Uwoyela ongahluziwe uvela emithonjeni ehlukene yokwakheka komhlaba, izinto eziphilayo, amatshe omthombo, nezimo zamachibi. Ngenxa yalokho, ukwakheka kwawo kwamakhemikhali kungahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamasimu kawoyela ngisho naphakathi kwemithombo engaphakathi kwensimu eyodwa.
Ukwakheka kukawoyela ongahluziwe kunendaba ngoba kunomthelela ezidingweni zokucubungula, umkhiqizo, ukuziphatha kwemvelo, inani lemakethe, isidingo, kanye nenani lokuthengisa. Ngakho-ke ukuqonda izakhi zawo eziyinhloko kusiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani uwoyela ongahluziwe wehluka ngokwezentengiselwano.
Uwoyela ongahluziwe awuyona ikhemikhali eyodwa. Kunalokho, iyingxube eyinkimbinkimbi elawulwa ama-hydrocarbon, kanye nenani elincane lesulphur, i-nitrogen, umoya-mpilo, izinhlanganisela zensimbi, usawoti, nezinye izinto zokulandelela.
Lezi zingxenye zenzeka ngezilinganiso ezihlukene kuye ngomthombo ongahluziwe, ukuvuthwa, umlando wokwakheka komhlaba, nezimo zamachibi. Umehluko onjalo udala ukuhlukahluka kokuminyana, i-viscosity, ububanzi bokubilisa, izinga lesibabule, nokuziphatha kokucwenga.
Ukwakheka kukawoyela ongahluziwe kuvame ukuxoxwa ngakho ngokuhlanganisa izinhlanganisela zibe imindeni yama-hydrocarbon nezinhlanganisela ezingezona eze-hydrocarbon. Lawo maqembu ahlinzeka ngohlaka olusebenzayo lokuqonda izakhiwo ze-petroleum, izinselele zokucubungula, namandla omkhiqizo.
Ukuqonda Ukwakheka Kwawoyela Ongahluziwe
Ukwakheka kukawoyela ongahluziwe kukhombisa izinto kanye nezimo zejoloji eziwukhiqize. Amatshe emithombo ehlukene, izinto eziphilayo, amazinga okushisa, izingcindezi, kanye nomlando we-reservoir kungakhiqiza amafutha anezici zamakhemikhali ezihluke ngokuphawulekayo.
Ulwazi mayelana ne- imvelaphi ye-geological ye-petroleum kusiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani ukwakheka kwe-petroleum kushintsha kusuka endaweni eyodwa kuya kwenye. Izinto eziphilayo zasolwandle nezasemhlabeni zinganikela ezinhlakeni ezihlukene zamangqamuzana, kuthinte izici eziwumphumela zikawoyela ongahluziwe.
Uwoyela ongahluziwe ungase futhi ushintshe ekubunjweni kwawo ngesikhathi sokufuduka, ukunqwabelana, nokuguqulwa kwendawo. Lezi zinqubo zingaba nomthelela ekusatshalalisweni kwama-hydrocarbon kanye nokugcwala kwesibabule, i-nitrogen, umoya-mpilo, izinsimbi, nezinye izinhlanganisela.
Ukuhlukahluka okunjalo kuyasiza izinqubo zokuguqulwa kwe-petroleum kubalulekile lapho uhumusha izakhiwo zikawoyela ongahluziwe. Ukwakheka ekugcineni kunquma ukuthi indawo ehluzwayo ingahlukanisa, iguqule, iphathe, futhi ithuthukise kanjani amafrakshini ahlukene e-petroleum ngekhwalithi yomkhiqizo wonke.
Indlela ewusizo yokufunda ukwakheka kukawoyela ongahluziwe ukuhlukanisa izingxenye zawo zibe ama-hydrocarbon nezinhlanganisela ezingezona eze-hydrocarbon. Ama-hydrocarbons ahlinzeka ngezinto eziningi, kuyilapho amaqembu asele ethonya ukucubungula nokusebenza kwemvelo.
Funda Futhi: Izindlela Zokufuduka Kwe-Petroleum kanye Nezehlakalo Ze-Petroleum
Izingxenye Ze-Hydrocarbon Kuwoyela Ongahluziwe
Ama-hydrocarbon aqukethe ikhabhoni ne-hydrogen kuphela futhi akha ingxenye yamakhemikhali eyinhloko kawoyela ongahluziwe. Izakhiwo zawo zisukela kuma-molecule amancane kuye kuma-molecule amakhulu, ayinkimbinkimbi atholakala ikakhulukazi kumafraktjhini asindayo kaphethiloli.
1. I-Distilled Hydrocarbons: Izingxenye ze-petroleum distilled aqukethe izilinganiso ezihlukene zamapharafini, ama-naphthene, ama-aromatics, nezinhlanganisela ezisindayo. Ukusatshalaliswa kwazo kuthinta amabanga abilayo kanye nemikhiqizo engenziwa izicwengisisi ngamafutha athile angcolile.
2. I-Fuel Hydrocarbons: Amafutha e-Hydrocarbon ngokuvamile ivela ezixubeni zikaphethiloli eziqukethe izakhiwo eziningi ze-hydrocarbon. Uwoyela ongahluziwe ngokwawo awuwona uphethiloli ophelile; ukucwengisiswa kwehlukanisa futhi kuguqule izingxenye zakhona zibe uphethiloli, uphalafini, udizili, neminye imikhiqizo.
3. Imindeni Emikhulu: Ama-petroleum hydrocarbons angahlukaniswa abe imindeni emithathu emikhulu: ama-alkane, ama-cycloalkane, nama-hydrocarbon anephunga elimnandi. Ubuningi bazo obuhlobene busiza ukuchaza izinhlobo ezingcolile futhi buthonya ukuminyana, i-viscosity, ukuguquguquka, izici ze-octane, nezidingo zokucubungula.
4. Umongo Wensiza: Ukuqonda ukuhlukaniswa kwemithombo yemvelo futhi ibeka uwoyela ongahluziwe phakathi kweqembu elibanzi lezinsiza ezingavuseleleki. Ubunjalo bayo obunomkhawulo bukhuphula ukubaluleka kokululama ngendlela efanele, ukucubungula, ukusetshenziswa, ukongiwa, kanye nokuphathwa kwemvelo.
I-Alkane Paraffin Emawoyela Angahluziwe
Ama-Alkane, abizwa nangokuthi amapharafini, ama-hydrocarbon agcwele aqukethe amaketanga ekhabhoni aqondile noma anegatsha. Balandela ifomula evamile ye-molecular CnH2n+2 futhi bamele umndeni omkhulu we-hydrocarbon ngaphakathi kwamafutha amaningi angcolile.
1. I-Straight-Chain Alkanes: Lezi zinhlanganisela ziqukethe amaketanga ekhabhoni angenawo amagatsha futhi ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi ama-alkanes avamile noma ama-n-parafini. Amaphuzu abo abilayo ngokuvamile ayanda njengoba usayizi wamangqamuzana ukhula kuyo yonke ingxube ye-petroleum.
2. I-Alkanes Enegatsha: Lawa ma-hydrocarbon agcwele aqukethe amagatsha aseceleni ahlanganiswe neketango lekhabhoni eliyinhloko. Igatsha lishintsha izakhiwo ezingokomzimba nezomlilo, okwenza ukusatshalaliswa kwe-isomer kubaluleke lapho kuhlolwa izingxenye ze-petroleum kanye nekhwalithi kaphethiloli.
3. I-Alkanes Ekhanyayo: I-Methane, i-ethane, i-propane, ne-butane iqukethe ama-athomu ekhabhoni ambalwa uma kuqhathaniswa futhi atholakala ikakhulukazi kumagesi ahlobene ne-petroleum. I-Methane yakha ingxenye eyinhloko ye i-petroleum njenge-fossil fuel, kuyilapho i-ethane ne-propane nazo zenzeka ngamanani ahlukahlukene.
4. Ukubaluleka Kokuhluza: Ama-Alkane anikela kumafrakshini kaphethiloli futhi angabhekana nezinqubo zokuguqulwa ezithuthukisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Ukongiwa kwezinsiza ezingavuseleleki isekela ukusetshenziswa ngempumelelo kwale mithombo ye-petroleum elinganiselwe ezindaweni zokuhluza zesimanje.
Ama-Cycloalkanes kanye namaNaphthenes ku-Oyela Angahluziwe
Ama-Cycloalkanes, avame ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-naphthenes, angama-hydrocarbon agcwele ama-athomu ekhabhoni akha izindandatho. Zimelela enye ingxenye ebalulekile kawoyela ongahluziwe futhi zivame ukwenzeka ezingxenyeni ezikhanyayo, ezimaphakathi, nezisindayo ze-petroleum.
1. Izakhiwo zendandatho: Ama-naphthenes aphansi avamile ahlanganisa i-cyclopentane ne-cyclohexane, kanye namafomu afakwe esikhundleni. Lezi zinhlanganisela zenzeka ngokwemvelo kuwoyela ongahluziwe kanye nokuchazwa kokusekela izindlela zokufuduka kwe-petroleum ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo ze-petroleum.
2. Uhlobo Olungahluziwe: Ingxenye ye-paraffinic kanye ne-naphthenic hydrocarbon isiza ukuveza uwoyela ongahluziwe. Ama-hydrocarbons agcwele aqondile nangamagatsha acebile angabonisa ukuziphatha komzimba okuhlukile kunaleyo equkethe izinhlanganisela eziningi ezigcwele umjikelezo.
3. Izindandatho Ezihlanganisiwe: Izingxenye ze-petroleum ezisindayo zingaqukatha izindandatho ze-cyclohexane ezihlanganisiwe kanye nezakhiwo ze-bicyclic. Izakhiwo zawo ezinkulu zamangqamuzana zinomthelela enkingeni kaphalafini, uwoyela wegesi, nezinye izingxenyana zikaphethiloli ezibilayo kakhulu.
4. Ama-aromatic Precursors: Amanye ama-naphthenes angakwazi ukukhipha i-dehydrogenation ngesikhathi sokucutshungulwa ukuze akhiqize izinhlanganisela ezinuka kamnandi. Isibonelo, i-methylcyclohexane ingakha i-toluene, kuyilapho izinhlanganisela ze-cyclic ezihambisanayo zifaka isandla ekuhluzeni ukukhiqizwa okunephunga elimnandi kanye ne-toluene. ukuphathwa kwemithombo yemvelo.
AmaHydrocarbon Anuka Ngamafutha Angahluziwe
Ama-hydrocarbon anephunga elimnandi aqukethe izindandatho ezizinzile futhi atholakala kuwoyela ongahluziwe ngezilinganiso ezihluka ngohlobo olungahluziwe. Izibonelo ezibalulekile zifaka i-benzene, i-toluene, nexylene, evamise ukuqoqwa ndawonye njengezinhlanganisela ze-BTX.
Lezi zinhlanganisela zihlobene eduze ne-petroleum chemistry ngoba ukungcola kwamanzi e-petroleum kungabandakanya izingxube eziyinkimbinkimbi zama-hydrocarbon lapho imikhiqizo ye-petroleum noma uwoyela ongahluziwe ungena endaweni yasemanzini ngokuchitheka nokuphuma.
Inhlanganisela yephunga elimnandi ivamise ukuvela ngamanani amancane kumafrakhishini alula, kuyilapho izakhiwo ezinamaphunga eziyinkimbinkimbi ziba zibaluleke kakhulu kumafrakhishini asindayo. Uwoyela ukungcoliswa imiphumela ngakho-ke ingabandakanya izingxenye ze-petroleum ezihlukene ngamakhemikhali.
Izinhlanganisela ze-BTX zinokubaluleka kwezentengiselwano ngoba izimboni zokucwenga kanye nezimboni ze-petrochemical zizisebenzisa njengabaphakathi ababalulekile. I-aromatics iphinde ibe nomthelela ezicini zikaphethiloli, kuyilapho ama-molecule anephunga elimnandi enomthelela ekhemistry eyinkimbinkimbi yezinto ezisele zikaphethiloli.
Izingxube eziyinkimbinkimbi zezakhiwo ezinamakha kanye ne-heterocyclic zifaka isandla ezintweni ze-asphaltene nezinye izakhi ezinzima ezingahluziwe. Ukuba khona kwabo kungakhuphula ubunzima bokucubungula futhi kwenze ukucaciswa kwamangqamuzana anemininingwane kube inselele kakhulu ngesikhathi sokusebenza kokucwenga.
Izinhlanganisela Ezingezona I-Hydrocarbon Kuwoyela Ongahluziwe
Izinhlanganisela ezingezona i-hydrocarbon ziqukethe izakhi ngaphandle kwekhabhoni ne-hydrogen futhi zenzeka kuwo wonke uwoyela ongahluziwe, ikakhulukazi izingxenyana ezisinda kakhulu. Amaqembu amakhulu ahlanganisa isulfure, i-nitrogen, umoya-mpilo, nezinhlanganisela zensimbi, ngalinye lithinta ukusebenza kokucubungula sekukonke.
Lezi zingxenye zingathinta imithelela yemfucuza yezimboni ngoba ukucutshungulwa kwe-petroleum kungadala udoti oqukethe amafutha, amakhemikhali, izinsimbi, nokunye ukungcola. Ukwelashwa okusebenzayo nokulawula kuvikela okokusebenza okucolisiswayo, abasebenzi, kanye nezindawo ezizungezile.
1. Ama-Sulfur Compounds: Uwoyela ongahluziwe ikakhulukazi uqukethe izinhlanganisela ze-organosulphur, nakuba i-hydrogen sulphide ingase ibe khona. Ama-sulphur compounds angakhuthaza ukugqwala kanye imithombo yemfucuza eyingozi ngenkathi ifaka isandla ekukhathazekeni okuphathelene nokukhishwa kwesulfure kumafutha.
2. Izinhlanganisela zeNitrojeni: Ama-organic nitrogen compounds avame ukuvela njengezakhiwo ze-heterocyclic. Angakwazi ukwenza ushevu kuma-catalysts okuhluza ngakho-ke adinga ukwelashwa, ikakhulukazi lapho ecutshungulwa uwoyela ongahluziwe asinda kakhulu aqukethe ukugxiliswa kwenitrogen ephezulu.
3. Izinhlanganisela Zomoya-mpilo: Izinhlanganisela eziqukethe umoya-mpilo zihlanganisa ama-asidi, ama-phenol, ama-ether, ama-ester, ama-carbonyl, nezinto ezihlobene. Ukugcwala kwawo kuyehluka phakathi kukawoyela ongahluziwe futhi kunomthelela ekwehlukeni kwe-asidi nokuziphatha kwamakhemikhali.
4. Izinhlanganisela Zensimbi: Ukulandelela izinsimbi ezifana ne-vanadium ne-nickel kungenzeka kuma-organic complexes, kuyilapho i-sodium, i-magnesium, i-calcium, nezakhi zingenzeka njengosawoti we-inorganic. Lezi zinto zenza kube nzima ukucubungula okungahluziwe kanye imithombo yemfucuza yezimboni.
I-Sulfur ne-Nitrogen Compounds
Izinhlanganisela zesibabule ne-nitrogen zidinga ukunakwa okukhethekile ngoba zombili zingaphazamisa ukusebenza kokucwenga. Ukugxila kwabo kuhluka phakathi kukawoyela ongahluziwe, futhi i-petroleum esindayo ngokuvamile iqukethe amanani amakhulu alezi zinto ezingadingeki.
1. I-Sweet and Sweet Crude: Uwoyela ongahluziwe onesulphur ephezulu uvame ukuchazwa ngokuthi umuncu, kanti ongahluziwe wesulphur ephansi uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi amnandi. Okuqukethwe kwesibabule kunethonya elinamandla ezidingweni zokwelashwa kanye nenani lemakethe elingahluziwe.
2. Ukususwa kwesibabule: Izindawo zokucwenga zinciphisa isulfure ngezinqubo zokwelashwa eziklanyelwe ukususa i-hydrogen sulphide futhi ziguqule izinhlanganisela zesulfure eziphilayo eziyinkathazo. Le misebenzi yandisa izidingo zokucubungula lapho i-crude engenayo iqukethe isulfure eningi.
3. I-nitrogen Eyisisekelo: Izinhlanganisela eziyisisekelo ze-nitrogen zihlanganisa i-pyridine, i-quinoline, i-isoquinoline, nezakhiwo ze-acridine. Lezi zinhlanganisela zingaphazamisa ukucutshungulwa kwe-catalytic, kwenze ukukhishwa kwe-nitrogen kubaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kahle kokucwenga futhi kuphephe kakhudlwana. imithombo yamanzi angcolile yezimboni abaphathi.
4. Ama-Porphyrins: I-Porphyrins iyinhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi equkethe i-nitrogen ehlobene ne-porphine. Izakhiwo zabo zingahlanganisa izinsimbi futhi zinikeze imikhondo ewusizo mayelana nemvelaphi ye-petroleum, imithombo yento ephilayo, nezinto eziphilayo ezihilelekile ekwakhiweni kwe-petroleum.
I-Oxygen kanye Nezinhlanganisela Zensimbi
Izinhlanganisela eziqukethe umoya-mpilo nezensimbi ziqedela amaqembu amakhulu angewona ama-hydrocarbon acatshangelwa ekubunjweni kukawoyela ongahluziwe. Nakuba ubuningi bawo bungase bube buncane, bungaba nomthelela onamandla kwi-asidi, ukususa usawoti, ukusebenza kwe-catalyst, nezinto zokuhluza.
1. Ama-Oxygen Compounds: I-Acidic oxygen compounds ihlanganisa ama-carboxylic acid, ama-cresylic acid, ama-phenols, nama-naphthenic acid. Izibonelo ezingezona i-asidi zifaka ama-ether, ama-ester, ama-carbonyl, nama-amide, ahluka phakathi kukawoyela ongahluziwe nomthelela. ukungcola kwamanzi.
2. I-Vanadium ne-Nickel: I-Vanadium ne-nickel zenzeka ngokugqamile phakathi kwezinsimbi ze-petroleum futhi zingase zihlotshaniswe nezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-porphyrin. Ubukhona bazo abuthandeki ngoba bangafaka ushevu kuma-catalyst futhi bakhuthaze ukusabela okungafuneki ngesikhathi sokuguqulwa.
3. Usawoti Ongaphili: I-sodium, i-magnesium, i-calcium, i-iron, ne-aluminium ingase ibe njengosawoti we-inorganic, kuhlanganise nama-chloride. I-calcium ne-magnesium ingaba nomthelela kuma-emulsions, kuyilapho usawoti we-chloride ungakhiqiza i-hydrochloric acid ngesikhathi sokucubungula.
4. Ukucubungula Imiphumela: Izihlungi zisebenzisa i-dessalting, i-hydrotreatment, nezinye izinyathelo zokwelashwa ukuze kuncishiswe izinhlanganisela ezihluphayo. Ukuphatha lokhu kungcola kuvikela okokusebenza, kuthuthukisa izinqubo zokuguqulwa, futhi kuyasekela imiqondo yokulawula ukunukubezeka ngesikhathi sokucwenga okungahluziwe.
Funda Futhi: Izindima Zabakhiqizi Nezinkampani Ekulawuleni Udoti
Ukwakheka Kwamafutha Angahluziwe
Ukwakheka okubanzi kwezakhi zikawoyela ongahluziwe kubonisa ukuthi kungani i-petroleum iziphatha njengengxube eyinkimbinkimbi kunento eyodwa. Ikhabhoni ne-hydrogen kubusa, kuyilapho i-nitrogen, umoya-mpilo, isibabule, nezinsimbi zenzeka ngezilinganiso ezincane.
| Isici noma Ingxenye | Ukubunjwa Okujwayelekile |
|---|---|
| Ikhabhoni | 83.0% ukuya ku-87.0% |
| I-hydrogen | 10.0% ukuya ku-14.0% |
| I-nitrogen | 0.1% ukuya ku-2.0% |
| Umoya-mpilo | 0.05% ukuya ku-1.5% |
| Isibabule | 0.05% ukuya ku-6.0% |
| Izinsimbi (Ni no-V) | <1000 ppm |
Ububanzi bokubhaliwe obushicilelwe bungahluka kakhulu ngomthombo ongahluziwe kanye nendlela yokuhlaziya. Izibalo ezinikeziwe zalesi sihloko zinikeza umhlahlandlela ovamile owusizo esikhundleni sokwakheka kwendawo yonke yawo wonke uwoyela ongahluziwe.
Ukulahlekelwa kwezomnotho ngenxa yokungcola khombisa ukuthi kungani ukwakheka kukawoyela ongahluziwe kubaluleke ngaphezu komsebenzi wokuhluzwa. Ukungcola nokukhishwa kwe-petroleum kungadala izindleko zokwelashwa, ukulimala kwemvelo, ukulahlekelwa kokukhiqiza, kanye nezindleko ezibanzi zenhlalo-mnotho emiphakathini ethintekile.
Ngokunjalo, ukungcoliswa komoya okuvela ku-petroleum ihlanganisa ukwakheka okungenamsoco nokukhathazeka kwemvelo. Isibabule, i-nitrogen, ama-hydrocarbon, nezinye izakhi zingaba nomthelela omkhulu ekungcoleni okukhiqizwa phakathi nokucutshungulwa kwe-petroleum, ukuthuthwa, kanye nokushiswa kukaphethiloli.
Sekukonke, ukuqonda ukwakheka kukawoyela ongahluziwe kusiza ukuchaza ukubaluleka kwawo kwezomnotho, indlela yokuziphatha ecwengiwe, imiphumela yemvelo, namandla omkhiqizo. I-crude ngayinye idinga ukuhlolwa okufanele ngaphambi kokuba izinqumo ezinemininingwane yokucubungula zenziwe ngokuphepha.
Isifinyezo Sezingxenye Ezibalulekile Nokwakheka Kwamafutha Angahluziwe
| Iqembu Lokuqamba | Izibonelo Ezinkulu | Ukubaluleka |
|---|---|---|
| Alkanes | I-Methane, i-ethane, i-propane, i-butane, i-n-alkanes, i-alkanes enegatsha | Umndeni omkhulu we-hydrocarbon egcwele efaka isandla kumafutha e-petroleum |
| Ama-Cycloalkanes | I-Cyclopentane, i-cyclohexane, izindandatho ezifakwe endaweni futhi ezihlanganisiwe | Izingxenye ezibalulekile ze-saturated cyclic ezithonya uhlobo olungcolile |
| Ama-aromatics | I-Benzene, i-toluene, i-xylene, izakhiwo ezinephunga elimnandi | Ibalulekile ekukhiqizeni i-petrochemical kanye nezici zamafutha |
| Sulfur Compounds | I-Hydrogen sulfide, i-thiols, i-thiophenes, i-sulphides, i-disulphides | Ithonya ukugqwala, izindleko zokwelapha, ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni, kanye nenani elingcolile |
| I-nitrogen Compounds | I-Pyridine, i-quinoline, i-isoquinoline, i-acridine, i-porphyrins | Ingakwazi ukwenza ubuthi futhi ikhulise izidingo ze-hydrotreatment |
| Ama-Oxygen Compounds | Ama-acids e-Carboxylic, ama-phenols, ama-ethers, ama-esters, ama-carbonyls | Ithonya i-asidi nokuziphatha kwamakhemikhali kokuluhlaza |
| Metallic Compounds | I-vanadium, i-nickel, i-sodium, i-magnesium, i-calcium, insimbi | Ingakwazi ukwenza ubuthi, yenze ama-emulsion, futhi ibangele ukugqwala |
| Izakhi Eziyinhloko | Ikhabhoni ne-hydrogen, enamanani amancane e-N, O, S, izinsimbi | Chaza ingqikithi yemvelo kawoyela ongahluziwe |
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Mayelana Nokwakheka Kwamafutha Angahluziwe: Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Nezakhiwo
1. Akhiwe kanjani uwoyela ongahluziwe?
Uwoyela ongahluziwe uyingxube eyinkimbinkimbi elawulwa ama-hydrocarbon, kanye nesibabule, i-nitrogen, umoya-mpilo, izinhlanganisela zensimbi, usawoti, nezinye izinto zokulandelela.
2. Ayini ama-hydrocarbon asemqoka kuwoyela ongahluziwe?
Imindeni eyinhloko yama-hydrocarbon ama-alkane, ama-cycloalkane, nama-hydrocarbon anephunga elimnandi, nakuba izilinganiso zawo zihluka kakhulu phakathi kwemithombo kawoyela ongahluziwe.
3. Kungani ukwakheka kukawoyela ongahluziwe kuhluka?
Ukwakheka kuyehluka ngoba uwoyela ongahluziwe usuka ezintweni ezihlukene zemvelo, amadwala omthombo, izimo zejoloji, imilando yokuvuthwa, izinqubo zokufuduka, kanye nezindawo zamachibi.
4. Ayini ama-alkanes kuwoyela ongahluziwe?
Ama-Alkane agcwele iketango eliqondile noma ama-hydrocarbon anegatsha elinefomula evamile ethi CnH2n+2. Bakha umndeni omkhulu we-hydrocarbon kuwoyela ongahluziwe.
5. Ayini ama-naphthene?
AmaNaphthenes angama-saturated cyclic hydrocarbons, abizwa nangokuthi ama-cycloalkanes. Izibonelo ezijwayelekile zifaka i-cyclopentane, i-cyclohexane, nezakhiwo zamandandatho afakwe esikhundleni.
6. Kungani isulfure ibalulekile emafutheni angahluziwe?
Isibabule sithinta ikhwalithi engcolile, izidingo zokwelashwa, ukugqwala, ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni, ukusebenza kwe-catalyst, kanye nenani lemakethe. I-higher-sulphur crude ngokuvamile idinga ukucutshungulwa okubanzi.
7. Yiziphi izinsimbi ezenzeka kuwoyela ongahluziwe?
I-Vanadium ne-nickel kuvame ukuvela phakathi kwezinsimbi ze-petroleum, kuyilapho i-sodium, i-magnesium, i-calcium, i-iron, ne-aluminium ingase yenzeke, ikakhulukazi kumafomu kasawoti we-inorganic.
8. Iyiphi ingxenye enkulu kuwoyela ongahluziwe?
Ikhabhoni iyona nto eyinhloko, ngokuvamile ithatha cishe u-83% kuya ku-87% kawoyela ongahluziwe, kuyilapho i-hydrogen yakha cishe u-10% kuya ku-14%.
Ingabe unayo imibuzo, iziphakamiso, noma iminikelo? Uma kunjalo, sicela ukhululeke ukusebenzisa ibhokisi lokuphawula elingezansi ukuze wabelane ngemicabango yakho. Futhi sikukhuthaza ukuba wabelane ngomusa lokhu kwaziswa nabanye abangase bazuze kukho. Njengoba singakwazi ukufinyelela wonke umuntu ngesikhathi esisodwa, silwazisa ngempela usizo lwakho ekusakazeni izwi. Siyabonga kakhulu ngokusekela kwakho nokwabelana!
Funda Futhi: Ukungcoliswa Kwamanzi Nemithelela Yako Kwezolimo