Ewezuga mmebi nke microbial, pesticides nwere ike ịgbanwe site na usoro anụ ahụ na kemịkal na-arụ ọrụ na ala, ahịhịa, mmiri na ikuku. Mmeghachi omume ndị a na-agbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ pesticide mbụ ka ọ bụrụ ngwaahịa gburugburu ebe dị iche iche.
Usoro ntụgharị pesticide gụnyere oxidation, hydrolysis, mbelata, hydration, conjugation, isomerization, na cyclization. Ngwakọta ndị a na-esi na ya pụta na-adịkarị iche na ọgwụ ndị nne na nna ha na-egbu egbu na nhazi, ọrụ, mmegharị, nnọgidesi ike, na omume gburugburu ebe obibi.
Ọtụtụ ngwaahịa mgbanwe nwere ọrụ pesticidal na-esighị ike karịa nke mbụ, ọ bụ ezie na ngwaahịa ụfọdụ nwere ike ịmalite ọrụ ndụ ma ọ bụ dị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi mgbe mgbanwe kemịkalụ mechara.
Mkpa gburugburu ebe obibi dị mkpa ntụgharị na-adabere na ebe mmeghachi omume na-eme, ka ọ na-aga ngwa ngwa, nke ngwaahịa na-emepụta, na ma ngwaahịa ndị ahụ na-anọgide, na-agagharị, na-agbakọta, ma ọ bụ na-emekọrịta ihe na ihe ndị dị ndụ.
Ya mere ịghọta ntughari pesticide na-enyere ndị ọrụ ugbo, ndị njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi, ndị nyocha, na ndị na-achị achị aka ịkọ omume ndị fọdụrụnụ, nyochaa ihe egwu mmetọ, kwalite njikwa pesticide, na ịmata ngwaahịa mgbanwe dị mkpa n’ime gburugburu ebe obibi.
Ngbanwe na-abụghị Enzymatic nke ọgwụ pesticides
Ntughari na-abụghị enzymatic na-akọwa mgbanwe pesticide na-eme na-enweghị usoro enzyme ndu na-ebute mmeghachi omume ahụ. Ọnọdụ anụ ahụ na ọgwụ kemịkalụ nwere ike ịgbanwe ihe owuwu pesticide ozugbo n’ime ngalaba gburugburu.
Mmeghachi omume ndị a nwere ike ime n’ime awa, ụbọchị, izu, ọnwa, ma ọ bụ afọ, dabere na kemịlụ pesticide na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọtụtụ usoro nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ n’otu oge, na-eme ka akara pesticide dị mgbagwoju anya.
Nke ntule nke àgwà mmetọ na-enyere aka ịkọwa ihe kpatara ngbanwe ọgwụ pesticide chọrọ nlebara anya na ọdịdị kemịkalụ, itinye uche, nnọgidesi ike, ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi, na ọnọdụ mkpughe.
Ntugharị anụ ahụ na kemịkal nwere ike ibelata nnọgidesi ike gburugburu ebe obibi, mana mgbanwe anaghị apụta ntọhapụ ozugbo n’ihi na ụfọdụ metabolites na-ejigide ọrụ ndu ma ọ bụ mepụta ihe dị iche iche gburugburu ebe obibi.
Gụkwuo: Mmekọrita ahịhịa ahịhịa na ala ahịhịa
Ndị nnọchi anya anụ ahụ na ntụgharị pesticide
Ihe abụọ dị mkpa anụ ahụ na-emetụta mgbanwe pesticide na-abụghị enzymatic: ọkụ na okpomọkụ. Mmetụta ha nwere ike ime ihe n’adabereghị ma ọ bụ ọnụ, na-eme ka mgbanwe kemịkalụ dị ngwa n’elu ihe ọkụkụ, ala, mmiri na ụmụ irighiri ikuku.
1. Okpomọkụ: Okpomọkụ dị elu nwere ike ime ka mmeghachi omume molekụla mee ngwa ngwa ma kwalite ire ere ọkụ, ọkachasị mgbe ọgwụ pesticides na-anọgide na-ekpughere radieshon anyanwụ siri ike ma ọ bụ ebe obibi na-ekpo ọkụ.
2. Ìhè: Ụzarị anyanwụ na-enye ike nke nwere ike ịmalite mmeghachi omume photochemical, karịsịa mgbe ihe fọdụrụ na pesticide na-anọgide na akwụkwọ, n’elu ala, mmiri, ma ọ bụ ebe ndị ọzọ ekpughere ozugbo ìhè anyanwụ.
3. Na-ajụ oyi: Ọnọdụ oyi nwere ike na-akwado mgbawa pesticide mgbe ụfọdụ mgbe ike na-eme ka ihe ndị na-eme ihe na-arụ ọrụ na-esi na ngwọta, nkwusioru, ma ọ bụ usoro nchebe, na-abawanye mkpughe na mmeghachi omume gburugburu ebe obibi.
Ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike imetụta nkwụsi ike nke pesticides n’ihi na ihe na-emebi ala na-agbanwe nnweta kemịkalụ, nzaghachi okpomọkụ, ọnọdụ mmiri, yana mmekọrịta dị n’etiti ụmụ irighiri ihe na-egbu egbu na gburugburu ha.
Mkpa ntụgharị anụ ahụ na-adaberekwa na ntinye ọgwụ pesticide. Ihe fọdụrụ na akwụkwọ ndụ ekpughere na-enwetakarị ìhè anyanwụ siri ike karịa ogige ndị etinyere n’okpuru elu ala, na-ebelata ikpughe fotochemical nke ukwuu.
Ya mere radieshon anyanwụ nwere ike itinye aka na mfu pesticide site na mmeghachi omume fotochemical na kpo oku jikọtara ya. Ngwaahịa ndị a nwere ike ịnwe kemịkalụ dị iche na nke mbụ.
Nke Njirimara ala na-achịkwa mmegharị pesticide nwere ike imetụta mkpughe anụ ahụ site n’ịchọpụta ma ihe fọdụrụ ọ dị n’akụkụ elu, na-echebe ya n’ime ala, ma ọ bụ na-agbada ala.
Mmeghachi omume Hydrolysis nke ọgwụ pesticides
Hydrolysis na-agụnye mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ n’etiti ụmụ irighiri pesticide na mmiri. Maka ọtụtụ ọgwụ na-egbu egbu, usoro a na-enye ụzọ mbibi dị mkpa ma nwee ike kewaa ihe owuwu dị mgbagwoju anya n’ime obere kemịkalụ obere.
1. Ester Hydrolysis: Ọtụtụ esters pesticide nwere ike nweta mgbawa hydrolytic, na-emepụta iberibe dị iche iche nke na-egosipụtakarị ọrụ pesticidal dị ala na mmegharị dị iche iche ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke mbụ nne na nna.
2. Hydrolysis alkaline: Ngwọta alkaline dị nro nwere ike mee ngwa ngwa hydrolyze organophosphorus, carbamate, na ogige pyrethroid, mgbe ụfọdụ na-ebute nnukwu ire ere n’ime obere oge.
3. Acid Hydrolysis: Acid-catalysed hydrolysis na-achọkarị ọnọdụ acid siri ike karị, ọ bụ ezie na akụkụ ụfọdụ nke pesticide nwere ike ịzaghachi n’ụzọ dị iche dabere na njikọ kemịkalụ ha na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi gbara ya gburugburu.
Ya mere kemistri mmiri dị mkpa nke ukwuu n’ihi na pH nwere ike ịgbanwe ọnụego mmeghachi omume yana nkwụsi ike pesticide. Ozi na isi mmalite mmetọ mmiri gosikwara ihe kpatara mmetọ kemịkalụ kwesịrị nlebara anya n’ofe gburugburu mmiri.
Hydrolysis nwekwara ike imetụta pesticides nwere halogen bonds, na-emepụta hydroxylated dravatives. Ihe owuwu nwere Epoxide nwere ike iji mmiri meghachi omume n’otu aka ahụ, na-emepụta diol site na mmeghachi omume hydration.
Mmeghachi omume ndị a na-egosi ihe kpatara usoro ntụgharị pesticide nwere ike ịgbanwe n’ụzọ dị ukwuu polarity molecular na omume gburugburu ebe obibi. Ngwaahịa na-emebi emebi nwere ike ịgbari n’ụzọ dị iche, kechie n’ụzọ dị iche, ma ọ bụ gaa n’ụzọ dị iche karịa ọgwụ nje ndị mụrụ ya.
Nke nchebe nke mmiri mmiri ka dị mkpa n’ihi na ogige pesticide gbanwere ka nwere ike ịbanye na iyi, ọdọ mmiri, ọdọ mmiri, mmiri dị n’ime ala, na isi mmiri ndị ọzọ mgbe mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi gasịrị.
Ụzọ Oxidation na Ngwaahịa
Oxidation na-eme mgbe ụmụ irighiri ihe pesticide na-emeghachi omume na oxygen ma ọ bụ ụdị oxidizing karịa. Mmeghachi omume ndị a nwere ike ime na ala, mmiri, ikuku, nhazi, na ngwakọta n’okpuru ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị.
1. Oxygen Oxidation: Oxygen molekụla nwere ike imeghachi omume site na ihe owuwu pesticide nwere ike ime, na-emepụta ogige oxidized nke polarity, nnọgidesi ike, ngagharị, na ihe ndị dị ndụ dị iche na nke molekul mbụ.
2. Ụdị oxygen na-arụ ọrụ: Ozone, superoxide, peroxides, na oxygen singlet nwere ike inye mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ siri ike karị, ọkachasị ebe ọkụ, ọla, okpomọkụ, ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma.
3. Mgbanaka Hydroxylation: Mgbanaka pesticide na-esi ísì ụtọ nwere ike ịnata otu hydroxyl n’oge oxidation, na-agbanwe usoro ihe omimi yana na-abawanye polarity mgbe ọ na-emepụta ngwaahịa mgbanwe ọhụrụ nwere omume mgbanwe ndụ.
Oxidation nwere ike ilekwasị anya na otu methylene n’agbụ akụkụ yana otu methyl jikọtara n’ụdị pesticide. Ya mere, ogige ụfọdụ na-enweta mmeghachi omume n’usoro gụnyere hydroxylation na-esote oxidation ọzọ.
Carbofuran na-enye ihe atụ nke mgbanwe mgbanwe usoro, ebe hydroxylation nwere ike ịmepụta 7-hydroxycarbofuran na oxidation ọzọ nwere ike ịmepụta 7-ketocarbofuran n’okpuru ọnọdụ kwesịrị ekwesị.
Oxidation nwekwara ike imepụta epoxides sitere na alkenes. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Aldrin nwere ike ịnweta epioxidation iji mepụta dieldrin, na-egosi ka ngwaahịa ngbanwe nwere ike isi nọgide na-adị mkpa na ndụ.
N’ihi na oxidation dabere na kemịkalụ gburugburu ebe obibi, ọnụ ụzọ mmetọ na ihe mmetọ pụtara nyere aka chọpụta ma ihe fọdụrụ agbanwere na-enwe nchegbu gburugburu ebe obibi bara uru.
Mbelata mmeghachi omume na ọgwụ pesticides
Mmeghachi omume mbelata na-emekarị ebe ikuku oxygen na-adị ala ma na-ebelata ọnọdụ na-achịkwa. Ebe ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịgụnye ala idei mmiri juru, mmiri na-adịghị mma, ala mmiri, sedimenti, na usoro ihe ndị dị ndụ anaerobic.
1. gburugburu Oxygen dị ala: Ọnọdụ anaerobic ma ọ bụ ikuku oxygen nwere ike ịkwado mmeghachi omume mbelata n’ihi na gburugburu kemịkalụ kemịkalụ elektrọn na-akwado ụzọ mgbanwe dị iche na sistemu oxidation na-achị.
2. Ala Iju Mmiri: Ala ọrụ ugbo nke nwere mmiri nwere ike ịmalite mbelata ọnọdụ ndị na-akwado mgbanwe mgbanwe ọgwụ pesticide, ọkachasị mgbe ikuku oxygen na-agwụ na-eso saturation ogologo oge.
3. Redox Catalysts: Ihe ndị na-ebelata inorganic na ọla ndị na-arụ ọrụ nwere ike isonye na mgbanwe kemịkalụ, na-emetụta ihe owuwu pesticide n’ime ala, sedimenti mmiri, na akụkụ ndị ọzọ na-ebelata gburugburu ebe obibi.
Ọmụmaatụ gụnyere mbelata otu nitro na ala idei mmiri na ntụgharị nke pentachloronitrobenzene gaa na amino analogue. Mmeghachi omume ndị a na-egosi otú ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike isi megharịa ụzọ mmebi pesticide.
Mmekọrịta dị n’etiti mbelata na gburugburu mmiri na-apụta ìhè mgbe a na-atụle ya ibufe pesticides site na mmiri dị n’elu, ebe ọnọdụ ikuku oxygen, mmekọrịta sedimenti, na mmegharị mmiri nwere ike imetụta akara kemịkal.
Mbelata gburugburu anaghị ewepụ ihe egwu gburugburu ebe niile. Ngwaahịa mgbanwe nwere ike ịdịgide, na-aga n’ụzọ dị iche, ma ọ bụ nwee ihe ndị dị ndụ n’adịghị ka nke ejikọtara na ọgwụ pesticide nne na nna.
Ọnọdụ mmiri dị n’ime ala kwesịkwara nlebara anya n’ihi na ụzọ mmetọ mmiri nke ala nwere ike ikwe ka ihe fọdụrụ kemịkal nọrọ iche na ìhè anyanwụ na mgbanwe mgbanwe n’okpuru ọnọdụ redox dị iche iche.
Mmebi foto nke ihe fọdụrụ na pesticide
Photodegradation na-ezo aka na mmebi pesticide kpatara ozugbo ma ọ bụ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na ọkụ. Ìhè anyanwụ nwere ike inye ume zuru ezu iji malite mmeghachi omume na-agbanwe ihe owuwu pesticide n’elu ebe gburugburu ekpughere.
1. Mkpughe akwụkwọ: Ngwọta pesticides etinyere na akwụkwọ na-enweta radieshon anyanwụ siri ike, na-eme ka fotodegradation bụrụ ụzọ mgbasa dị mkpa maka ihe fọdụrụ n’elu ahịhịa ekpughere mgbe etinyere ya.
2. Ngosipụta n’elu ala: Ọgwụ nje ndị fọdụrụ n’ala ekpuchighị ekpuchi nwere ike ime mgbanwe site na ìhè anyanwụ, ọ bụ ezie na ntinye, ndo, ihe fọdụrụ n’ihe ọkụkụ, na ụmụ irighiri ihe ala nwere ike ibelata ikpughe ọkụ ozugbo.
3. Ngosipụta ikuku: Ihe mgbochi pesticide na vapors dị na ikuku nwekwara ike izute ìhè anyanwụ na ogige ikuku na-arụ ọrụ nke nwere ike ịmalite mgbanwe kemịkalụ.
Ọnụọgụ nke photodegradation na-adabere na ìhè anyanwụ siri ike, spectrum radieshon, oge ikpughe, nhazi pesticide, nhazi, usoro ntinye, na njirimara nke elu gburugburu ebe obibi.
Ihe mkpuchi griin haus nwere ike ibunye ụzarị ọkụ ultraviolet karịa ụfọdụ mkpuchi iko, nwere ike ịgbanwe ọnụego fotolysis pesticide n’ime usoro ihe ọkụkụ echedoro yana na-agbanwe nnọgidesi ike nke fọdụrụ.
Ya mere, ìhè anyanwụ na-anọchite anya isi ihe na-eme mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi, mana ikpughe naanị ya anaghị ekpebi ọdịnihu pesticide. Mkpuchi ala, ahịhịa ndụ, omimi mmiri, njikọ sedimenti, na nkwụsi ike kemịkal na-emetụtakwa nsonaazụ.
Nke ka ukwuu mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke mkpofu kemịkalụ na-egosi ihe kpatara ịghọta ngwaahịa mgbanwe ji dị mkpa ọbụlagodi mgbe ntinye ọgwụ mgbochi mbụ na-agbada ngwa ngwa.
Ihe Ndị Na-achịkwa Ntugharị Ọgwụ Ọgwụ
Ntugharị ọgwụ pesticide anaghị adabere n’otu ihe na-akpata gburugburu ebe obibi. Okpomọkụ, mmiri, pH, ikuku oxygen, ìhè anyanwụ, Njirimara ala, usoro kemịkalụ, nhazi, na ọnọdụ mkpughe na-emekọrịta ihe iji chọpụta ọnụego mgbanwe.
1. Ọdịdị ọgwụ pesticide: Njikọ molekụla, otu ndị na-arụ ọrụ, ndị nọchiri anya, polarity, na nhazi siri ike na-ekpebi mmeghachi omume kemịkal nwere ike ime yana otu ngwa ngwa ndị ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi si ebuso ihe owuwu ụfọdụ ọgụ.
2. Ọnọdụ gburugburu: Okpomọkụ, mmiri mmiri, pH, ike ọkụ, ikuku oxygen, ọnọdụ redox, na elu ịnweta nwere ike mee ngwa ngwa, ngwa ngwa, redirect, ma ọ bụ kwụsị kpamkpam ụzọ ntụgharị.
3. Ọnọdụ gburugburu: Ihe na-egbu egbu na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, ala ekpughere, ọkwa dị omimi nke ala, mmiri dị n’elu, sedimenti, na ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe na-enweta ọnọdụ anụ ahụ dị iche iche na ya mere ohere dị iche iche maka mgbanwe kemịkal.
Ụdị ala na ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ike imetụta njide pesticide na ikpughe. Mmekọrịta ndị a na-edo anya site na mmegharị nke pesticide na usoro absorption, nke na-ekpebi ebe ihe fọdụrụ dị maka mgbanwe.
Omume ngwa na-emetụtakwa ikpughe n’ihi na nchikota nwere ike ichekwa ọgwụ pesticides site na ìhè anyanwụ, ebe ntinye elu nwere ike ịbawanye mgbanwe fotochemical na volatilite n’okpuru ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị.
nlekota gburugburu ebe obibi na-enye ngwá ọrụ ọzọ dị mkpa n’ihi na usoro nlekota maka mmetọ nwere ike inye aka chọpụta ihe fọdụrụ na pesticide, ngwaahịa mgbanwe, mgbanwe itinye uche, na ngalaba gburugburu ebe obibi chọrọ nyocha nso.
Mmekọrịta nke ihe ndị a na-akọwa ihe kpatara otu ọgwụ pesticide ahụ nwere ike isi na-akpa àgwà dị iche iche n’ofe ebe, oge, ala, mmiri mmiri, ngwa ngwa, na ọnọdụ ihu igwe.
Gụkwuo: Ọrụ nke ndị nrụpụta na ụlọ ọrụ na njikwa mkpofu
Mkpa gburugburu ebe obibi nke mgbanwe pesticide
Ntughari ọgwụ pesticide na-agbanwe karịa itinye uche kemịkalụ. Mgbanwe nwere ike gbanwee nsi, ọrụ ndu, mmiri solubility, adsorption, nnọgidesi ike, mgbanwe, ngagharị, na mmekọrịta ya na ihe dị ndụ n’ime gburugburu ebe obibi emetọọ.
1. Mbelata Ọrụ: Ọtụtụ ngwaahịa mgbanwe na-egosi ọrụ pesticidal dị ala karịa ogige ndị nne na nna, nke nwere ike ibelata ikike fọdụrụnụ ma na-enye aka na mgbasa eke n’ime usoro gburugburu ebe obibi.
2. Mmebawanye mmemme: Ụfọdụ mmeghachi omume mgbanwe na-emepụta ngwaahịa nwere nnukwu ọrụ ndu. Ịgbalite gburugburu ebe obibi dị otú ahụ nwere ike ime ka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe na-adịchaghị mkpa na mbụ dịkwuo mkpa karịa toxicological.
3. Mgbanwe Agbanwe: Mgbanwe nhazi nwere ike gbanwee solubility na njikọ nke ala, na-emetụta ma ngwaahịa mgbanwe dị nso, na-eji mmiri na-agagharị, banye sedimenti, ma ọ bụ rute mmiri dị n’ime ala.
4. Nkwụsi ike gbanwere: Ọgwụ pesticide nne na nna nwere ike ịda ngwa ngwa ka ọ na-emepụta metabolite nke na-adịte aka. Ya mere ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi chọrọ nlebara anya na ogige nne na nna yana ngwaahịa mgbanwe dị mkpa.
Nchegbu ndị a jikọtara ntụgharị pesticide na nsogbu sara mbara nke ihe ndị dị ize ndụ na-emetụta ala na ndụ osisi, karịsịa ebe kemịkalụ gbanwere na-anọgide na-arụ ọrụ n’ụzọ ndụ ma ọ bụ mkpanaka.
Ala emetọkwara nwekwara ike bụrụ isi iyi mmegharị kemịkal na-aga n’ihu. Nghọta ụzọ mmetọ ala na-enyere aka ịkọwa ka ihe fọdụrụ nwere ike isi na-aga n’etiti ala, mmiri, ihe ndị dị ndụ na gburugburu gburugburu.
Ntugharị ọgwụ pesticide nwekwara ike imetụta nchekwa nri mgbe ihe fọdụrụ ma ọ bụ metabolites ruru ihe ọkụkụ. Mmekọrịta dị n’etiti kemịkalụ na nri na-aghọ ihe dị mkpa site na ụzọ mmetọ nri metụtara mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi na ntinye ọrụ ugbo.
Ya mere, njikwa mgbochi kwesịrị ịtụle ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọgwụ pesticide kama ilekwasị anya naanị na mwepu nke ihe mbụ na-arụ ọrụ mgbe etinyere ya.
Ijikwa nke ọma ka dị mkpa n’ihi na mkpofu kwesịrị ekwesị nke arịa pesticide na-ebelata ohere maka ihe fọdụrụ n’ime ya ịbanye n’ime ala, usoro mmiri mmiri, mmiri dị elu, na mmiri ala.
Ngwa dị mma nwekwara ike ibelata mmepụta ihe mkpofu. Ntuziaka na ijikwa itucha ihe mkpofu pesticide na-akọwapụta mkpa ọ dị igbochi mmiri mmiri emetọọ ka ọ ghara iru ebe gburugburu ebe obibi dị nro.
Mbelata ojiji kemịkalụ na-enweghị isi na-egbochikwa ọnụọgụ pesticide dị maka ngbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi yana enwere ike guzobe metabolite. Bara uru ụzọ mbelata mkpofu ya mere mejuputara nlekọta nke ogwu ogwu.
Ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi kwesịrị ịnakwere pesticides dị ka akụkụ nke usoro mmetọ sara mbara n’ihi na nhazi ọkwa mmetọ tụlee ọdịdị kemịkalụ, nnọgidesi ike, itinye uche na gburugburu ebe obibi na-anata mmetọ ahụ.
Mkpa mgbanwe kemịkalụ gbatịrịkwa na mma mmiri, ebe mmetụta mmetọ kemikal na mmiri nwere ike ịgụnye mmetụta na ihe ndị dị n’ime mmiri, ụdọ nri, azụ azụ, na ojiji mmadụ.
N’ikpeazụ, ebe mkpofu emetọọ chọrọ nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọma n’ihi na ihe gburugburu ebe obibi mkpofu nwere ike imetụta nchedo mmiri dị n’ime ala, mmiri na-asọpụta, mmegharị mmiri na-emetọ, na njem mmetọ.
Nchịkọta na Usoro ngbanwe nke ọgwụ pesticide n’ime Gburugburu Ngbanwe na-abụghị Enzymatic
| Usoro ntụgharị | Main Environmental ọkwọ ụgbọ ala | Mmetụta ahụkarị | Mkpa gburugburu ebe obibi |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hydrolysis | Mmiri na pH | Na-ekewa njikọ kemịkalụ nwere ike ime | Nwere ike ibelata ma ọ bụ gbanwee ọrụ pesticidal |
| Oxidation | Oxygen na reactive oxidants | Na-agbakwunye ikuku oxygen ma ọ bụ na-agbanwe nhazi molekụla | Nwere ike mepụta ngwaahịa pola ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa na-arụ ọrụ ndụ |
| Mbelata | Obere oxygen na ọnọdụ mbelata | Na-ewepụ ma ọ bụ gbanwee otu ndị nwere elektrọn | Ihe dị mkpa na ala idei mmiri na sedimenti |
| Mmebi foto | Ụzarị anyanwụ | ndakpọ molekụla na-ebute ọkụ | Dị mkpa na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, elu ala, mmiri, na ikuku |
| Thermal ire ere | Okpomọkụ | Na-eme ka mmeghachi omume kemịkal dị ngwa | Nwere ike soro mgbanwe nke ìhè anyanwụ na-ebute |
| Mgbalite gburugburu ebe obibi | Ọnọdụ kemịkalụ na anụ ahụ | Na-emepụta ngwaahịa ndị dị mkpa dị ndụ | Nwere ike ịbawanye mkpa gburugburu ebe obibi mgbe ntụgharị |
Azịza ndị a na-ajụkarị gbasara usoro ntụgharị pesticide na gburugburu Kọwaa.
1. Gịnị bụ usoro ntụgharị pesticide?
Usoro ntụgharị pesticide bụ usoro anụ ahụ na kemịkalụ na-agbanwe ụmụ irighiri ihe pesticide ma na-emepụta ngwaahịa mgbanwe nwere njirimara gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche.
2. Kedu usoro ndị na-abụghị enzymatic na-atụgharị pesticides?
Isi usoro gụnyere hydrolysis, oxidation, mbelata, photodegradation, thermal decomposition, hydration, conjugation, isomerization, na cyclization.
3. Ntughari ọgwụ na-egbu egbu ọ na-eme ka ọgwụ na-egbu egbu na-adịchaghị njọ mgbe niile?
Mba. Ọtụtụ ngwaahịa anaghị arụ ọrụ, mana ụfọdụ metabolites nwere ike ịnọgide na-egbu egbu, na-arụsi ọrụ ike, na-adị ogologo oge, ma ọ bụ na-agagharị n’ụzọ dị iche na gburugburu ebe obibi.
4. Olee otú ìhè anyanwụ si emetụta mgbanwe pesticide?
Ìhè anyanwụ nwere ike ịmalite mmeghachi omume foto kemikal nke na-agbaji ụmụ irighiri ihe pesticide, karịsịa mgbe ihe ndị fọdụrụ na-ekpughere n’okirikiri akwụkwọ, ala ekpuchighị ekpuchi, ebe mmiri, ma ọ bụ ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe.
5. Gịnị mere pH ji dị mkpa n’oge pesticide hydrolysis?
Ọnọdụ acidic ma ọ bụ alkaline nwere ike gbanwee nkwụsi ike nke njikọ pesticide nwere ike ime ka ọ dịkwuo elu ma ọ bụ belata ọnụego ndakpọ hydrolytic.
6. Ebee ka mmeghachi omume mbelata nwere ike ime?
Mbelata na-emekarị na gburugburu ikuku oxygen dị ka ala idei mmiri, mmiri na-adịghị ahụkebe, ala mmiri, sedimenti, na gburugburu ebe ndị ọzọ na-ebelata ike.
7. Gịnị mere e kwesịrị iji nyochaa ngwaahịa mgbanwe?
Ngwaahịa mgbanwe nwere ike ịnwe nsi dị iche iche, nnọgidesi ike, ngagharị, na ọrụ ndu, yabụ nlekota naanị ọgwụ mgbochi ndị nne na nna nwere ike ileda uru gburugburu ebe obibi anya.
Ị nwere ajụjụ, ntụnye ma ọ bụ onyinye ọ bụla? Ọ bụrụ otu a, biko nweere onwe gị iji igbe nkọwa n’okpuru kesaa echiche gị. Anyị na-agbakwa gị ume ka ị jiri obiọma kesaa ozi a n’etiti ndị ọzọ nwere ike irite uru na ya. Ebe ọ bụ na anyị enweghị ike ịbịaru onye ọ bụla n’otu oge, anyị nwere ekele maka enyemaka gị n’ịgbasa okwu ahụ. Daalụ nke ukwuu maka nkwado gị na maka ịkekọrịta!
Gụkwuo: Ijikwa ọgwụ mgbochi ahụhụ na ọrụ ugbo