Mafuta asina kuchena anobva kune akasiyana geological masosi, organic zvinhu, matombo matombo, uye reservoir mamiriro. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kuumbwa kwayo kwemakemikari kunogona kusiyanisa zvakanyanya pakati peminda yeoiri uye kunyangwe pakati pematsime mukati memunda mumwe.
Iko kuumbwa kwemafuta asina kuchena kunokosha nekuti inokanganisa kugadzirisa zvinodiwa, goho rechigadzirwa, maitiro ezvakatipoteredza, kukosha kwemusika, kudiwa, uye mutengo wekutengesa. Kunzwisisa mativi ayo makuru saka kunobatsira kutsanangura kuti nei mafuta asina kuchena achisiyana mune zvekutengesa.
Crude oil haisi chinhu chimwe chete chemakemikari. Pane kudaro, musanganiswa wakaoma unodzorwa nemahydrocarbons, pamwe chete netwushoma hwesarufa, nitrogen, oxygen, metallic compounds, munyu, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvekutevera.
Izvi zvinoumba zvinoitika muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvichienderana nekusachena kwakabva, kukura, nhoroondo ye geological, uye dura remvura. Misiyano yakadaro inogadzira mutsauko mukuwanda, viscosity, nhanho yekuvira, nhanho yesarufa, uye maitiro ekunatsa.
Kuumbwa kwemafuta asina kuchena kunowanzo kukurukurwa nekubatanidza makomisheni kuita mhuri dzehydrocarbon uye asiri-hydrocarbon makomputa. Iwo mapoka anopa hurongwa hunoshanda hwekunzwisisa petroleum zvivakwa, kugadzirisa matambudziko, uye kugona kwechigadzirwa.
Kunzwisisa Crude Oiri Kuumbwa
Kuumbwa kwemafuta asina kuchena kunoratidza zvinhu uye geological mamiriro akaigadzira. Yakasiyana sosi matombo, organic zvinhu, tembiricha, kudzvanywa, uye reservoir nhoroondo zvinogona kuburitsa oiri ane zvinooneka akasiyana makemikari maitiro.
Ruzivo nezve geological mavambo epetroleum inobatsira kutsanangura kuti sei peturu yepetroleum ichichinja kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe. Marine uye zvepasi organic zvinhu zvinogona kupa akasiyana mamorekuru zvimiro, zvichikanganisa mhedzisiro yemafuta asina kuchena maitiro.
Mafuta asina kuchena anogonawo kuchinja mukuumbwa panguva yekutama, kuunganidza, uye geological shanduko. Aya maitiro anogona kukanganisa kugoverwa kwemahydrocarbons uye kuunganidzwa kwesarufa, nitrogen, oxygen, simbi, uye mamwe macompound.
Kusiyana kwakadaro kunogadzirisa petroleum shanduko maitiro zvakakosha pakududzira maitiro emafuta asina kuchena. Maumbirwo acho anozopedzisira aona kuti nzvimbo yekuchenesa inogona kupatsanura, kushandura, kubata, nekusimudzira zvikamu zvakasiyana zvepetroleum zvemhando yechigadzirwa.
Nzira inobatsira yekudzidza kuumbwa kweoiri isina kukora ndeyekukamura zvinoriumba kuita mahydrocarbons uye asiri-hydrocarbon makomboni. MaHydrocarbons anopa akawanda ezvinyorwa, nepo mapoka asara achipesvedzera kugadzirisa uye kuita kwezvakatipoteredza.
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Hydrocarbon Components mu Crude Oiri
MaHydrocarbons ane kabhoni nehydrogen chete uye anoumba chikamu chikuru chemakemikari emafuta asina kukora. Zvimiro zvavo zvinotangira kubva kumamorekuru madiki kusvika kune makuru, akaomarara mamorekuru anowanikwa kunyanya muzvikamu zvinorema zvepetroleum.
1. Distilled Hydrocarbons: Distilled petroleum zvikamu ine zvikamu zvakasiyana zveparafini, naphthenes, aromatics, uye zvinorema makomisheni. Kugovera kwavo kunokanganisa mafashaidzo uye zvigadzirwa zvinogona kuburitswa kubva kune mamwe mafuta asina kuchena.
2. Fuel Hydrocarbons: Mafuta eHydrocarbon kazhinji anobva mumisanganiswa yepetroleum ine akawanda mahydrocarbon zvimiro. Mafuta asina kuchena pachawo haasi mafuta apera; kunatsa kunopatsanura uye kushandura zvikamu zvaro kuita peturu, parafini, dhiziri, uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa.
3. Mhuri Huru: Petroleum hydrocarbons inogona kuiswa mumapoka matatu makuru mhuri: alkanes, cycloalkanes, uye anonhuwirira hydrocarbons. Kuwanda kwavo kunobatsira kutsanangura zvisina kuchena mhando uye zvinopesvedzera density, viscosity, volatility, octane maitiro, uye kugadzirisa zvinodiwa.
4. Resource Context: Kunzwisisa kupatsanurwa kwezviwanikwa inoisawo mafuta asina kuchena mukati meboka rakakura rezviwanikwa zvisingadzokerike. Hunhu hwayo hune magumo hunowedzera kukosha kwekupora, kugadzirisa, kushandisa, kuchengetedza, uye kutonga kwezvakatipoteredza.
Alkane Paraffin mune Crude Oil
Alkanes, anonziwo parafini, ane mahydrocarbon akazara ane akatwasuka kana ane matavi kabhoni cheni. Ivo vanotevera general molecular formula CnH2n+2 uye inomiririra yakakura hydrocarbon mhuri mukati memafuta mazhinji asina kuchena.
1. Straight-Chain Alkanes: Mishonga iyi ine unbranched kabhoni cheni uye inowanzonzi yakajairwa alkanes kana n-parafini. Mapoinzi avo anofashaira anowanzo wedzera sezvo saizi yemamorekuru inowedzera pamusanganiswa wepetroleum.
2. Branched Alkanes: Aya mahydrocarbon akazara ane matavi eparutivi akasungirirwa kune hombe kabhoni cheni. Bazi rinoshandura zvimiro zvemuviri uye zvinopisa, zvichiita kuti isomer kugovera kuve yakakosha kana uchiongorora zvikamu zvepetroleum uye mhando yepeturu.
3. Chiedza Alkanes: Methane, ethane, propane, uye butane zvine maatomu ekabhoni mashoma uye anowanikwa zvakanyanya mumagasi anoenderana nepetroleum. Methane inoumba chikamu chikuru che petroleum sehuni yefossil, nepo ethane nepropane zvichiitikawo muhuwandu hwakasiyana.
4. Kunatsa Kukosha: Alkanes anobatsira muzvikamu zvemafuta uye anogona kuita shanduko inovandudza kunaka kwechigadzirwa. Non-renewable resource kuchengetedza inotsigira kushandiswa kwakasimba kwezviwanikwa izvi zvepetroleum zvinopera mumichina yemazuva ano.
Cycloalkanes Uye Naphthenes muCrude Oiri
Cycloalkanes, anowanzonzi naphthenes, ane saturated hydrocarbons ane kabhoni maatomu anoumba mhete. Iwo anomiririra chimwe chikamu chakakosha chemafuta asina kuchena uye anowanzoitika muchiedza, chepakati, uye chinorema chepetroleum zvikamu.
1. Ring Zvimiro: Yakajairika yakaderera naphthenes inosanganisira cyclopentane uye cyclohexane, pamwe chete neakatsiviwa mafomu. Izvi zvinosanganiswa zvinowanzoitika mumafuta asina kuchena uye dudziro yekutsigira petroleum migration mechanisms mukati me petroleum systems.
2. Crude Type: Chikamu cheparafini uye naphthenic hydrocarbons chinobatsira kuratidza mafuta asina kuchena. A crude rich in straight and branched saturated hydrocarbons inogona kuratidza hunhu hwakasiyana kubva kune ine mamwe macyclic saturated compounds.
3. Fused Rings: Zvikamu zvinorema zvepetroleum zvinogona kunge zvine fused cyclohexane mhete uye bicyclic zvimiro. Zvimiro zvavo zvakakura zvemamorekuru zvinopa kuoma kweparafini, mafuta egasi, uye zvimwe zvikamu zvepetroleum zvinofashaira zvakanyanya.
4. Zvinonhuwirira Precursors: Mamwe naphthenes anogona kuita dehydrogenation panguva yekugadziriswa kuti agadzire zvinonhuhwirira. Semuyenzaniso, methylcyclohexane inogona kugadzira toluene, nepo inoenderana cyclic makomisheni inobatsira mukunatsa kugadzirwa kwezvinonhuhwirira uye. manejimendi ezviwanikwa.
Inonhuhwirira Hydrocarbons mu Crude Oiri
Ma hydrocarbons anonhuhwirira ane mhete dzakagadzikana uye anoitika mumafuta asina kuchena muzvikamu zvinosiyana nemhando dzisina kuchena. Mienzaniso yakakosha inosanganisira benzene, toluene, uye xylene, inowanzoiswa pamwechete seBTX makomboni.
Aya makomponi ane hukama zvakanyanya nepetroleum chemistry nekuti petroleum mvura kusvibiswa zvinogona kusanganisira musanganiswa wakaoma kunzwisisa wemahydrocarbon apo zvigadzirwa zvepetroleum kana mafuta asina kukora achipinda munzvimbo dzemumvura kuburikidza nekuteuka nekubuda.
Komisheni inonhuhwirira inowanzoitika muzvikamu zvidiki muzvikamu zvakareruka, nepo zvimiro zvakaomarara zvinonhuhwirira zvichiwedzera kukosha muzvikamu zvinorema. Oiri kusvibiswa mhedzisiro saka inogona kusanganisira makemikari akasiyana-siyana epetroleum components.
BTX makomisheni ane kukosha kwekutengeserana nekuti maindasitiri ekunatsa uye petrochemical anoashandisa seakakosha epakati. Aromatics zvakare inokanganisa maitiro epeturu, nepo anorema anonhuhwirira mamorekuru achibatsira kune yakaoma chemistry yezvakasara petroleum zvinhu.
Musanganiswa wakaoma wekunhuhwirira uye heterocyclic zvimiro zvinobatsira kune asphaltene zvinhu uye zvimwe zvinorema crude zvikamu. Kuvapo kwavo kunogona kuwedzera kuomerwa kwekugadzirisa uye kuita kuti kutsanangurwa kwemamorekuru kuve kwakaoma panguva yekunatsa mashandiro.
Non-Hydrocarbon Compounds muCrude Oiri
Mishonga isina-hydrocarbon ine zvinhu kunze kwekabhoni nehydrogen uye inoitika mukati meoiri isina kukora, kunyanya zvikamu zvinorema. Mapoka makuru anosanganisira sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen, uye metallic compounds, rimwe nerimwe richikanganisa maitiro ekugadzirisa.
Izvi zvinoumba zvinogona kukanganisa marara emaindasitiri nekuti kugadzira petroleum kunogona kuburitsa tsvina ine oiri, makemikari, simbi, uye zvimwe zvinosvibisa. Kurapa kunoshanda uye kutonga kunodzivirira michina yekunatsa, vashandi, nenzvimbo dzakatenderedza.
1. Sulfur Compounds: Mafuta asina kuchena anonyanya kuve ane organosulphur makomisheni, kunyangwe hydrogen sulphide inogonawo kuitika. Sulfur compounds inogona kukurudzira kuora uye marara ane ngozi apo ichipa kune zvinonetsa zvakatenderedza kuburitswa kwesarufa kubva mumafuta.
2. Nitrogen Compounds: Organic nitrogen makomisheni anowanzoitika se heterocyclic zvimiro. Vanogona kuchetura zvinonatsa zvinokonzeresa uye nekudaro zvinoda kurapwa, kunyanya kana uchigadzira mafuta anorema asina kuchena ane yakanyanya nitrogen concentration.
3. Oxygen Compounds: Mishonga ine okisijeni inosanganisira acids, phenols, ethers, esters, carbonyls, uye zvinhu zvinoenderana. Kuisa kwavo kunosiyana pakati pemafuta asina kuchena uye kunopa mutsauko weasidhi uye maitiro emakemikari.
4. Metallic Compounds: Tevera simbi dzakadai vanadium uye nickel zvinogona kuitika mu organic complexes, nepo sodium, magnesium, calcium, uye zvinhu zvinogona kuitika seinorganic munyu. Zvinhu izvi zvinokanganisa crude processing uye marara emaindasitiri.
Sulfur uye Nitrogen Compounds
Sarufa nenitrogen makomisheni anofanirwa kutariswa zvakanyanya nekuti ese ari maviri anogona kukanganisa mashandiro ekunatsa. Kuwanda kwavo kunosiyana pakati pemafuta asina kuchena, uye petroleum inorema kazhinji ine huwandu hukuru hweizvi zvisingadiwi.
1. Yakavava uye Inotapira Crude: Mafuta asina kuchena ane sarufa yakakwira anowanzo kutsanangurwa seyakavava, nepo yakaderera-sarufa isina kukora ichiwanzo kunzi kutapira. Sarufa zvemukati zvinopesvedzera zvakanyanya kudiwa kwekurapa uye crude musika kukosha.
2. Kubvisa Sarufa: Refineries inoderedza sarufa kuburikidza nemaitiro ekurapa akagadzirirwa kubvisa hydrogen sulfide uye kushandura zvinonetsa organic sulfur makomisheni. Aya mashandiro anowedzera zvinodikanwa zvekugadzirisa kana crude iri kuuya iine sarufa yakawanda.
3. Nitrogen inokosha: Basic nitrogen makomisheni anosanganisira pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, uye acridine zvimiro. Aya makomponi anogona kukanganisa kugadzirwa kwe nitrogen, zvichiita kuti kubviswa kwe nitrogen kuve kwakakosha pakushanda kwakanaka kwekunatsa uye kwakachengeteka. maindasitiri etsvina masosi management.
4. Porphyrins: Porphyrins yakaoma nitrogen-ine makomisheni ane hukama neporphine. Zvimiro zvavo zvinogona kubatanidza simbi uye zvinopa mazano anobatsira nezve petroleum, organic zvinhu masosi, uye zvipenyu zvinosanganisirwa mukugadzira petroleum.
Oxygen uye Metallic Compounds
Iine okisijeni-ine uye esimbi makomisheni anopedzisa iwo makuru asiri-hydrocarbon mapoka anotariswa mukuumbwa kweoiri isina kukora. Kunyangwe huwandu hwazvo hungave hudiki, hunogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya acidity, desalting, catalyst performance, uye yekunatsa michina.
1. Oxygen Compounds: Acidic oxygen compounds zvinosanganisira carboxylic acids, cresylic acids, phenols, uye naphthenic acids. Mienzaniso isiri-acidic inosanganisira ethers, esters, carbonyls, uye amides, iyo inosiyana pakati pemafuta asina kuchena uye simba. kusvibiswa kwemvura.
2. Vanadium neNickel: Vanadium uye nickel inoitika zvakanyanya pakati pe petroleum metals uye inogona kushamwaridzana neyakaoma porphyrin zvimiro. Kuvapo kwavo hakudiwe nekuti vanogona kuchetura zvinokonzeresa uye kusimudzira maitiro asingadiwe panguva yekutendeuka.
3. Inorganic Salts: Sodium, magnesium, calcium, iron, uye aruminiyamu zvinogona kuitika semunyu, kusanganisira chlorides. Calcium uye magnesium inogona kubatsira kune emulsions, nepo chloride munyu inogona kugadzira hydrochloric acid panguva yekugadzira.
4. Kugadzirisa Migumisiro: Refineries anoshandisa desalting, hydrotreatment, uye mamwe matanho ekurapa kuderedza zvinonetsa komisheni. Kugadzirisa izvi zvinosvibisa zvinodzivirira midziyo, inovandudza nzira dzekushandura, uye inotsigira pfungwa dzekudzora kusvibiswa panguva yekucheneswa kwakashata.
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Elemental Kuumbwa kweCrude Oiri
Iyo yakafara elemental kuumbwa kwemafuta asina kukora anoratidza kuti sei peturu ichiita semusanganiswa wakaoma kwete chinhu chimwe chete. Carbon nehydrogen zvinotonga, ukuwo nitrogen, okisijeni, sarufa, nesimbi zvichiitika muzvikamu zvidiki.
| Element kana Chikamu | General Composition |
|---|---|
| Carbon | 83.0% kusvika 87.0% |
| Hydrogen | 10.0% kusvika 14.0% |
| Nitrogen | 0.1% kusvika 2.0% |
| Okisijeni | 0.05% kusvika 1.5% |
| Sulfur | 0.05% kusvika 6.0% |
| Simbi (Ni uye V) | <1000 ppm |
Yakadhindwa mitsara yekuumbwa inogona kusiyanisa zvakanyanya ne crude source uye analytical method. Nhamba dzakapihwa pachinyorwa chino dzinopa gwara rinobatsira pane kuumbwa kwepasi rose kwemafuta asina kukora.
Kurasikirwa kwehupfumi kubva mukusvibiswa ratidza kuti nei kuumbwa kwemafuta asina kuchena kuchikosha kupfuura kucheneswa. Zvinosvibisa uye kuburitswa kwepetroleum zvinogona kugadzira mari yekurapa, kukuvadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, kurasikirwa kwekugadzira, uye mutengo wakawanda wehupfumi hwenharaunda kunharaunda dzakakanganisika.
Saizvozvowo, kusvibiswa kwemhepo kubva mupetroleum inobatanidza kuumbwa kwakashata nezvinetso zvezvakatipoteredza. Sarufa, nitrogen, mahydrocarbon, uye zvimwe zvinoumba zvinogona kubatsira zvakanyanya kune zvinosvibisa zvinogadzirwa panguva yekugadzira petroleum, kufambisa, uye kupisa kwemafuta.
Pakazere, kunzwisisa kuumbwa kwemafuta asina kuchena kunobatsira kutsanangura kukosha kwayo kwehupfumi, maitiro ekunatsa, mhedzisiro yezvakatipoteredza, uye kugona kwechigadzirwa. Imwe neimwe isina kuchena inoda kuongororwa kwakakodzera sarudzo dzisati dzaitwa zvakachengeteka.
Pfupiso paZvikamu Zvikuru uye Kuumbwa kweCrude Oiri
| Composition Group | Mienzaniso Yakakura | Kukosha |
|---|---|---|
| Alkanes | Methane, ethane, propane, butane, n-alkanes, branched alkanes | Mhuri huru yakazara hydrocarbon inobatsira kumafuta epetroleum |
| Cycloalkanes | Cyclopentane, cyclohexane, yakatsiviwa uye yakasanganiswa zvindori | Yakakosha saturated cyclic constituents inofurira crude type |
| Aromatics | Benzene, toluene, xylene, inorema inonhuhwirira zvimiro | Yakakosha pakugadzira petrochemical uye hunhu hwemafuta |
| Sulfur Compounds | Hydrogen sulfide, thiols, thiophenes, sulphides, disulphides | Kupesvedzera corrosion, mari yekurapa, kuburitsa, uye crude value |
| Nitrogen Compounds | Pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, acridine, porphyrins | Inogona kuchetura catalysts uye kuwedzera hydrotreatment zvinodiwa |
| Oxygen Compounds | Carboxylic acids, phenols, ethers, esters, carbonyls | Kupesvedzera acidity uye kemikari maitiro ehutsvina |
| Metallic Compounds | Vanadium, nickel, sodium, magnesium, calcium, iron | Inogona kuchetura zvinokonzeresa, kugadzira emulsions, uye kukonzera ngura |
| Major Elements | Carbon nehydrogen, ine zvidiki zveN, O, S, simbi | Rondedzera chimiro chakakwana chemafuta asina kuchena |
Mibvunzo Inowanzo Kubvunzwa Nezve Kuumbwa KweOiri Yakashata: Zvikamu Zvikuru uye Zvivakwa
1. Chii chinonzi mafuta akasviba?
Crude oiri musanganiswa wakaoma unodzorwa nemahydrocarbons, pamwe nesarufa, nitrogen, oxygen, metallic compounds, munyu, uye zvimwe zviwanikwa.
2. Ndeapi mahydrocarbons makuru mumafuta asina kuchena?
Mhuri huru dzemahydrocarbon maalkanes, cycloalkanes, uye mahydrocarbon anonhuhwirira, kunyangwe zvikamu zvavo zvichisiyana zvakanyanya pakati pemafuta asina kuchena.
3. Nei crude oil yakagadzirwa ichisiyana?
Maumbirwo anosiyana nekuti maoiri akashata anobva kune akasiyana organic zvinhu, matombo anobva, geological mamiriro, maturation nhoroondo, maitiro ekufambisa, uye nharaunda dzedhamu.
4. Chii chinonzi alkanes mumafuta asina kuchena?
Alkanes akazara akatwasuka-cheni kana branched hydrocarbons ane general formula CnH2n+2. Vanoumba mhuri huru yehydrocarbon mumafuta asina kuchena.
5. Chii chinonzi naphthenes?
Naphthenes yakazara cyclic hydrocarbons, inonziwo cycloalkanes. Mienzaniso yakajairika inosanganisira cyclopentane, cyclohexane, uye yakatsiviwa mhete zvimiro.
6. Sei sarufa yakakosha mumafuta asina kuchena?
Sulfur inokanganisa hutsvina mhando, kurapwa zvinodiwa, ngura, kuburitsa, catalyst performance, uye kukosha kwemusika. Yakakwira-sarufa crude kazhinji inoda kuwanda kugadziridzwa.
7. Ndeapi masimbi anowanikwa mumafuta asina kuchena?
Vanadium uye nickel zvinowanzoitika pakati pe petroleum simbi, nepo sodium, magnesium, calcium, iron, uye aluminium zvinogonawo kuitika, kunyanya mune inorganic munyu mafomu.
8. Chii chinonyanya kukosha mumafuta asina kuchena?
Kabhoni ndicho chinhu chikuru, chinowanzoita 83% kusvika 87% yemafuta asina kuchena, nepo hydrogen inoumba 10% kusvika 14%.
Iwe une chero mibvunzo, mazano, kana mipiro? Kana zvirizvo, ndapota inzwa wakasununguka kushandisa bhokisi rekutaura pazasi kugovera pfungwa dzako. Tinokukurudzirawo kuti ugoverane nomutsa mashoko aya nevamwe vangabatsirwa nawo. Sezvo tisingakwanisi kusvika munhu wose panguva imwe chete, tinoonga zvechokwadi rubatsiro rwenyu mukuparadzira shoko. Ndinokutendai zvikuru nerutsigiro rwenyu uye nokugoverana!
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