Petroleum Zvikamu uye Zvikamu Zvazvo

Mafuta asina kuchena ane akawanda hydrocarbon makomisheni ane akasiyana mamorekuru saizi, zvimiro, mapoinzi ekuvira, uye makemikari maitiro. Kunatsa kunopatsanura makomponi aya kuita mapoka anodaidzwa kuti petroleum mafractions ekuzotevera kugadzirisa nekushandisa.

Zvikamu zvepetroleum zvinoumbwa nemahydrocarbons anogovanisa mwero wakada kufanana wekuvira kwete makemikari akafanana. Kuumbwa kwavo kunosiyana zvakanyanya nekuti mafuta asina kuchena anosiyana zvichienderana nekwaanobva geological uye nhoroondo yekuumbwa.

The kuumbwa kwemafuta asina kuchena inopesvedzera huwandu uye kunaka kwezvikamu zvakadzorwa panguva yedistillation. Misiyano muparafini, naphthenes, aromatics, heteroatoms, uye simbi zvinokanganisa kudzika kwemvura kunodiwa.

Mafinefineri anotanga apatsanura oiri isina kuchena mumuviri kuburikidza nemhepo uye vacuum distillation isati yaisa makemikari ekushandura maitiro. Aya mashandiro anoshandura crude feedstock kuita mafuta, petrochemical materials, nzizi dzekuzora, uye zvigadzirwa zvinorema.

Kunzwisisa zvikamu zvepetroleum kunoita kuti zvive nyore kunzwisisa kuti oiri isina kukora inova sei peturu, parafini, mafuta emuchadenga, dhiziri, mafuta egasi, zvekuzora, LPG, petrochemical feedstocks, uye petroleum coke.

Gasi Uye Naphtha Zvikamu

Petroleum magasi anoumba zvigadzirwa zvakareruka zvekunatsa uye kunyanya ane methane, padivi pezvishoma zveethane, propane, butane, uye isobutane. Kuwanda kwavo kunoenderana zvakanyanya nemafuta asina kukora.

The chimiro chemafuta ane gasi inobatsira kutsanangura kukosha kwemagasi epetroleum akareruka mukugadzirwa kwesimba. Aya magasi anogona kushanda semafuta ekunatsa, mafuta emumba, kana petrochemical feedstocks.

Petroleum magasi anogonawo kunge aine zvinhu zvisingadiwe zvakaita sehydrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, uye carbonyl sulphide. Vanonatsa vanobvisa zvinhu izvi nekuti vanogona kugadzira ngura uye kugadzirisa matambudziko.

Naphtha inofashaira yakadzikira uye ine mahydrocarbon akazara, pamwe chete netwudiki twezvinonhuhwirira. Naphtha isina kurapwa kazhinji inoda kukwidziridzwa vasati vainatsa vaishandisa zvakananga kugadzira peturu.

Raw naphtha inowanzo gadziriswa, isomerization, kusanganisa, uye yekuwedzera kurapwa isati yapinda mukutengesa peturu maumbirwo. Aya mashandiro anovandudza hunhu hwemafuta uye anowedzera kukosha kweinokonzeresa petroleum rwizi.

Maparafini anoumba akakosha akazara zvikamu zve naphtha, nepo cycloalkanes nemakomisheni anonhuhwirira anobatsirawo zvakanyanya. Zviyero zvinosiyana zvichienderana nekwakabva uye nemhando yemafuta asina kuchena anogadzirwa.

Macycloalkanes ane shanu-nenhanhatu, anowanzonzi naphthenes, anoitika mukati menaphtha. Inotsiviwa cyclopentanes uye cyclohexanes inowanzoonekwa pamwe chete neparafini makomisheni mune ino yakaderera-inovira yepetroleum chikamu.

Zvinozivikanwa zvinonhuhwirira zvinosanganisira benzene uye alkylated benzene derivatives. Mishonga ine cycloparaffin yakasanganiswa uye zvindori zvinonhuhwirira, zvinosanganisira tetralin nenaphthalene, zvinogonawo kuitika mukati mezvikamu zvakakodzera zvekufashaira.

Pakati Distillate Petroleum Zvikamu

Madistillates epakati anogara pakati pekuvira pakati pemvura yakareruka naphtha uye hova dzakasara dzinorema. Vanopa zvakakosha zvekunatsa feedstocks zvekugadzira parafini, aviation jet fuel, mafuta edhiziri, uye zvigadzirwa zvinoenderana.

The dzakasiyana hydrocarbon mafuta ekushandisa ratidza kuti nei ma distillates epakati achiramba akakosha zvekutengesa. Zvimiro zvavo zvemuviri zvinovaita kuti vakwanise kutakurwa, kudziyisa, kubhururuka nendege, uye akati wandei maindasitiri simba rinodiwa.

Pakati-distillate petroleum ine akawanda saturated compounds asi inosanganisirawo huwandu hunoyerwa hwenaphthenes uye anonhuwirira hydrocarbons. Izvi zvinhu zvinonhuhwirira zvinogona kuitika senge-mhete zvimiro kana akasanganiswa akawanda-mhete makomisheni.

Maparafini akajairwa mukati merudzi urwu rwekubikira anowanzo kubva paC11 kusvika kuC20. Mono- uye dicycloparaffins ine zvindori zvishanu kana zvitanhatu-nhengo inomiririra zvakakosha naphthene zvimiro muchikamu.

Methylated naphthalenes inomiririra zvakakosha zvinonhuhwirira zvikamu zvepakati distillates. Mamwe-mhete uye maviri-mhete anonhuhwirira makomisheni anoitika muhuwandu hudiki, nehukuru hwayo hunoenderana nechero crude feedstock.

Kerosene nemafuta egasi akareruka zvinhu zvakakosha zvakapatsanurwa panguva yemhepo yemhepo. Hova idzi dzinowanzo kuoneka kumucheto kunorema kwedenga remuchadenga kusati kwaitwa kunatswa kunoenda kunorapwa kwasara.

Vacuum gasi oiri zvakare ndeyemhuri yakakosha yepakati pekunatsa hova. Maumbirwo ayo anoratidza mafuta ekutanga asina kukora uye ane huwandu hwakasiyana hwemasaturates, naphthenes, aromatics, uye parafini inorema.

Vacuum gasi oiri inogona kushanda semafuta ekudziya uye dhiziri feedstock, asi anonatsiridza anowanzo tungamira kune inokonzeresa kupaza. Shanduko inogona kuburitsa nzizi dzakareruka, kusanganisira naphtha yakakodzera kusanganisa peturu.

The mavambo emafuta asina kuchena uye mabviro ayo zvinhu inokanganisa kugovera kwayo hydrocarbon. Nekuda kweizvozvo, maoiri maviri asina kuchena akagadzirwa pasi pemamiriro akafanana anogona kuburitsa zvinooneka zvakasiyana zvepakati-distillate nziyo.

Verenga zvakare: Nzira dzeKutama kwePetroleum uye Kuitika kwePetroleum

Heavy Petroleum Fractions Inotsanangurwa

Zvikamu zvinorema zvepetroleum zvinomiririra zvimwe zvezvinhu zvakanyanya kuomarara zvakapatsanurwa panguva yekucheneswa oiri isina kuchena. Ane ma-high-molecular-weight hydrocarbons pamwe chete nehuwandu hwakawanda hweheteroatoms uye trace metals.

Zvikamu zvinorema zvinogona kunge zvine mamorekuru ane huremu hwemamorekuru anosvika zviuru. Kuoma kwavo kwemaitiro kunoita kuti zviome kuziva makomisheni ega ega nekuti mamorekuru mazhinji ane akawanda anotsiviwa zvindori uye mapoka anoshanda.

Vacuum zvisaririra zvine huwandu hwakakosha hwesarufa, nitrogen, okisijeni, nickel, vanadium, uye mamwe makomisheni. Izvi zvinomiririra zvinogona kukanganisa mashandiro ekunatsa, catalyst chiitiko, mhando yechigadzirwa, uye inotevera shanduko maitiro.

The kutarisira zviwanikwa zvezvakatipoteredza zvinopera inopa mamiriro anobatsira ekugadzirisa petroleum. Crude oiri inoramba iine magumo sosi, ichiita kuti mashandisirwo ane hunyanzvi uye kugadzirisa zvine mutoro kuwedzere kukosha.

Zvisaririra zvinorema zvinowanzoda kutsemuka kwemafuta, kubikira, kana hydrocracking nekuti mamorekuru awo akaomarara haabudisi zvigadzirwa zvakakosha zvakareruka kuburikidza nekuparadzaniswa kwemuviri chete.

Direct catalytic process yezvimedu zvinorema zvisina kurapwa zvinogona kuunza matambudziko akakomba nekuti simbi uye heteroatom-ine makomisheni anogona kudzima macatalysts. Pretreatment saka inova yakakosha isati yasarudzwa catalytic conversion mashandiro.

The kuchengetedza zviwanikwa zvisingadzokerikezve inotsigira kushandiswa kwakanaka kwepetroleum nekuti mafuta asina kuchena anoda geological timescales kuti aumbwe uye haakwanise kuzadza zvawo pamitengo yekushandiswa kwevanhu.

Zvikamu zvinorema zvepetroleum zvinoramba zvichibatsira mune zvekutengesa zvisinei nematambudziko ekugadzirisa. Tekinoroji yakakodzera yekushandura inogona kudzoreredza zvigadzirwa, zvinhu zvemafuta, petrochemical feedstocks, coke, uye zvimwe zvinhu kubva kune idzi hova dzakaoma.

Kucheneswa Kwenyama Kwezvikamu zvePetroleum

Kucheneswa kwemuviri kunopatsanura zvikamu zveoiri isina kukora zvinoenderana nehunhu hwemuviri, kunyanya mapoinzi ekuvira. Hova dzinobuda dzinobva dzaenda kusanganisa, kurapwa, kuchengetedza, kugadzira mafuta, kugadzira petrochemical, kana kumwe kutendeuka.

1. Desalting uye Dewatering: Vanonatsa vanobvisa mvura nemunyu kubva muoiri isina kukora kusati kwaitwa mabasa makuru edistillation. Tsvina iyi inogona kukurudzira ngura, kusvibisa, kuyera, uye mamwe matambudziko mukati memichina yekuchenesa.

2. Atmospheric Distillation: crude inopisa inopinda mumhepo yemhepo umo mhute uye zvinwiwa zvinopatsanurwa zvichienderana nekufashaira. Iyo nzira inoburitsa magasi, naphtha, parafini, gasi mafuta, uye zvakasara zvemuchadenga.

3. Vacuum Distillation: Zvisaririra zvemuchadenga zvinogona kupinda mukoramu yevacuum uko kuderedzwa kudzvanywa kunobvumira kumwe kupatsanurwa patembiricha yakaderera inoshanda. Iyi nzira inoderedza kushatisa kwakanyanya kwekupisa kwehova dzinorema dzinorema.

4. Kuunganidzwa kwechikamu: Makoramu ekunatsa anounganidza hova kubva muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvichienderana nehunhu hwadzo hwekufashaira. Chikamu chega chega chinobva chagashira kumwe kugadziridzwa zvinoenderana nekuumbwa kwacho, mhando, kushandiswa kwakatarisirwa, uye kukosha kwemusika.

The misimboti yekuderedza marara inogonawo kutsigira kushanda kwakanaka kwekunatsa. Kuderedza kurasikirwa kusingakoshi kwezvinhu zvepetroleum kunobatsira kuchengetedza zvigadzirwa uku uchidzikamisa kugadzirwa kwemarara uye kumanikidza kwezvakatipoteredza.

Kuparadzaniswa kwenyama hakuchinji zvakanyanya mamorekuru ehydrocarbon. Pane kudaro, inoronga musanganiswa usina kuchena kuita nzizi iyo inotevera kemikari maitiro anogona kubata zvakanyanya uye zvine hupfumi.

Kemikari Kushandurwa kwePetroleum Fractions

Kemikari kunatsa kunoshandura ma hydrocarbon mamorekuru pane kungoaparadzanisa. Refineries anoshandisa nzira dzekushandura kuwedzera kuwanikwa kwezvinhu zvakakosha, kuvandudza kunaka kwemafuta, uye kuderedza kusvibiswa kusingadiwi.

1. Kuvandudza Kukosha: Vanonatsa vanoshandura zvinhu zvakaderera-zvinorema kuita zvigadzirwa zvakareruka senge naphtha neLPG. Hova idzi dzinogona kutsigira kugadzirwa kwepeturu, misika yemafuta, uye petrochemical kugadzira zvinodiwa.

2. Kuvandudza Mafuta: Maitiro ekushandura anovandudza hunhu hwakaita seoctane mhando. Yezasi-octane naphtha inogona kugadziridzwa kugadzira yakakwirira-octane reformate yakakodzera kusanganisa peturu uye kupora kunhuhwirira.

3. Kuderedza Kusachena: Matanho ekunatsa anoderedza sarufa, nitrogen, simbi, uye mamwe macommunication asingadiwe. Yakaderera kusvibiswa inodzivirira zvinokonzeresa, inotsigira zvigadzirwa zvekuchenesa, uye inovandudza kuita kwese kunatsa.

4. Kuenzanisa kwechigadzirwa: Kemikari shanduko inogonesa marefineries kugadzirisa zvinobuda zvinoenderana nemusika kudiwa. Inokodzera inorema uye yepakati hova inogona kuve yakareruka zvigadzirwa kana kudiwa kwepeturu neLPG kuchiwedzera.

The kurapwa kwakakodzera uye kuraswa kwemarara ekunatsa zvakare inoumba chikamu chekutarisira petroleum processing. Maitiro akanaka emarara anobatsira kudzivirira zvinosvibisa kupinda muvhu, mvura, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzezvakatipoteredza.

Hydrotreatment inowanzo perekedza kushandurwa kwekemikari nekuti mamwe nzizi dzepetroleum dzine sarufa, nitrogen, simbi, uye makemikari asina kugadzikana asina kusimba. Hydrogen-yakavakirwa kurapwa inogona kuvandudza chigadzirwa mhando isati yasanganiswa yekupedzisira kana kugovera.

Thermal Cracking uye Coking

Kuputika kwemafuta kunoshandisa tembiricha yakakwira kutyora mamorekuru ehydrocarbon kuita mamorekuru madiki. Kusiyana necatalytic cracking, nzira huru yekuita inosanganisira mahara radicals anogadzirwa kuburikidza nemafuta bond cleavage.

1. Radical Initiation: Kupisa kunopa simba rakakwana kuti kabhoni-kabhoni zvisungo zvityoke homolytically, zvichigadzira maviri emahara-radical zvidimbu. Nzvimbo ye bond cleavage inokanganisa maitiro anotevera panguva yekutsemuka.

2. Chain Propagation: Ichangobva kugadzirwa radicals inopinda beta scission uye hydrogen abstraction. Aya maitiro anoramba achityora cheni dzehydrocarbon uye kugadzira mamorekuru madiki, anosanganisira olefins uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvakareruka.

3. Radical Termination: Mahara radicals anozopedzisira asangana kana kutora chikamu mune hydrogen-transfer reactions iyo inomisa yega reaction cheni. Mamiriro ekushanda anosarudza huwandu hwehuwandu hwezvakagadzirwa zvigadzirwa.

4. Kugadzira Chigadzirwa: Kuputika kwemafuta kunogona kuburitsa magasi, naphtha, distillates yepakati, olefins, uye coke. Kugoverwa kwechigadzirwa kunoenderana nekuumbwa kwekudya, tembiricha, kudzvanywa, nguva yekugara, uye kutsemuka kuoma.

Kunonoka kubika uye kunyura kwemvura kunomiririra zvakakosha zvekutengesa kupisa kupisa maitiro. Vanobvumira marefineries kuti agadzirise masara anorema uye kudzoreredza zvinhu zvakareruka kubva kune zvimwe zvakaderera-kukosha feedstocks.

Coking inonyanya kubatsira kune zvisaririra zvine asphaltenes yakakura uye simbi nekuti zvinhu zvakadaro zvinogona kumisa zvinokonzeresa muzvakajairwa zvinokonzeresa kupaza mashandiro.

Kubika kunogadzira magasi ehydrocarbon, naphtha yakatsemuka, madistillates epakati, uye petroleum coke. Gasi uye zvigadzirwa zvemvura zvinogona kuve neyakakura unsaturation, zvichiita kuti hydrotreatment ibatsire mukuvandudza kugadzikana uye kubvisa sarufa.

Kunonoka Coking Process

Iyo yakanonoka coking unit inoshandisa pfupi-yekubata-nguva hita yakabatana nehombe madhiramu ecoke. Chikafu chinopisa chinopinda mudhiramu rimwe umo kupisa kunoenderera mberi uye coke yakasimba zvishoma nezvishoma inoungana mukati.

Kana coke yasvika padanho rakafanotemerwa, vafambisi vanotsausa chikafu ichi kuenda kune imwe dhiramu. Mhepo kubva muchigubhu chinoshanda chinopinda muchikamu chekupatsanurwa kuita magasi, naphtha, parafini, uye gasi mafuta.

Mufananidzo – Yakanonoka Coking Unit (Speight 2006)

Kukosha kwezvakatipoteredza kwekugadzirisa petroleum kunova kujeka kana uchifunga kusvibiswa kwemafuta munharaunda. Kudururwa uye kuburitswa kunogona kutakura petroleum makomisheni paivhu, mvura, sediments, uye biological system.

Verenga zvakare: Waste Management Terms uye Zvazvinoreva

Catalytic Kutsemuka KwePetroleum Zvikamu

Catalytic cracking inoshandura inorema uye yakaderera-value petroleum feedstocks kuita yakareruka uye yakakosha zvigadzirwa. Maitiro acho anogona kuburitsa peturu ine zvirinani octane hunhu pane zvakawanda zvigadzirwa zvinowanikwa kuburikidza neyakapfava yekupisa.

Catalytic cracking inosimudzira isomerization, iyo inogadzira branched hydrocarbon zvimiro. Aya mamorekuru ane matavi anobatsira kuvandudza peturu octane hunhu uye kuita shanduko inokonzeresa kutengeserana kukosha.

Zvakajairwa kupaza zvinokonzeresa zvinosanganisira acid-yakabatwa ivhu, amorphous silica-alumina, uye zeolites. Mazuva ano catalytic masisitimu anowanzo kushandisa zeolite-ine catalysts nekuti zvimiro zvavo zvinopa basa rinobatsira uye sarudzo panguva yekutendeuka.

Maitiro ekuita anosiyana nekupwanya kwekupisa nekuti catalytic cracking inoenderera zvakanyanya kuburikidza necarbocation intermediates kwete yemahara-radical intermediates.

Acid nzvimbo pakuputika zvinokonzeresa zvinosimudzira carbocation kuumbwa uye kurongazve. Aya epakati anogona kuita methyl shifts, beta scission, uye mamwe maitiro anogadzira akareruka hydrocarbons uye branched isomers.

The maindasitiri etsvina kurapwa maitiro inoramba yakakosha mumichina yekucheneswa nekuti peturu inoburitsa mvura yetsvina ine oiri, girisi, yakamiswa zvinhu, yakanyungudika, uye zvimwe zvinosvibisa.

Fluid catalytic cracking units ine reactor uye regenerator. Hydrocarbon feed contacts fluidized catalyst mukati me reactor, uku regenerator ichibvisa coke yakaiswa uye inodzorera catalyst chiitiko.

Mhepo inopisa inotsigira kuvandudzwa nekuita neyakaiswa coke uye kuishandura zvakanyanya kuita carbon dioxide. Iyo yakagadziridzwa catalyst inobva yadzokera kune reactor kuti ienderere mberi hydrocarbon shanduko.

The matsime uye marudzi ekusvibiswa kwemvura zvine chekuita nekunatsa manejimendi kwezvakatipoteredza nekuti kuburitswa netsaona uye kubuda mumaindasitiri kunogona kuunza tsvina ine petroleum munzvimbo dzemvura.

The migumisiro mikuru yekusvibiswa kwemvura ratidzawo kuti sei nzvimbo dzepetroleum dzichida kuchengetedzwa kunoshanda, kurapwa kwemvura yetsvina, kudzivirira kurasika, uye masisitimu ekutarisa mukati mekuchenesa nekuchengetedza mabasa.

The kudzora kwakafanira kusvibiswa kwemvura inoda maindasitiri kudzikamisa kuburitswa kwetsvina, kutonga mvura yetsvina zvine mutsindo, kuchengetedza michina, uye kupindura nekukurumidza kana netsaona kusvibiswa kwepetroleum kunoitika.

Refinery kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza zvakare zvinoenderana nehupamhi kudzikisa kusvibiswa uye matanho ekudzora izvo zvinoderedza kuburitswa kunokuvadza kubva kumayuniti ekugadzirisa, nzvimbo dzekuchengetera, masisitimu ekufambisa, uye nzizi dzemarara dzakabatanidzwa.

The nzira dzekudzikisa kusvibiswa kwemvura inogona kuzadzisa zvirongwa zvekunatsa mvura yetsvina nekusimbisa kurapwa, kudzivirira, kutarisa, kuita basa rekuburitsa, uye kudzora kwakakodzera.

Petroleum kusvibiswa kunogona kukanganisa zvipenyu zvemvura, izvo zvinoita migumisiro yekusvibiswa kwezvinhu zvipenyu zvemvura kutariswa kwakakosha kwezvakatipoteredza kwenzvimbo dzinogadzira peturu uye kunatsa.

Migumisiro yehupfumi yekusvibiswa inosimbisazve kudiwa kwekudzivirira. Zvidzidzo zve kurasikirwa kwehupfumi kunokonzerwa nekusvibiswa ratidza kuti sei kukuvadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kuchigona kuunza mari inodarika mari yekuchenesa yekutanga.

Refineries anogona kuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka nekutora maitiro ekuderedza marara izvo zvinodzivirira kurasikirwa kwezvinhu zvisina basa, kuderedza kupera, kunatsiridza kuchengetwa kwemba, uye kugadzirisa maitiro ekugadzira.

The kukosha kwekuderedza marara kunowedzera kupfuura mari yekurasa nekuti kuderedza marara kunogona kuchengetedza zviwanikwa, kuderedza mitoro yezvakatipoteredza, uye kunatsiridza kushanda zvakanaka mukati memaindasitiri masisitimu.

Udzori hwekunatsa manejimendi hunobatsirawo kubva kune zvinoshanda maitiro ekutarisira kwezvakatipoteredza ekuderedza marara, kunyanya uko vashandisi vanogona kudzivirira kurasikirwa zvinhu zvisati zvasvibiswa kana kuti zvinoda kuraswa.

Petroleum refining inoramba yakabatana nekushandiswa kwefossil resources. The mhedzisiro yezvakatipoteredza yekupisa mafuta efossil ratidza kuti nei kugadzirwa kwemafuta uye kushandiswa kuchifanira kuramba kuri nyaya dzekuronga kwezvakatipoteredza uye manejimendi.

Pamusoro pekupisa zvinokonzeresa, kubviswa peturu uye kugadzirisa zvinogona kukanganisa ecosystems. Mashandiro ane mutoro nekudaro anoda kudzivirira kusvibiswa, kushanda zvakanaka kwezviwanikwa, kutarisa kwezvakatipoteredza, mhinduro yechimbichimbi, uye kubata tsvina kwakaringana mukati mepetroleum value chain.

Mukupedzisa, zvikamu zvepetroleum zvinopa hova dzakakosha kuburikidza neiyo mafuta asina kuchena anova zvigadzirwa zvinobatsira zvekutengesa. Magasi uye naphtha, distillates epakati, uye zvikamu zvinorema chimwe nechimwe chine mahydrocarbon akasiyana uye zvinodiwa pakugadzirisa.

Kunatsa kwemuviri kunopatsanura zvinhu izvi zvinoenderana nemhando yekuvira, nepo kemikari shanduko inoshandura mamolecular zvimiro kuti iwedzere kukosha kwechigadzirwa uye kunatsiridza inodiwa hunhu hwemafuta.

Thermal cracking inoshanda zvakanyanya kuburikidza nemahara-radical chemistry, nepo catalytic cracking inoshandisa carbocation intermediates inosimudzirwa ne acidic catalysts. Coking inopa imwe nzira yekushandura yakaoma inorema masara kuita zvigadzirwa zvinobatsira.

Kugona kwemuchina wekuchenesa kudzoreredza zvigadzirwa zvakakosha kunoenderana nekuumbwa kwakashata, zvidimbu zvidimbu, mamiriro ekugadzirisa, mashandiro anoita catalyst, mazinga etsvina, uye yekupedzisira mhando zvinodiwa zvechigadzirwa chimwe nechimwe.

Kugadzirwa kwepetroleum kwakanaka nekudaro kunoda zvinopfuura kugadzira mafuta. Inodawo kungwarira manejimendi ekubuda, mvura yetsvina, zvisaririra zvepetroleum, zvinhu zvakasvibiswa, kushandiswa kwesimba, uye zvimwe zvinonetsa kwezvakatipoteredza zvakagadzirwa nemabasa ekunatsa.

Pfupiso paPetroleum Zvikamu uye Zvikamu Zvazvo

Mibvunzo Inowanzo Kubvunzwa Nezve Petroleum Zvikamu uye Zvikamu Zvazvo

1. Ndezvipi zvikamu zvepetroleum?

Petroleum mafractions mapoka emahydrocarbon akapatsanurwa kubva kumafuta asina kukora zvakanyanya zvichienderana nekusiyana kwemhando yekuvira panguva yekunatsa distillation.

2. Ndezvipi zvikamu zvikuru zvepetroleum?

Mapoka makuru anosanganisira magasi uye naphtha, distillates yepakati, uye zvikamu zvinorema. Vanonatsa zvakare vanokamura mapoka aya kuita nzizi chaidzo.

3. Chii chinowanikwa mu naphtha?

Naphtha inonyanya kuve neparafini nenaphthenes, ine zvidiki zvidiki zvezvinonhuhwirira zvakaita sebenzene uye alkylated aromatic hydrocarbons.

4. Ndezvipi zvigadzirwa zvinobva pakati distillates?

Middle distillates inopa feedstocks yeparafini, aviation jet fuel, diesel fuel, light gasi mafuta, uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvekunatsa.

5. Nei zvikamu zviduku zvepetroleum zvinorema zvakaoma kugadzira?

Zvikamu zvinorema zvine ma-high-molecular-weight hydrocarbons, heteroatoms, metals, uye zvinotsiva zvindori zvemhete zvinonetsa kugadzirisa uye zvinogona kukuvadza zvinokonzeresa.

6. Chii chinonzi kupisa kwekuputika?

Thermal cracking inoshandisa tembiricha yakanyanya kutyora mamorekuru ehydrocarbon kuburikidza nemabatiro anosanganisira mahara-radical intermediates.

7. Chii chinonzi catalytic cracking?

Catalytic cracking inoshandisa acidic catalysts kushandura mahydrocarbons anorema kuita zvigadzirwa zvakareruka kuburikidza nekuita kunosanganisira carbocation intermediates.

8. Chii chinonzi kubika?

Kubika inzira yakaoma yekupisa yekupisa inoshandura masara anorema kuita magasi, akatsemuka naphtha, epakati distillates, uye petroleum coke.

9. Sei vacuum distillation ichishandiswa?

Vacuum distillation inoparadzanisa zvinorema zvemuchadenga patembiricha yakaderera inoshanda, zvichibatsira kudzoreredza mamwe nzizi dzinobatsira pasina kunyanyisa kupisa.

10. Nei zvikamu zviduku zvepetroleum zvichikosha?

Zvikamu zvepetroleum zvinobvumira zvinonatsa kuparadzanisa, kubata, uye kushandura mafuta asina kuchena kuita mafuta anokosha, petrochemical feedstocks, zvekuzora, uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa.

Iwe une chero mibvunzo, mazano, kana mipiro? Kana zvirizvo, ndapota inzwa wakasununguka kushandisa bhokisi rekutaura pazasi kugovera pfungwa dzako. Tinokukurudzirawo kuti ugoverane nomutsa mashoko aya nevamwe vangabatsirwa nawo. Sezvo tisingakwanisi kusvika munhu wose panguva imwe chete, tinoonga zvechokwadi rubatsiro rwenyu mukuparadzira shoko. Ndinokutendai zvikuru nerutsigiro rwenyu uye nokugoverana!

Verenga zvakare: Mienzaniso Yezvirimwa Zvemafuta Nemashandisirwo Azvo