcizelela ukwelashwa, ukuvimbela, ukuqapha, izinqubo ezinomthwalo wemfanelo, kanye nokulawula okufanele.

Ukungcola kwe-petroleum nakho kungathinta izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini, okwenza imiphumela yokungcola ezintweni eziphila emanzini ukucatshangelwa kwemvelo okubalulekile ezindaweni ezikhiqiza uphethiloli kanye nokucwengisiswa kwazo.

Imiphumela yezomnotho yokungcola iqhubeka iqinisa isidingo sokuvimbela. Izifundo ze ukulahlekelwa kwezomnotho okubangelwa ukungcola bonisa ukuthi kungani umonakalo wendawo ungabeka izindleko ezingaphezu kwezindleko zokuqala zokuhlanza.

Izihlungi zingathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle ngokuzisebenzisa izinqubo zokunciphisa imfucuza okuvimbela ukulahleka kwempahla okungadingekile, ukunciphisa ukuchitheka, ukuthuthukisa ukugcinwa kwendlu, nokuthuthukisa izinqubo zokukhiqiza.

I ukubaluleka kokunciphisa udoti kudlulela ngalé kokonga kokulahlwayo ngoba ukunciphisa imfucuza kungagcina izinto ezingavuthiwe, kunciphise imithwalo yemvelo, futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle phakathi kwezinhlelo zezimboni.

Ukuphathwa kokucwenga okunengqondo nakho kuyazuza ekusebenzeni izindlela zokuphatha imvelo zokunciphisa udoti, ikakhulukazi lapho abaqhubi bengakwazi ukuvimbela ukulahlekelwa ngaphambi kokuba izinto zonakaliswe noma zidinge ukulahlwa.

Ukucwengisiswa kwe-petroleum kusalokhu kuxhumene kakhulu nokusetshenziswa kwezinsalela. I imiphumela yemvelo yokushiswa kwezinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi khombisa ukuthi kungani ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kufanele kuhlale kuyizihloko zokuhlelwa nokuphathwa kwemvelo.

Ngokungeziwe emithelela yokusha, ukukhishwa kwe-petroleum nokucubungula kungase kuthinte i-ecosystem. Ngakho-ke imisebenzi ebophezelekile idinga ukuvinjelwa kokungcola, ukusebenza kahle kwezinsiza, ukuqapha indawo ezungezile, ukusabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo, nokuphathwa kwemfucuza ngendlela efanele kulo lonke uchungechunge lwenani le-petroleum.

Sengiphetha, izingxenye ze-petroleum zihlinzeka ngemifudlana ebalulekile lapho uwoyela ongahluziwe uba imikhiqizo ewusizo yohwebo. Amagesi ne-naphtha, ama-distillates aphakathi nendawo, namafrakshini asindayo ngayinye iqukethe ama-hydrocarbon ahlukile kanye nezidingo zokucubungula.

Ukucwengwa ngokomzimba kuhlukanisa lezi zinto ngokuya ngebanga lokubilisa, kuyilapho ukuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali kushintsha izakhiwo zamangqamuzana ukwandisa inani lomkhiqizo futhi kuthuthukise izici zikaphethiloli ezifunwayo.

Ukuqhekeka okushisayo kusebenza ikakhulukazi nge-free-radical chemistry, kuyilapho ukuqhekeka kwe-catalytic kusebenzisa i-carbocation intermediate ekhuthazwa ama-catalyst ane-acidic. Ukupheka kunikeza omunye umzila wokuguqula izinsalela ezinzima zibe yimikhiqizo ewusizo.

Ikhono lenkampani ehluzwayo lokubuyisela imikhiqizo ebalulekile lincike ekwakhiweni okungahluziwe, izici zengxenyana, izimo zenqubo, ukusebenza kwe-catalyst, amaleveli okungcola, kanye nezimfuneko zekhwalithi zokugcina zomkhiqizo ngamunye.

Ngakho-ke ukucubungula kahle kwe-petroleum kudinga okungaphezu kokukhiqiza amafutha. Kudingeka futhi ukuphathwa ngokucophelela kokukhishwa kwegesi, amanzi angcolile, izinsalela ze-petroleum, izinto ezingcolile, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, nokunye okukhathazayo kwemvelo okudalwe imisebenzi yokuhluza.

Isifinyezo Ngezingxenyana Ze-Petroleum Nezingxenye Zazo

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Ngezingxenye Ze-Petroleum Nezingxenye Zazo

1. Yiziphi izingxenye ze-petroleum?

Izingxenye ze-Petroleum zingamaqembu ama-hydrocarbon ahlukaniswe kuwoyela ongahluziwe ikakhulukazi ngokuhluka kwebanga lokubilisa ngesikhathi sokuhluzwa kwe-distillation.

2. Yiziphi izingxenye ezinkulu ze-petroleum?

Amaqembu amakhulu ahlanganisa amagesi kanye ne-naphtha, ama-distillates aphakathi, nama-fractions asindayo. Abacwengi baphinde bahlukanise lawa maqembu abe yimifudlana ethile.

3. Yini etholakala ku-naphtha?

I-Naphtha ikakhulukazi iqukethe amapharafini nama-naphthenes, anenani elincane lezinhlanganisela ezinuka kamnandi njenge-benzene nama-alkylated aromatics hydrocarbons.

4. Yimiphi imikhiqizo evela kuma-distillates aphakathi?

Ama-distillate aphakathi ahlinzeka ngokuphakelayo kukaphalafini, uphethiloli wendiza yendiza, uphethiloli wedizili, uwoyela wegesi olula, neminye imikhiqizo yokucwenga.

5. Kungani kunzima ukucubungula izingxenyana ze-petroleum ezinzima?

Amafrakshini asindayo aqukethe ama-hydrocarbon anesisindo samangqamuzana aphezulu ayinkimbinkimbi, ama-heteroatom, izinsimbi, kanye nezakhiwo zamandandatho ezithathelwe indawo ezenza kube nzima ukucubungula futhi ezingalimaza ama-catalyst.

6. Kuyini ukuqhekeka okushisayo?

Ukuqhekeka okushisayo kusebenzisa izinga lokushisa eliphezulu ukuphula ama-molecule amakhulu e-hydrocarbon ngokusabela okubandakanya ikakhulukazi ama-free-radical intermediate.

7. Kuyini ukuqhekeka kwe-catalytic?

Ukuqhekeka kwe-Catalytic kusebenzisa ama-acidic catalysts ukuguqula ama-hydrocarbon asindayo abe yimikhiqizo elula ngokusabela okubandakanya i-carbocation intermediate.

8. Kuyini ukupheka?

Ukupheka kuyinqubo enzima yokuqhekeka okushisayo eguqula izinsalela ezinzima zibe amagesi, i-naphtha eqhekekile, ama-distillates aphakathi, kanye ne-petroleum coke.

9. Kungani kusetshenziswa i-vacuum distillation?

I-vacuum distillation ihlukanisa izinsalela zomoya ezinzima emazingeni okushisa abilayo asebenzayo aphansi, kusiza ukubuyisela ukugeleza okuwusizo okwengeziwe ngaphandle kokuwohloka kokushisa okudlulele.

10. Kungani izingxenye ze-petroleum zibalulekile?

Izingxenye ze-petroleum zivumela izindawo ezihluzwayo ukuthi zihlukanise, ziphathe, futhi ziguqule uwoyela ongahluziwe ube izinto zokubasa ezibalulekile, i-petrochemical feedstocks, izinto zokugcoba, neminye imikhiqizo.

Ingabe unayo imibuzo, iziphakamiso, noma iminikelo? Uma kunjalo, sicela ukhululeke ukusebenzisa ibhokisi lokuphawula elingezansi ukuze wabelane ngemicabango yakho. Futhi sikukhuthaza ukuba wabelane ngomusa lokhu kwaziswa nabanye abangase bazuze kukho. Njengoba singakwazi ukufinyelela wonke umuntu ngesikhathi esisodwa, silwazisa kakhulu usizo lwakho ekusakazeni izwi. Siyabonga kakhulu ngokusekela kwakho nokwabelana!

Funda Futhi: Izibonelo Zezitshalo zikawoyela kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo