Ecology is the scientific study of the inter-relationship of living organisms – plants, animals and microbes with each other and with their physical environment. It… Read More »Basics and Levels of Organization of Ecology

One of the most fundamental objects of hydrological studies is to provide adequate water supply for domestic, industrial and agricultural uses. In spite of this… Read More »Water Resources Development and Management

Several problems militating against water resources development have been identified in literature. Some of the identified problems include precipitation pattern, population growth, pollution, increase affluence,… Read More »Problems of Water Resources Development

Sediment Deposition Deposition begins once the flow velocity falls below the settling velocity of a particle, which for a given particle size is less than… Read More »Sediment Deposition, Impacts of Sediment and Sediment Control

Flooding has been an environmental menace in most urban centres worldwide. In well planned urban centres however, the problem is minimized. It is more pronounced… Read More »Flooding, Causes, and Impacts of Flooding

This process acting with other natural agents such as wind and ice leads to erosion. The question now is what is erosion? What are the… Read More »Erosion, Flooding and Sediment of Water Resources Development

Two of the major pathways of precipitation received on the Earth’s surface are infiltration and evaporation, as was discussed in the preceding units. The third… Read More »Definition, Sources and Components of Runoff

Rates of evaporation vary, depending on meteorological factors and the nature of evaporating surface. If natural evaporation is viewed as an energy-exchange process, it can… Read More »Factors Controlling the Evaporation Process

This article focuses on that phase of the hydrologic cycle in which precipitation reaching the earth’s surface is returned to the atmosphere as vapour. Of… Read More »Definition and Measurement of Evaporation and Evapotranspiration

The main forces responsible for holding water in the soil are those of capillarity, absorption and osmosis. Capillary forces result from surface tension at the… Read More »Factors Influencing Soil Moisture

In this article we are going to examine soil moisture, which is a direct consequence of infiltration process. The discussion will center on the definition… Read More »Definition, Measurement and Importance of Soil Moisture

The drainage basin is fundamental to the understanding of the hydrologic cycle because each drainage basin acts as an individual hydrological system, receiving quantifiable inputs… Read More »Meaning, Features and Patterns of Drainage Basin

The hydrologic cycle is the central theme of the study of hydrology. Hence, it is important to know what hydrologic cycle is all about, and… Read More »Definition and Processes in the Hydrologic Cycle

There must be justifiable reasons for the study of any discipline, and the study of hydrology is not an exception. The question now is why… Read More »Applying Hydrology in Society

Surface water resources is one of the two major sources of water supply on earth. It is also a major component of the hydrological cycle.… Read More »Definition, Flow and Surface Water Pollution

Precipitation is the primary input vector of the hydrologic cycle. It replenish both surface and groundwater sources. The major forms of precipitation are rain, snow… Read More »Meaning, Formation, Types and Measurements of Precipitation

Humidity is another subset of the hydrological cycle, and its knowledge is important to the study of hydrology. Humidity is concerned with the vapor state… Read More »Meaning and Measurements of Humidity