Environmental Management

This is the transfer of food from the plants (producers) through a series of organisms with repeated eating and being eaten is called a food… Read More »Energy Loss in Food Chain and Food Web

organisms and their abiotic environment, especially at relatively large spatial scales. The insights and approaches of population ecology, community ecology, and evolutionary biology. After all,… Read More »Microbial and Parasite Ecology

Ecosystem is a self-sustaining unit of nature. It is defined as a functionally independent unit (of nature) where living organisms interact among themselves as well… Read More »Basic Environmental Concepts and Theories

Biogeochemical Cycles: This is the process whereby matter such as water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus recycle within the ecosystem and through the atmosphere. All living… Read More »Biogeochemical Cycles and Hydrologic Cycle

The Etymological Meanings of Environment The term Environment which etymologically means surroundings is considered as a composite term for the conditions in which organisms live… Read More »Nature and the Etymological Meaning of Environment

Ecology is the scientific study of the inter-relationship of living organisms – plants, animals and microbes with each other and with their physical environment. It… Read More »Basics and Levels of Organization of Ecology

One of the most fundamental objects of hydrological studies is to provide adequate water supply for domestic, industrial and agricultural uses. In spite of this… Read More »Water Resources Development and Management

Several problems militating against water resources development have been identified in literature. Some of the identified problems include precipitation pattern, population growth, pollution, increase affluence,… Read More »Problems of Water Resources Development

Sediment Deposition Deposition begins once the flow velocity falls below the settling velocity of a particle, which for a given particle size is less than… Read More »Sediment Deposition, Impacts of Sediment and Sediment Control

Flooding has been an environmental menace in most urban centres worldwide. In well planned urban centres however, the problem is minimized. It is more pronounced… Read More »Flooding, Causes, and Impacts of Flooding

This process acting with other natural agents such as wind and ice leads to erosion. The question now is what is erosion? What are the… Read More »Erosion, Flooding and Sediment of Water Resources Development

Two of the major pathways of precipitation received on the Earth’s surface are infiltration and evaporation, as was discussed in the preceding units. The third… Read More »Definition, Sources and Components of Runoff

Rates of evaporation vary, depending on meteorological factors and the nature of evaporating surface. If natural evaporation is viewed as an energy-exchange process, it can… Read More »Factors Controlling the Evaporation Process

This article focuses on that phase of the hydrologic cycle in which precipitation reaching the earth’s surface is returned to the atmosphere as vapour. Of… Read More »Definition and Measurement of Evaporation and Evapotranspiration

The main forces responsible for holding water in the soil are those of capillarity, absorption and osmosis. Capillary forces result from surface tension at the… Read More »Factors Influencing Soil Moisture

In this article we are going to examine soil moisture, which is a direct consequence of infiltration process. The discussion will center on the definition… Read More »Definition, Measurement and Importance of Soil Moisture

The drainage basin is fundamental to the understanding of the hydrologic cycle because each drainage basin acts as an individual hydrological system, receiving quantifiable inputs… Read More »Meaning, Features and Patterns of Drainage Basin