Izindlela Zokuguqula Izibulala-zinambuzane Emvelweni Ukuguqulwa Okungeyona I-Enzymatic

Ngaphandle kokuwohloka kwamagciwane, izibulala-zinambuzane zingashintsha ngezinqubo ezingokoqobo namakhemikhali asebenza enhlabathini, ezitshalweni, emanzini nasemoyeni. Lokhu kusabela kuguqula ama-molecule okuqala e-pesticide abe imikhiqizo ehlukene yemvelo.

Izindlela zokuguqula izibulala-zinambuzane zifaka i-oxidation, i-hydrolysis, ukunciphisa, i-hydration, i-conjugation, i-isomerization, kanye ne-cyclization. Izithako eziwumphumela zivame ukuhluka ezibulala-zinambuzane zabazali ngokwakheka, ukusebenza, ukuhamba, ukuphikelela, kanye nokuziphatha kwemvelo.

Imikhiqizo eminingi yoguquko inomsebenzi wokubulala izinambuzane obuthakathaka kunenhlanganisela yokuqala, nakuba eminye imikhiqizo ingasebenza kakhulu ngokwebhayoloji noma ibaluleke ngokwezemvelo ngemva kokwenzeka koguquko lwamakhemikhali.

Ukubaluleka kwendawo ezungezile yokuguqulwa kuncike ekutheni ukusabela kwenzeka kuphi, kuqhubeka ngokushesha kangakanani, ukuthi yimiphi imikhiqizo eyakhayo, nokuthi leyo mikhiqizo iyaqhubeka, inyakaza, iqongelela, noma ihlanganyele nezinto eziphilayo.

Ngakho-ke ukuqonda ukuguqulwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kusiza abalimi, abaphathi bezemvelo, abacwaningi, nabalawuli babikezele ukuziphatha kwensalela, bahlole izingozi zokungcoliswa, kuthuthukiswe ukuphathwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, futhi babone imikhiqizo yoguquko ebaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwe-ecosystem.

Ukuguqulwa Okungeyona I-Enzymatic Kwezibulala-zinambuzane

Ukuguqulwa okungewona ama-enzymatic kuchaza ukuguqulwa kwesibulala-zinambuzane okwenzeka ngaphandle kwezinhlelo zama-enzyme ebhayoloji aqhuba ukusabela. Izimo zomzimba kanye nama-ejenti amakhemikhali angashintsha izakhiwo zezibulala-zinambuzane ngqo ngaphakathi kwezingxenye zemvelo.

Lokhu kusabela kungase kwenzeke phakathi namahora, izinsuku, amasonto, izinyanga, noma iminyaka, kuye ngekhemikhali yezibulala-zinambuzane nezimo zemvelo. Izinqubo eziningana zingasebenza ngesikhathi esisodwa, okwenza isiphetho sezibulala-zinambuzane sibe nzima kakhulu.

I ukuhlolwa kwezici ezingcolisayo kusiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani ukuguqulwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kudinga ukunakwa kwemvelo yamakhemikhali, ukugxilisa ingqondo, ukuphikelela, indawo ezungezile, nezimo zokuchayeka.

Ukuguqulwa komzimba namakhemikhali kunganciphisa ukuphikelela kwemvelo, kodwa ukuguqulwa akusho ngokuzenzakalelayo ukukhipha ubuthi ngoba amanye ama-metabolite agcina umsebenzi webhayoloji noma athuthukise izici zemvelo ezihlukile.

Funda Futhi: Ukusebenzisana Kwezibulala-Herbicide kanye Nokusebenza Kwe-Herbicide

Ama-ejenti Aphathekayo Ekuguquleni Kwezibulala-zinambuzane

Ama-ejenti aphathekayo amabili amakhulu athonya ukuguqulwa kwesibulala-zinambuzane esingena-enzymatic: ukukhanya nokushisa. Imiphumela yabo ingase isebenze ngokuzimela noma ndawonye, ​​isheshise izinguquko zamakhemikhali endaweni yezitshalo, inhlabathi, amanzi, kanye nezinhlayiya zomkhathi.

1. Ukushisa: Amazinga okushisa aphakeme angasheshisa ukusabela kwamangqamuzana futhi akhuthaze ukubola okushisayo, ikakhulukazi uma izibulala-zinambuzane zihlala zivezwe emisebeni yelanga enamandla noma endaweni efudumele yemvelo.

2. Ukukhanya: Imisebe yelanga inikeza amandla angaqala ukusabela kwe-photochemical, ikakhulukazi lapho izinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane zisala emaqabunga, phezulu, emanzini, noma kwezinye izindawo ezichayeke ngokuqondile elangeni.

3. Ukubanda: Izimo ezibandayo ngezikhathi ezithile zingakhuthaza ukuwohloka kwezibulala-zinambuzane lapho iqhwa liphoqa izithako ezisebenzayo ngaphandle kwezixazululo, ukumiswa okwesikhashana, noma ukwakheka kokuvikela, okwandisa ukuchayeka kamuva ekuphenduleni kwemvelo.

Izimo zemvelo zingathinta kakhulu ukuphikelela kwezibulala-zinambuzane ngoba izici zokuwohloka kwenhlabathi shintsha ukutholakala kwamakhemikhali, ukusabela kwezinga lokushisa, izimo zomswakama, nokusebenzelana phakathi kwama-molecule ezibulala-zinambuzane nendawo ezizungezile.

Ukubaluleka kokuguqulwa komzimba nakho kuncike ekubekweni kwesibulala-zinambuzane. Izinsalela emaqabunga avele emaqabunga ngokuvamile zithola ukukhanya kwelanga okunamandla kunezingxube ezifakwe ngaphansi komhlabathi, okunciphisa ukuchayeka kwe-photochemical kakhulu.

Ngakho-ke imisebe yelanga ingaba nomthelela ekulahlekeni kwezibulala-zinambuzane ngokusebenzisa kokubili ukusabela kwe-photochemical kanye nokushisa okuhambisanayo. Imikhiqizo ewumphumela ingase ibe nezinto zamakhemikhali ezehluke kakhulu kunhlanganisela yasekuqaleni.

I izakhiwo zomhlabathi ezilawula ukuhamba kwezibulala-zinambuzane ingaphinde ibe nomthelela ekuchayekeni ngokomzimba ngokunquma ukuthi izinsalela zihlala eduze nangaphezulu, zivikeleke ngaphakathi kwenhlabathi, noma ziye phansi.

Ukusabela kwe-Hydrolysis Kwezibulala-zinambuzane

I-Hydrolysis ihilela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali phakathi kwama-molecule e-pesticide namanzi. Ezibulala-zinambuzane eziningi, le nqubo inikeza indlela ebalulekile yokuwohloka futhi ingahlukanisa izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zibe izingcezu zamakhemikhali ezincane.

1. I-Ester Hydrolysis: Ama-ester amaningi e-pesticide angagencwa i-hydrolytic cleavage, akhiqize izingcezu ezihlukene ezivame ukukhombisa umsebenzi ophansi wokubulala izinambuzane nokuhamba okuhlukile uma kuqhathaniswa nenhlanganisela yomzali wokuqala.

2. I-Alkaline Hydrolysis: Izixazululo ze-alkaline ezithambile zingakhiqiza ngokushesha i-hydrolyze i-organophosphorus, i-carbamate, kanye nezinhlanganisela ze-pyrethroid, ngezinye izikhathi zibangele ukubola kwamakhemikhali okukhulu phakathi nezikhathi ezimfushane.

3. I-Acid Hydrolysis: I-Acid-catalysed hydrolysis ivamise ukudinga izimo ezine-asidi eziqinile, nakuba izakhiwo ezithile zezibulala-zinambuzane zingasabela ngendlela ehlukile ngokuya ngamabhondi azo amakhemikhali nezimo zemvelo ezizungezile.

Ngakho-ke i-chemistry yamanzi ibaluleke kakhulu ngoba i-pH ingashintsha amazinga okusabela kanye nokuzinza kwezibulala-zinambuzane. Ulwazi luvuliwe imithombo yokungcoliswa kwamanzi futhi ikhombisa ukuthi kungani ukungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali kufanele ukunakwa ezindaweni zonke zasemanzini.

I-Hydrolysis ingase futhi ithinte izibulala-zinambuzane eziqukethe amabhondi e-halogen, ikhiqize okuphuma kokuphuma kwe-hydroxylated. Izakhiwo ezine-epoxide zingasabela ngokufanayo emanzini, zikhiqize ama-diol ngokusabela kwe-hydration.

Lokhu kusabela kubonisa ukuthi kungani izindlela zokuguqula izibulala-zinambuzane zingashintsha kakhulu i-molecular polarity kanye nokuziphatha kwemvelo. Umkhiqizo wokuwohloka ungase uncibilike ngokuhlukile, ubophe ngendlela ehlukile, noma uhambe ngendlela ehlukile kunesibulala-zinambuzane esingumzali.

I ukuvikelwa kwemithombo yamanzi ihlala ibalulekile ngoba izinhlanganisela eziguquliwe zezibulala-zinambuzane zisengangena emifudlaneni, emachibini, emachibini, emanzini angaphansi komhlaba, nakweminye imithombo yamanzi ngemva kokuguqulwa kwemvelo.

Izindlela ze-Oxidation kanye nemikhiqizo

I-oxidation kwenzeka lapho ama-molecule e-pesticide esabela nomoya-mpilo noma izinhlobo ze-oxidizing ezisebenzayo. Lokhu kusabela kungenzeka enhlabathini, emanzini, emoyeni, ekubunjweni nasekuxubeni ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele zemvelo.

1. I-Oxygen Oxidation: I-molecule ye-oksijini ingasabela ngezakhiwo zezibulala-zinambuzane ezisengozini, ikhiqize izinhlanganisela ezixutshwe ne-oxidized, ukuphikelela, ukuhamba, kanye nezakhiwo zebhayoloji zihluka kulezo ze-molecule yokuqala.

2. Izinhlobo Zomoya Osebenzayo: I-ozone, i-superoxide, ama-peroxide, nomoya-mpilo we-singlet kunganikeza ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okunamandla, ikakhulukazi lapho ukukhanya, izinsimbi, ukushisa, noma ezinye izinto ezithuthukisa ukwakheka kwazo.

3. I-Ring Hydroxylation: Izindandatho zezibulala-zinambuzane ezinuka kamnandi zingathola amaqembu e-hydroxyl ngesikhathi se-oxidation, ukushintsha ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana futhi kuvame ukukhulisa i-polarity ngenkathi kwakhiwa imikhiqizo emisha yoguquko enokuziphatha okushintshile kwebhayoloji.

I-oxidation ingakhomba amaqembu e-methylene kumaketanga aseceleni namaqembu e-methyl axhunywe ezakhiweni zezibulala-zinambuzane. Ngakho-ke ezinye izinhlanganisela zithola ukusabela okulandelanayo okubandakanya i-hydroxylation elandelwa i-oxidation eyengeziwe.

I-Carbofuran inikeza isibonelo sokuguqulwa okulandelanayo, lapho i-hydroxylation ingakhiqiza i-7-hydroxycarbofuran futhi i-oxidation eyengeziwe ingenza i-7-ketocarbofuran ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele.

I-oxidation nayo ingakhiqiza ama-epoxides avela ku-alkenes. I-Aldrin, isibonelo, ingangena kwi-epoxidation ukuze yakhe i-dieldrin, ebonisa ukuthi umkhiqizo wokuguqula ungahlala kanjani ubalulekile ngokwebhayoloji.

Ngoba i-oxidation incike ngokwengxenye kumakhemikhali emvelo, ukungcola kanye nokubaluleka kokungcola ukusiza ekunqumeni ukuthi izinsalela eziguquliwe ziyabakhathaza yini imvelo.

Ukusabela Ukunciphisa Izibulala-zinambuzane

Ukusabela kokunciphisa kuvame ukwenzeka lapho ukutholakala komoyampilo kuhlala kuphansi futhi izimo ezinciphisayo zibusa. Lezo zindawo zingabandakanya inhlabathi egcwele izikhukhula, amanzi amile, amaxhaphozi, izinsalela, kanye nezinhlelo zebhayoloji eziphefumulayo.

1. Izindawo Zomoya Ophansi: Izimo ezimpofu ze-Anaerobic noma komoya-mpilo zingavuna ukusabela kokunciphisa ngoba indawo yamakhemikhali anothe ngama-electron isekela izindlela zokuguqulwa ezihlukile kumasistimu alawulwa yi-oxidation.

2. Umhlabathi Ogcwele Izikhukhula: Umhlabathi wezolimo ogcwele amanzi ungathuthukisa izimo ezinciphisayo ezikhuthaza ukuguqulwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, ikakhulukazi lapho umoya-mpilo uphela ngemva kokugcwala isikhathi eside.

3. I-Redox Catalysts: Ama-ejenti okunciphisa izinto ezingaphili nezinsimbi ezisebenzayo zingabamba iqhaza ekuguqulweni kwamakhemikhali, zibe nomthelela ekwakhekeni kwezibulala-zinambuzane ngaphakathi kwenhlabathi, inhlabathi yasemanzini, kanye namanye amagumbi anciphisa imvelo.

Izibonelo zifaka ukuncishiswa kwamaqembu e-nitro enhlabathini egcwele izikhukhula nokuguqulwa kwe-pentachloronitrobenzene iye ku-analogue ye-amino. Lokhu kusabela kubonisa ukuthi izimo zemvelo zingaqondisa kanjani kabusha izindlela zokucekelwa phansi kwezibulala-zinambuzane.

Ubudlelwano phakathi kokunciphisa kanye nezindawo zamanzi buyacaca uma kucutshungulwa ukuthuthwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane emanzini angaphezulu, lapho isimo se-oksijini, ukusebenzisana kwenhlabathi, nokunyakaza kwamanzi kungase kuthonye isiphetho samakhemikhali.

Ukunciphisa izindawo akuqedi ngaso sonke isikhathi ubungozi bemvelo. Umkhiqizo woshintsho ungase uphikelele, uhambe ngendlela ehlukile, noma ube nezakhiwo zebhayoloji ngokungafani nalezo ezihlotshaniswa nesibulala-zinambuzane esingumzali.

Izimo zamanzi angaphansi komhlaba nazo zidinga ukunakwa ngoba izindlela zokungcoliswa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ingavumela izinsalela zamakhemikhali ukuthi zihlale zodwa ekukhanyeni kwelanga futhi zithole ukuguqulwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukile ze-redox.

Ukucekelwa phansi kwezithombe kwezinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane

I-Photodegradation isho ukuwohloka kwezibulala-zinambuzane okubangelwa ukukhanya noma ngokungaqondile. Ukukhanya kwelanga kunganikeza amandla anele ukuqalisa ukusabela okushintsha izakhiwo zezibulala-zinambuzane endaweni eveziwe yemvelo.

1. Ukuvezwa Kwamaqabunga: Izibulala-zinambuzane ezifakwe emaqabunga zithola imisebe yelanga enamandla, okwenza ukuwohloka kwezithombe kube indlela ebalulekile yokulahla izinsalela ezisele ezindaweni ezisobala zezitshalo ngemva kokufakwa.

2. Ukuchayeka kobuso bomhlabathi: Izibulala-zinambuzane ezisele enhlabathini engamboziwe zingashintsha ukukhanya kwelanga, nakuba ukufakwa, ukufiphaza, izinsalela zezitshalo, nezinhlayiya zenhlabathi kunganciphisa kakhulu ukukhanya okuqondile.

3. I-Atmospheric Exposure: Izinhlayiya zezibulala-zinambuzane nezihwamuko ezikhona emoyeni zingaphinde zihlangane nokukhanya kwelanga kanye nezinhlanganisela zomkhathi ezisebenzayo ezikwazi ukuqalisa ukuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali.

Izinga lokuwohloka kwesithombe lincike ekuqineni kokukhanya kwelanga, i-spectrum yemisebe, ubude besikhathi sokuchayeka, ukwakheka kwesibulala-zinambuzane, ukwakheka, indlela yokufaka, nezici zendawo etholayo yemvelo.

Izembozo ze-plastic greenhouse zingadlulisa imisebe ye-ultraviolet eminingi kunezimbozo zengilazi ezithile, okungaba namandla okushintsha amazinga okuhlaziya izibulala-zinambuzane ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo zokutshala ezivikelekile futhi kuguqule ukuphikelela kwezinsalela.

Ngakho-ke ukukhanya kwelanga kumelela umenzeli omkhulu wokuguqula imvelo, kodwa ukuchayeka kukodwa akunqumi isiphetho sezibulala-zinambuzane. Isembozo senhlabathi, izimila, ukujula kwamanzi, ukuhlangana kwenhlabathi, nokuzinza kwamakhemikhali nakho kunomthelela emiphumeleni.

Okubanzi umthelela wemvelo wemfucuza yamakhemikhali ibonisa ukuthi kungani ukuqonda imikhiqizo yoguquko kuhlala kubalulekile ngisho nalapho ukugcwala kwezibulala-zinambuzane kwehla ngokushesha.

Izinto Ezilawula Ukuguqulwa Kwezibulala-zinambuzane

Ukuguqulwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane akuvamile ukuncika entweni eyodwa yemvelo. Izinga lokushisa, amanzi, i-pH, ukutholakala komoyampilo, ukukhanya kwelanga, izici zomhlabathi, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, ukwakheka, nezimo zokuchayeka kuyasebenzisana ukuze kunqunywe amazinga okuguqulwa.

1. Ukwakheka Kwezibulala-zinambuzane: Amabhondi e-molecular, amaqembu asebenzayo, ama-substituent, i-polarity, nokuhlelwa kwe-steric kunquma ukuthi yikuphi ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okungenzeka nokuthi ama-ejenti emvelo ahlasela kalula kanjani izakhiwo ezithile.

2. Izimo Zemvelo: Izinga lokushisa, umswakama, i-pH, amandla okukhanya, ukutholakala komoyampilo, isimo se-redox, nezindawo zamaminerali kungasheshisa, kuphuze, kuqondise kabusha, noma kucindezele ngokuphelele izindlela ezithile zokuguqula.

3. Indawo Engokwemvelo: Izibulala-zinambuzane emaqabunga, inhlabathi evulekile, izingqimba zenhlabathi ejulile, amanzi angaphezulu, intlenga, kanye nezinhlayiya zasemkhathini ziba nezimo ezihlukahlukene zomzimba futhi ngenxa yalokho amathuba ahlukene okuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali.

Ukuthungwa kwenhlabathi kanye ne-organic matter kungaba nomthelela ekugcinweni kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nokuchayeka. Lobu budlelwano bucaca ngokwengeziwe ukunyakaza kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nezinqubo zokumuncwa, enquma ukuthi izinsalela zihlala kuphi ukuze ziguqulwe.

Izinqubo zokufaka izicelo ziphinde zibe nomthelela ekuchayekeni ngoba ukufakwa kungavikela izibulala-zinambuzane ekukhanyeni kwelanga, kuyilapho ukubekwa kwendawo kungase kukhuphule ukuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali ezithombe kanye nokushibilika ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele zemvelo.

Ukuqapha imvelo kunikeza elinye ithuluzi elibalulekile ngoba izindlela zokuqapha izinto ezingcolisayo kungasiza ukuhlonza izinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane, imikhiqizo yoshintsho, izinguquko zokugxilisa ingqondo, kanye nezingxenye zemvelo ezidinga uphenyo olunzulu.

Ukusebenzisana kwalezi zici kuchaza ukuthi kungani isibulala-zinambuzane esifanayo singaziphatha ngendlela ehlukile kuzo zonke izindawo, izinkathi zonyaka, inhlabathi, izindawo ezinamanzi, izinhlelo zokusebenza, nezimo zezulu.

Funda Futhi: Izindima Zabakhiqizi Nezinkampani Ekulawuleni Udoti

Ukubaluleka Kwemvelo Kokuguqulwa Kwezibulala-zinambuzane

Ukuguqulwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kushintsha ngaphezu kokugxilisa amakhemikhali. Uguquko lungashintsha ubuthi, umsebenzi webhayoloji, ukunyibilika kwamanzi, ukukhangiswa, ukuphikelela, ukuguquguquka, ukuhamba, kanye nokusebenzisana nezinto eziphilayo ngaphakathi kwe-ecosystem engcolile.

1. Umsebenzi Oncishisiwe: Imikhiqizo eminingi yoguquko ikhombisa umsebenzi ophansi wokubulala izinambuzane kunezinhlanganisela zabazali, ezinganciphisa amandla ezinsalela futhi zibe nomthelela ekubhujisweni kwemvelo ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo zemvelo.

2. Umsebenzi Owengeziwe: Okunye ukusabela koshintsho kudala imikhiqizo enomsebenzi omkhulu webhayoloji. Ukwenza kusebenze imvelo okunjalo kungenza i-molecule engabalulekile ngaphambilini ibaluleke kakhulu ngokwe-toxicological.

3. Ukunyakaza Okushintshiwe: Izinguquko zesakhiwo zingashintsha ukuncibilika nokubophezela kwenhlabathi, okuthinta ukuthi imikhiqizo yoguquko ihlala iseduze, inyakaza namanzi, ingene ezinhlakeni, noma ifinyelele emanzini angaphansi komhlaba.

4. Ukuphikelela Okushintshile: Isibulala-zinambuzane esingumzali singehlisa izinga ngokushesha kuyilapho sikhiqiza i-metabolite ephikelela isikhathi eside. Ngakho-ke ubungozi bemvelo budinga ukunakwa kukho kokubili izinhlanganisela zabazali kanye nemikhiqizo ebalulekile yoguquko.

Lokhu kukhathazeka kuxhumanisa ukuguqulwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane nezinkinga ezibanzi ze izinto eziyingozi ezithinta umhlabathi nempilo yezitshalo, ikakhulukazi lapho amakhemikhali aguquliwe ehlala esebenza ngokwebhayoloji noma ehamba.

Umhlaba ongcolile ungase ube umthombo oqhubekayo wokunyakaza kwamakhemikhali. Ukuqonda izindlela zokungcoliswa komhlaba isiza ukuchaza ukuthi izinsalela zingahamba kanjani phakathi kwenhlabathi, amanzi, izinto eziphilayo kanye nezindawo ezizungezile.

Ukuguqulwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kungase kuthinte ukuphepha kokudla lapho izinsalela noma ama-metabolite efinyelela izitshalo. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwamakhemikhali nokudla buba bubalulekile nge izindlela zokungcoliswa kokudla okubandakanya izinto ezingcolisa imvelo nezinto ezisetshenziswayo kwezolimo.

Ngakho-ke abaphathi bokuvimbela kufanele bacabangele sonke isiphetho semvelo sesibulala-zinambuzane kunokugxila kuphela ekunyamaleni kwesithako sokuqala esisebenzayo ngemva kokufakwa.

Ukuphatha okunesibopho kuhlala kubalulekile ngoba ukulahlwa ngendlela efanele kweziqukathi zezibulala-zinambuzane kunciphisa amathuba okuba izinsalela ezigxilile zingene enhlabathini, ezinhlelweni zokudonsa amanzi, emanzini angaphezulu, namanzi angaphansi komhlaba.

Isicelo esiphephile singanciphisa nokukhiqizwa kukadoti. Isiqondiso sivuliwe ukulawula imfucuza encibilikayo yezibulala-zinambuzane igqamisa ukubaluleka kokuvimbela uketshezi olungcolile ukuthi lufinyelele ezindaweni ezibucayi zemvelo.

Ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali okungadingekile futhi kukhawulela inani lesibulala-zinambuzane esitholakalayo ekuguquleni imvelo kanye nokwakheka okungenzeka kwe-metabolite. Okuwusizo izindlela zokunciphisa imfucuza ngakho-ke hambisana nokuphathwa kahle kwezibulala-zinambuzane.

Abaphathi bezemvelo kufanele babone izibulala-zinambuzane njengengxenye yezinhlelo zokungcoliswa kwemvelo ezibanzi ngoba izigaba ezingcolisayo cabangela imvelo yamakhemikhali, ukuphikelela, ukugxilisa ingqondo, kanye nendawo ezungezile ethola ukungcola.

Ukubaluleka kokuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali kudlulela naseqophelweni lamanzi, lapho imiphumela yokungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali emanzini kungase kuhlanganise imithelela ezintweni eziphila emanzini, amaketango okudla, izindawo zokudoba, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwabantu.

Okokugcina, izindawo zokulahla ezingcolile zidinga ukuhlolwa ngokucophelela kwemvelo ngoba izici zemvelo zokulahla indawo kungaba nomthelela ekuvikelweni kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, ukugeleza, ukunyakaza kwe-leachate, nokufuduka okungcolile.

Isifinyezo Sezindlela Zokuguqula Izibulala-zinambuzane Emvelweni Ukuguqulwa Okungeyona I-Enzymatic

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Mayelana Nezindlela Zokuguqula Izibulala-zinambuzane Emvelweni Iyachazwa

1. Yiziphi izindlela zokuguqula izibulala-zinambuzane?

Izindlela zokuguqula izibulala-zinambuzane ziyizinqubo ezingokwenyama namakhemikhali ezishintsha ama-molecule ezinambuzane futhi zikhiqize imikhiqizo yoguquko enezakhiwo ezihlukene zemvelo.

2. Yiziphi izinqubo ezingezona eze-enzymatic eziguqula izibulala-zinambuzane?

Izinqubo ezinkulu zifaka i-hydrolysis, i-oxidation, ukunciphisa, i-photodegradation, ukubola kwe-thermal, i-hydration, i-conjugation, i-isomerization, kanye ne-cyclization.

3. Ingabe ukuguqulwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kuhlale kwenza izibulala-zinambuzane zingabi nangozi?

Cha. Imikhiqizo eminingi ayisebenzi kangako, kodwa amanye ama-metabolite angahlala enobuthi, asebenze kakhulu, aphikelele isikhathi eside, noma ahambe ngendlela ehlukile endaweni ezungezile.

4. Ukukhanya kwelanga kukuthinta kanjani ukuguqulwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane?

Ukukhanya kwelanga kungaqala ukusabela kwe-photochemical okwephula ama-molecule ezibulala-zinambuzane, ikakhulukazi uma izinsalela zihlala obala emaqabunga, enhlabathini engamboziwe, emanzini, noma ezinhlayiyeni zomkhathi.

5. Kungani i-pH ibalulekile ngesikhathi se-hydrolysis yesibulala-zinambuzane?

Izimo ezine-asidi noma ezine-alkali zingashintsha ukuzinza kwamabhondi ezibulala-zinambuzane ezisengozini futhi zinyuse kakhulu noma zehle amazinga okuwohloka kwe-hydrolytic.

6. Kukuphi ukusabela kokunciphisa okungenzeka kwenzeke?

Ukwehliswa kuvame ukuvela ezindaweni ezingenawo umoya-mpilo njengenhlabathi egcwele izikhukhula, amanzi amile, izindawo ezingamaxhaphozi, izinsalela, nezinye izindawo ezinciphisa kakhulu.

7. Kungani kufanele kuqashelwe imikhiqizo yoguquko?

Imikhiqizo yokuguqulwa ingase ibe nobuthi obuhlukile, ukuphikelela, ukuhamba, kanye nomsebenzi webhayoloji, ngakho ukuqapha kuphela isibulala-zinambuzane esingabazali kungase kubukele phansi ukubaluleka kwemvelo.

Ingabe unayo imibuzo, iziphakamiso, noma iminikelo? Uma kunjalo, sicela ukhululeke ukusebenzisa ibhokisi lokuphawula elingezansi ukuze wabelane ngemicabango yakho. Sikukhuthaza nokuba wabelane ngomusa lokhu kwaziswa nabanye abangase bazuze kukho. Njengoba singakwazi ukufinyelela wonke umuntu ngesikhathi esisodwa, silwazisa kakhulu usizo lwakho ekusakazeni izwi. Siyabonga kakhulu ngokusekela kwakho nokwabelana!

Funda Futhi: Ukuphatha Ngokuphephile Izibulala-zinambuzane Kwezolimo