Izinsimbi ezisindayo ezitholakalayo zokuthathwa kwezitshalo yilezo ezikhona njengezingxenye ezincibilikayo esixazululweni senhlabathi noma lezo ezincibilikiswa kalula ngama-exudates ezimpande, okuvumela izimpande ukuthi zizimunce kalula (Chibuike no-Obiora, 2014).
Izitshalo zidinga izinsimbi ezithile ngamanani amancane ukuze zikhule okuvamile, umsebenzi wama-enzyme, nemisebenzi yomzimba. Kodwa-ke, ukugxila ngokweqile okuvela ekungcoleni kungaba yingozi, kuphazamise imetabolism, futhi kulimaze izicubu zezitshalo kakhulu.
Ngenxa yokuthi izinsimbi azinakonakala ngokwebhayoloji, ukunqwabelana ngokweqile kungaqhubeka ngaphakathi kwenhlabathi engcolile nezicubu zezitshalo. Ukugxila okuphezulu kuphazamisa ama-enzyme, kulimaze izakhiwo zamaselula, futhi kwandise ingcindezi ye-oxidative.
Izinto eziyingozi zingase futhi zikhiqize imiphumela engaqondile ngokuphazamisa ukutholakala kwezakhi, ukushintsha amakhemikhali enhlabathini, nokuphazamisa ukumuncwa kwamaminerali abalulekile. Le miphumela ehlangene inganciphisa amandla ezitshalo, ukukhiqiza, ukuzala, nokuphila.
Izinga lokunqwabelana liyahluka phakathi kwezinhlobo zezitshalo futhi lincike ezintweni ezihlanganisa izinga lokushisa, umswakama, izinto eziphilayo, inhlabathi i-pH, ukutholakala kwezakhi, ukugxila kwensimbi, kanye nohlobo lwamakhemikhali lokungcola ngakunye.
Ukuthathwa kwezitshalo kanye nezici zokudlulisa umhlabathi uye kwesinye isitshalo zisiza abacwaningi ukuthi bahlole ukuthi izitshalo zimunca kahle kangakanani ukungcola. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kusekela izinqumo zokulima eziphephile kanye nokuphathwa kangcono kwezindawo zezolimo ezingcolile.
Yiziphi Izinto Eziyingozi Nokukhula Kwezitshalo?
Izinto eziyingozi zihlanganisa amakhemikhali, izinsimbi, izinsalela, nezinye izinto ezingcolisa umoya ezingalimaza izinto eziphilayo lapho ukugxila kwazo, ukuphikelela, noma ukuchayeka kweqa imingcele yokubekezelela imvelo ngaphakathi kwenhlabathi yezolimo kanye nemvelo ezungezile.
Izitshalo zisabela ngendlela ehlukile kukungcola ngoba izinhlobo ziyahlukahluka ngesakhiwo sezimpande, isayensi yemvelo, ukubekezelelana kwensimbi, isidingo somsoco, namandla okukhawulela izinto eziyingozi ukuthi zingangeni ezicutshini ezibucayi ngesikhathi sokukhula.
Izinto ezingcolisayo zingase zifinyelele ezitshalweni ngokusebenzisa inhlabathi engcolile, amanzi okunisela, ukufakwa komkhathi, umanyolo, izibulala-zinambuzane, ukukhishwa kwezimboni, izinsalela zezimayini, indle, izindawo zokulahla imfucuza kanye nokukhishwa kwamakhemikhali ngephutha eduze kwamapulazi.
Ukuqonda ukuhlukaniswa okungcolile kusiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani okunye ukungcola kuqhubeka isikhathi eside kunezinye, kuyilapho ukugxila kwazo kanye nezimpawu zamakhemikhali zinquma ukuthi ziphazamisa kangakanani ukukhula kwezitshalo.
Okunye ukungcola kuhlala kunamathele ngokuqinile ezinhlayiyeni zomhlabathi, kuyilapho ezinye zincibilika emanzini futhi ziqhubekele ezimpandeni. Ukuhamba kwazo kunquma amazinga okuchayeka futhi kube nomthelela emathubeni okunqwabelana kwezitshalo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ukukhula kwezitshalo kuhlupheka lapho izinto eziyingozi ziphazamisa izimpande, amaqabunga, ama-enzyme, amahomoni, ubudlelwane bamanzi, i-photosynthesis, ukuphefumula, ukuthuthwa kwezakhi, noma ukuthuthukiswa kokuzala, okudala ukucindezeleka okuningi ngaphakathi kwesitshalo esisodwa.
Umhlaba ongcolisiwe futhi udala ukukhathazeka okubanzi kwezolimo ngoba ukungcola okuqhubekayo kunganciphisa ukukhiqiza kwenhlabathi futhi kuthinte izitshalo ngokuphindaphindiwe kuzo zonke izinkathi zonyaka zokutshala lapho abalimi beqhubeka nokusebenzisa izindawo ezinganakiwe.
Funda Futhi: Imithelela Yezinto Eziyingozi Emhlabathini
Indlela Izinto Eziyingozi Ezingena Ngayo Ezitshalweni
Izimpande zimelela indlela eyinhloko lapho izitshalo zimunca khona ukungcola okuncibilikisiwe emanzini. Izinwele zezimpande zinikeza ukuxhumana okubanzi nesisombululo esizungezile, okuvumela izinto ezincibilikile ukuthi zingene ngezinqubo zebhayoloji.
Izinto ezingcolisayo zingafinyelela emaqabunga ngokumiswa komkhathi, izinhlayiya zothuli, izifutho zokuchelela ezingcolile, kanye nokuthintana ngqo namanzi angcolile. Indawo yamaqabunga ingase igcine izinto ezifakiwe ngaphambi kokumuncwa.
Amanzi okunisela angcolile ingangenisa usawoti, izinsimbi, amagciwane, amakhemikhali anobuthi, kanye nezakhamzimba ezeqile enhlabathini yezolimo, ikakhulukazi lapho amanzi angcolile angahlanziwe enisela izitshalo ngokuphindaphindiwe ngaphandle kokuhlolwa kwekhwalithi okuvamile.
Ukuhamba kokungcola kusuka enhlabathini kuya ezimpandeni kuncike esimweni samakhemikhali, izakhiwo zenhlabathi, ukusebenza kwezimpande, ukusebenzisana kwamagciwane, ukutholakala kwamanzi, kanye nokuba khona kwemisoco encintisanayo ezungeze indawo yezimpande.
Izitshalo zingase zivimbele ukungcola okuthile ezimpandeni, kuyilapho ezinye zihamba ngezicubu zemithambo ziye eziqwini, amaqabunga, izithelo, kanye nembewu. Lokhu kunyakaza kudala amaphethini ahlukene okungcola phakathi kwezitho zezitshalo.
Ucwaningo nge izindlela zokuqapha ezingcolisayo isiza ukuhlonza inhlabathi engcolisiwe kanye nezindlela zokuchayeka ngaphambi kokuba ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo kuthinteke kakhulu noma kungaphephile kubathengi nakubasebenzi basemapulazini.
Ukuthatha akubonisi ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuthi isitshalo sizobonisa ngokushesha izimpawu ezibonakalayo. Okunye ukungcola kunqwabelana ngaphakathi ngaphambi kokuba kubonakale i-chlorosis esobala, ukushwabana, ukukhula okuncishisiwe, noma ukulimala kwezicubu.
Izinsimbi Ezisindayo Nokukhula Kwezitshalo
1. Ubuthi bomthofu: Umthofu unganciphisa ukukhiqiza kwenhlabathi futhi uphazamise i-photosynthesis, i-mitosis, ukumuncwa kwamanzi, ukuthuthukiswa kwezimpande, nokulinganisela kwezakhi. Izitshalo ezithintekile zingase zibe namaqabunga amnyama, abune, akhule kancane, kanye nezimpande ezinsundu zibe mfishane.
2. Ukweqisa kweZinc: I-Zinc isekela ukusebenza kwezitshalo ezibalulekile ezindaweni ezifanele, kodwa ukunqwabelana ngokweqile kunganciphisa ukukhula, kuphazamise ibhalansi yezakhi, futhi kwehlise ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwamandla e-photosynthetic ngaphakathi kwamaqabunga.
3. I-Cadmium Stress: I-Cadmium ingaphazamisa ukutholwa kwezakhi, umsebenzi we-photosynthetic, umsebenzi wama-enzyme, ubudlelwano bamanzi, nezinhlelo zokulwa ne-antioxidant. Ukuchayeka okuphezulu kunganciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-biomass futhi kwandise ukulimala kwamaselula ngokusebenzisa ingcindezi ye-oxidative.
4. Ubuthi Bethusi: Ithusi liba yingozi uma inani eliningi linqwabelana enhlabathini noma ezicutshini zezitshalo. Ukugxila okunobuthi kungalimaza izimpande, kukhawulele ukumuncwa kwezakhi, kuguqule izinqubo ze-metabolic, kucindezele ukukhula kwezitshalo kanye nesivuno.
5. I-Mercury Exposure: I-Mercury ingaphazamisa umsebenzi we-enzyme, umsebenzi we-membrane, i-photosynthesis, nokuthuthukiswa kwezimpande. Ukuchayeka okuqhubekayo kungase kwenze izitshalo zibe buthaka futhi kwandise amathuba okunyakaza okungcolile ngokusebenzisa i-ecosystem yezolimo.
Imisebenzi yezimboni isalokhu iyisandla esibalulekile ekungcolisweni kwensimbi enzima ngoba udoti ungase ube nomthofu, i-zinc, i-arsenic, i-mercury, nezinye izinto eziyingozi ezifinyelela emhlabathini, emoyeni, namanzi.
Lobu budlelwano bubonakala ezingxoxweni ze imithelela yemfucuza yezimboni, lapho izinsalela zezimboni ezingalawulwa kahle zingangcolisa imithombo yezemvelo futhi zidale ubungozi besikhathi eside bomhlaba wokulima ozungezile.
Ukukhula Kwezitshalo Imiphumela Yezinto Eziyingozi
1. Ukuhluma Kwembewu Okubi: Izinto ezinobuthi zinganciphisa iphesenti lokuhluma futhi zibambezele ukuvela ngokulimaza imbewu, ukuphazamisa ukumuncwa kwamanzi, ukuphazamisa ama-enzyme, nokuvimbela izinqubo ezijwayelekile ze-metabolic ezidingekayo ngesikhathi sokukhula kwembewu ekuqaleni.
2. Kwehlisiwe Ukukhula Kwemifino: Izitshalo ezingcolisiwe zingase zibonise iziqu ezimfishane, amaqabunga amancane, izimpande ezibuthakathaka, i-biomass encishisiwe, nokukhula kancane ngenxa yokuthi izinto eziyingozi ziphazamisa ukumuncwa kwezakhi, ukuhlukana kwamangqamuzana, i-photosynthesis, nomsebenzi we-metabolic.
3. I-Chlorosis kanye ne-Wilting: Ukuchayeka okunobuthi kungaphazamisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-chlorophyll, ibhalansi yamanzi, nokudla okunamaminerali. Lokhu kuphazamiseka kungase kukhiqize amaqabunga aphuzi, ukubuna, ukuguga ngaphambi kwesikhathi, kanye nokungathuthuki kahle kwe-canopy.
4. Ukwakhiwa Kwesivuno Esiphansi: Izinto eziyingozi zinganciphisa ukuqhakaza, ukukhula kwezithelo, ukukhiqizwa kwembewu, ukulima, kanye nokwakheka kovalo. Ukucindezeleka okuqhubekayo ngokomzimba ekugcineni kunciphisa umkhiqizo ovunwayo futhi kwehlisa inani lezomnotho lezitshalo ezithintekile.
5. Ukuphazamiseka kweMetabolic: Ukungcola okweqile kunganciphisa umsebenzi we-enzyme ye-antioxidant futhi kuguqule ukugxila kwezitshalo koshukela, isitashi, ama-amino acid, amaprotheni, nezinye izinhlanganisela ezidingekayo ekukhuleni okunempilo nokuzala.
Ubufakazi obuvela imithelela yokulahlwa kukadoti futhi ikhombisa ukuthi izinto ezinobuthi ezikhishelwe endaweni engcolile zingalimaza izimpande, ziphazamise ukumuncwa kwezakhi, zehlise ukukhula kwezitshalo, futhi ekugcineni zicekele phansi ukukhiqiza kwezolimo.
I-phytotoxicity yensimbi enamandla ingase futhi yehlise ukumuncwa kwezakhi futhi iphazamise ukulungiswa kwe-nitrogen ezitshalweni. Le miphumela ibaluleka ikakhulukazi lapho inhlabathi engcolile isivele ihlushwa ukuvunda okuphansi noma ukuphathwa kabi.
Ngakho-ke ukutheleleka okungapheli kungaveza izimpawu eziningana ngesikhathi esisodwa, okwenza kube nzima ukuxilonga insimu ngaphandle uma abalimi behlanganisa ukubuka okubonakalayo nokuhlolwa kwenhlabathi kanye nokuhlaziywa kwelabhorethri efanele.
Izinto Ezilawula Ukuthathwa Kwezinsimbi Zezitshalo
I-pH yomhlabathi ithonya kakhulu ukutholakala kwensimbi ngoba izimo ezine-asidi zingakhuphula ukuncibilika kwezinsimbi ezimbalwa, zizenze zifinyeleleke kalula ezimpandeni zezitshalo futhi zandise ubuthi obungaba khona ngaphansi kokuchayeka isikhathi eside.
Izinto eziphilayo zingabopha izinsimbi ezithile futhi zinciphise ukutholakala kwazo ngokushesha, nakuba imiphumela yazo incike ekungcoleni nezimo zenhlabathi. Ngakho-ke izinto eziphilayo ezizinzile zingathonya kokubili ukuhamba nokuphikelela.
Umswakama womhlabathi ulawula ukunyakaza okungcolile kanye nomsebenzi wezimpande. Amanzi amaningi angakhuthaza ukuthuthwa kwamakhemikhali kanye ne-leaching, kuyilapho isomiso sishintsha ukukhula kwezimpande, imiphumela yokugxila, nokunyakaza kwezinto ezincibilikile.
Izinga lokushisa liphinde libe nomthelela ekusebenzeni kwezinto eziphilayo, ukusabela kwamakhemikhali, izinqubo ze-microbial, kanye ne-plant metabolism. Ngenxa yalokho, ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa kwesizini kungashintsha ukuziphatha okungcolile futhi kuthinte inani elimuncwa izitshalo ezikhulayo.
Ukutholakala komsoco kuthinta ukumuncwa ngoba izakhi ezibalulekile zingaqhudelana nezinsimbi ezinobuthi ezindleleni zokuthutha. Ngakho-ke ukulondoloza ukudla okunomsoco kungaba nomthelela endleleni izitshalo ezisabela ngayo enhlabathini engcolile.
Lezi zimiso zihlobene eduze ukungcoliswa komhlaba kanye nokungcoliswa komhlabathi, lapho izinsalela zamakhemikhali ezivela ezibulala-zinambuzane, imisebenzi yezimboni, ukulahlwa kwemfucuza, neminye imithombo kushintsha izinga lenhlabathi nezimo zokutshala izitshalo.
Izinhlobo zezitshalo nazo zihluke kakhulu ekhonweni lazo lokumunca, ukubekezelela, ukungakwazi ukuhamba, noma ukuthutha ukungcola. Ngakho-ke ukukhetha izilimo kubalulekile lapho abalimi bephethe umhlaba okusolakala ukuthi uthola izinsalela zamakhemikhali ayingozi.
Ukuphathwa kwezakhi zomhlabathi kungasekela izitshalo ezinempilo ngaphansi kwengcindezi, ukwenza ulwazi mayelana ukuphathwa kwemithombo yomhlabathi namaminerali kuyafaneleka lapho kuhlolwa indawo yezolimo engcolisiwe kanye nokukhiqiza komhlaba isikhathi eside.
Isivuno Sezitshalo Nezingozi Zokuvikeleka Kokudla
Izinto eziyingozi zinganciphisa isivuno ngezimpande ezilimazayo, ukucindezela i-photosynthesis, ukuvimbela ukumuncwa kwezakhi, ukunciphisa i-biomass, nokuphazamisa izinqubo zokuzala ezidingekayo ekuqhakazeni okuthembekile, ukuthela, nokukhula kwembewu.
Ukulahlekelwa kwesivuno okuphindaphindiwe kunganciphisa iholo lepulazi futhi kubeke engcupheni ukutholakala kokudla kwendawo. Abakhiqizi abancane bangase babhekane nemiphumela emibi kakhulu uma iziza ezingcolile zinikeza ingxenye ebalulekile yokudla kwasekhaya.
Izitshalo ezingcolile zingadala ukukhathazeka kochungechunge lokudla lapho izitshalo zimunca izinsimbi noma ezinye izinto eziphikelelayo. Ngakho-ke izitshalo ezitshalwe ukuze zisetshenziswe zidinga ukuhlolwa ngokucophelela kwesizinda lapho kusolwa ukungcola.
Okubanzi umthelela wemvelo wemfucuza yezolimo ikhombisa ukuthi izinsalela zezolimo ezingaphathwa kahle zingaba nomthelela kanjani ekungcoleni okuthinta izinga lenhlabathi, imithombo yamanzi, ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo, izilwane, kanye nemiphakathi ezungezile.
Ukungcoliswa kwezimboni kunezinselelo ezifanayo ngoba ukuchithwa okungalashwa kungaphazamisa amanzi okunisela kanye nenhlabathi yezolimo. Ngakho-ke abalimi kufanele bagweme ukusebenzisa amanzi angcolile abonakala engcolile lapho ukungcola kungahlolwanga kahle.
Ukuxhumana phakathi kokungcola kanye nokulimala komnotho kuvela ku ukulahlekelwa kwezomnotho okubangelwa ukungcola, okungase kuvele lapho ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo kunciphisa umkhiqizo wezolimo, kulimaze izinsiza, futhi kwenyusa izindleko emiphakathini ethintekile.
Ukuvikeleka kokudla kudinga okungaphezu kokugcina umthamo owanele wokukhiqiza. Abalimi kanye neziphathimandla kufanele futhi bavikele umhlabathi, amanzi, izitshalo, imfuyo, kanye nabathengi ezintweni ezingcolisayo ezingabeka engcupheni ukuphepha kwezolimo kanye nokukhiqiza.
Izindlela Zokunciphisa Ukuchayeka Kwezinto Eziyingozi
1. Vimbela Ukungcola Emthonjeni: Nciphisa ukukhishwa okuyingozi ngokulawula ukukhishwa kwezimboni, ukuthuthukisa ukuphathwa kwemfucuza, ukugcina amathuluzi, ukugcina amakhemikhali ngokuphephile, nokuvimbela ukuchitheka kwengozi emhlabeni wokulima.
2. Hlola Inhlabathi Namanzi: Ukuhlola okuvamile kungakhomba ukungcola ngaphambi kokuba umonakalo obonakalayo wezitshalo ube mkhulu. Abalimi bangabese bekhetha izindlela zokuphatha eziphephile futhi bagweme ukubeka izilimo ezibucayi emithonjeni engcolile.
3. Phatha Udoti ngendlela efanele: Ukulahlwa okunesibopho, ukuhlukaniswa, ukwelashwa, ukusetshenziswa kabusha, kanye nokugaywa kabusha kunciphisa inani lezinto eziyingozi ezingena emhlabathini nasemanzini ngokulahlwa okungalawuleki, izitsha ezivuzayo, ukushiswa nokugeleza.
4. Gcina Impilo Yenhlabathi: Umsoco olinganiselayo, ukulawulwa okufanele kwezinto eziphilayo, ukugeleza kwamanzi okuhle, nezinqubo ezifanele zenhlabathi kungathuthukisa ukuqina kwezitshalo kuyilapho kunciphisa izimo ezithile ezandisa ukutholakala kokungcola.
5. Khetha Izitshalo Ezifanelekayo: Izinhlobo zezitshalo ziyehluka ekubekezeleleni ukungcola kanye nokunqwabelana. Ukusebenzisa izitshalo ezifanele izimo zenhlabathi ezihloliwe kunganciphisa ubungozi bokukhiqiza kuyilapho abalimi besebenzisa izindlela zokulungisa zesikhathi eside.
Ukwehliswa komthombo nakho kuncike ekuqondeni i inqubo yokunciphisa imfucuza, okubeka kuqala ukuvimbela ukukhiqizwa kwemfucuza okungadingekile ngaphambi kokwelashwa, ukugaywa kabusha, ukubuyiswa, noma ukulahlwa kokugcina kudingeke.
Ukugaywa kabusha kungaphinde kunciphise ukukhishwa kwemvelo okuyingozi lapho izinto ezifanele zithola ukuphathwa ngendlela efanele. Izimiso ezichazwe ku ukugaywa kabusha nokusebenzisa kabusha ezinye izindlela khuthaza ukutholwa kwezinsiza esikhundleni sokulahlwa ngokungalawuleki.
Ukuvimbela ukungcola okusebenzayo nakho kudinga ukuqonda imithombo yokungcola eyinhloko ezithinta umoya, amanzi, nomhlabathi, ngoba ukuvimbela kuba lula lapho izindlela eziyingozi zithola ukunakwa ngaphambi kokuba ukungcola kubhebhetheke.
Funda Futhi: Incazelo kanye Nenqubo Yokunciphisa Imfucuza/Yokunciphisa
Ukuqapha Nokuvikela Izitshalo Ezingcolile
Ukuqapha kufanele kuqale ngokuhlonza imithombo engase ibe khona ukungcola kanye nezindawo zokudweba imephu lapho izinto eziyingozi kungenzeka zingene khona emhlabathini noma emanzini. Ukusetshenziswa komhlaba ngokomlando kunganikeza imikhondo ebalulekile mayelana nezinto ezingase zibe ukungcola.
Abalimi kufanele bahlole izilimo ukuze bahlole izimpawu ezingavamile ezifana ne-chlorosis, ukukhula okubuthakathaka, indawo yamaqabunga encishisiwe, ukuhluma okubi, ukubuna, nokukhula kwezimpande okungajwayelekile, nakuba izimpawu zizodwa zingenakukuqinisekisa ukusuleleka.
Ukuhlaziywa kwenhlabathi yaselabhorethri nezitshalo kunikeza ubufakazi obunamandla ngoba kulinganisa ukugxila kokungcola futhi kusize ukunquma ukuthi izinkinga zezitshalo eziphawuliwe zihlobene yini nezinto eziyingozi noma ezinye izingcindezi zemvelo.
Ukuqonda umqondo wokungcola isiza abalimi ukuthi babone ukuthi ukungcola kwenzeka lapho izinto ezingafuneki zingena endaweni ezungezile ngokugxila okukwazi ukunciphisa ikhwalithi noma ukuba wusizo kwakho.
Abalimi nabo kufanele baqonde imithombo kanye nezigaba zokungcoliswa kwamanzi ngoba amanzi okunisela angcolile angethula ngokuphindaphindiwe izinto eziyingozi ezindaweni eziyizimpande futhi andise ukuchayeka isikhathi eside.
Lapho ukungcola kuba kubi kakhulu, iziphathimandla zingase zidinge izinyathelo ezibanzi ezibandakanya ukuhlolwa kwezindawo, ukusetshenziswa komhlaba okulawulwayo, ukulungisa, ukuphoqelela ukusetshenziswa kokungcola, ukuxhumana nomphakathi, nokuqapha izitshalo nezinsiza zemvelo.
Isidingo sokulawula okudidiyelwe sibonakala ku izinhlelo zokulawula ukungcoliswa kwezikhungo, echaza indima yeziphathimandla zezemvelo, ezolimo, ezempilo, nezasendaweni ekulawuleni ukungcoliswa nokuvikela izintshisekelo zomphakathi.
Ukuphatha umhlaba ngendlela efanele kufanele futhi kubhekwe Izimbangela zokungcoliswa komhlaba kanye nezixazululo, ikakhulukazi lapho ukulahlwa kwemfucuza, ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali, imisebenzi yezimboni, nokuthuthukiswa kwamadolobha kuthinte inhlabathi yezolimo.
Ukulawulwa kwemfucuza eqinile kusabalulekile ngoba imfucuza engalawulwa kahle ingadedela ukungcola emhlabathini nasemanzini angaphansi komhlaba. Abalimi nemiphakathi banganciphisa lezi zingozi ngokuqoqwa okulawulwayo, ukwelashwa, nokulahlwa.
Izingxoxo zamanje ze izinkinga zokulawulwa kwemfucuza bonisa ukuthi ukuqiniswa komthetho okubuthakathaka, ukuchithwa okungalawuleki, ukungcoliswa komhlabathi, nokungcoliswa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kungahlangana kanjani ukudala izinselele eziqhubekayo zemvelo nezolimo.
Ukuqonda kahle kwe udoti oqinile imiphumela yemvelo ngakho-ke ingasiza abalimi ukuthi babone ukuthi kungani izindawo zokulahla imfucumfucu, ukuvuza, ukushiswa okungalawuleki, kanye nemifudlana yemfucuza engaphathwa kahle ingase ifake engcupheni uhlaza kanye nomhlaba wokulima.
Imisebenzi yezimboni nekamasipala ingase futhi idale izingozi zamakhemikhali ezihamba ngezindlela ezixhumene zemvelo. Ukuvikela ukukhula kwezitshalo kudinga ukulawulwa okudidiyelwe kokukhishwa kwesisi, ukungcola, imfucuza, imithombo yokunisela, nezindawo ezingcolile.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwezimboni nokungcoliswa kwemvelo bubuye buchazwe ngokuthi imithelela yemfucumfucu yezimboni, ikakhulukazi lapho ukukhishwa okungalashwa kungathinta amanzi ezolimo, inhlabathi, izitshalo, imfuyo kanye nemiphakathi eseduze.
Ukungcola kungase futhi kudale ukukhathazeka kwezempilo lapho izitshalo ezingcolile zidlulisela izinto eziyingozi ekenjini lokudla. Ulwazi luvuliwe ukungcola kanye nemithelela yempilo yabantu igcizelela ukubaluleka kokulawula ukungcoliswa kwezolimo.
Izinqubo zemvelo nazo zingafaka isandla ekungcoleni, ngakho ukuqapha kwezolimo kufanele kucabangele izimo zemvelo ezingemuva kanye nemisebenzi yabantu. Ingxoxo ye imithombo yokungcola yemvelo inikeza umongo owengeziwe wokuqonda ukuchayeka kwemvelo.
Ukuqapha okuphumelelayo kuhlanganisa ukuhlonza umthombo, ukuhlola okuvamile, ukubhekwa kwezitshalo, ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ngendlela efanele, ukuchelela ngokucophelela, ukuphatha udoti ngendlela ephephile, kanye nesinyathelo sokulungisa esifika ngesikhathi noma nini lapho ukungcola kusongela ukukhula kwezitshalo noma ukukhiqiza kwezolimo.
Isifinyezo Semiphumela Ebalulekile Yezinto Eziyingozi Nokukhula Kwezitshalo
| Isici | Isifinyezo |
|---|---|
| Izinto eziyingozi | Amakhemikhali, izinsimbi, izinsalela, nezinto ezingcolisayo ezingalimaza izitshalo, inhlabathi, amanzi kanye nemvelo. |
| Ukukhathazeka okukhulu | Ukungcola okweqile kungaphazamisa ama-enzyme ezitshalo, ulwelwesi, izimpande, ukumuncwa kwezakhi, i-photosynthesis, nokuzala. |
| Izinsimbi ezinzima | Umthofu, i-cadmium, i-mercury, i-zinc, ithusi, nezinye izinsimbi zingaba yi-phytotoxic uma zigxile kakhulu. |
| Izimpawu zezitshalo | Ukuhluma okungalungile, i-chlorosis, ukubola, ukukhula okuqinile, ukunciphisa i-biomass, izimpande ezibuthakathaka, kanye nesivuno esincane. |
| Izici zokulawula | I-pH yomhlabathi, umswakama, izinto eziphilayo, izinga lokushisa, ukutholakala kwezakhi, izinhlobo zezitshalo, kanye namakhemikhali angcolile kuthonya ukutholwa. |
| Isivuno imiphumela | Ukungcola okuqhubekayo kunganciphisa ukuqhakaza, ukukhiqizwa kwembewu, isivuno sezithelo, i-biomass, kanye nenzuzo yepulazi. |
| Ukuvikeleka kokudla | Ukukhiqiza okuphansi kwezitshalo nokudla okungcolile kungadala izingozi ezibanzi zezolimo nezomphakathi. |
| Ukuvimbela | Ukulawulwa komthombo, ukuhlolwa kwenhlabathi, ukuchelela okuphephile, ukuphatha imfucuza, ukukhetha izitshalo, nokulungiswa kunciphisa ukuchayeka. |
| Ukuqapha | Ukuhlolwa okuvamile kwemvelo nezitshalo kusiza ukukhomba izingozi ngaphambi kokuba ukungcoliswa kudale ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwezolimo. |
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Mayelana Nezinto Eziyingozi Nokukhula Kwezitshalo: Imithelela Ebalulekile
1. Yiziphi izinto eziyingozi kwezolimo?
Izinto eziyingozi zihlanganisa amakhemikhali anobuthi, izinsimbi ezisindayo, izinsalela zezimboni, izibulala-zinambuzane, inhlanganisela ehlobene ne-petroleum, amanzi angcolile angcolile, nokunye ukungcola okungalimaza izitshalo, inhlabathi, izilwane, abantu, noma i-ecosystem.
2. Izinto eziyingozi zikuthinta kanjani ukukhula kwezitshalo?
Zingalimaza izimpande, zinciphise ukumuncwa kwezakhi, ziphazamise ama-enzyme, zinciphise ukukhiqizwa kwe-chlorophyll, ziphazamise ubudlelwano bamanzi, zandise ukucindezeleka kwe-oxidative, futhi zicindezele i-photosynthesis, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-biomass, ukuqhakaza, ukuzala, kanye nesivuno.
3. Yiziphi izinsimbi ezisindayo ezingalimaza izitshalo?
Umthofu, i-cadmium, i-mercury, ithusi, ne-zinc eningi kungaba ubuthi ezitshalweni. Imiphumela yabo incike ekugxiliseni, isimo samakhemikhali, izakhiwo zenhlabathi, ubude besikhathi sokuchayeka, kanye nokubekezelelana kwezinhlobo zezitshalo.
4. Ingabe amanzi angcolile angaba nomthelela ekukhuleni kwezitshalo?
Yebo. Amanzi okunisela angcolile angangenisa izinto ezinobuthi, usawoti, amagciwane, kanye nemisoco eyeqile enhlabathini, izimpande ezingase zibe yingozi, aphazamise ibhalansi yezakhi, ehlise ukukhula kwezitshalo, futhi ehlise umkhiqizo wezolimo.
5. Yiziphi izimpawu ezibonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi izitshalo zibe nobuthi?
Izimpawu ezijwayelekile zihlanganisa ukuhluma okungekuhle, i-chlorosis, ukushwabana, ukukhula kancane, indawo yamaqabunga encishisiwe, izimpande ezibuthakathaka, i-biomass encishisiwe, ukuguga kwamaqabunga ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ukungaqhakazi kahle, nokuncipha kokukhiqizwa kwezithelo noma imbewu.
6. Ingabe inhlabathi i-pH inomthelela ekuthathweni kwezinto eziyingozi?
Yebo. I-pH yomhlabathi ingashintsha ukuncibilika nokuhamba okungcolile, ikakhulukazi ezinsimbi. Izimo ezine-acidic eyengeziwe zingase zikhulise ukutholakala kwezinsimbi ezithile, zenze kube lula ukuthi izimpande zimunce.
7. Abalimi bangazinciphisa kanjani izingozi zokusuleleka?
Abalimi bangahlola inhlabathi namanzi, bavimbele ukungcola emthonjeni, basebenzise amanzi okunisela aphephile, balawule imfucumfucu ngendlela efanele, basebenzise amakhemikhali ngendlela efanele, bakhethe izitshalo ezifanele, futhi bagweme ukutshala izindawo ezingcoliswe kakhulu.
8. Kungani kubalulekile ukulawula izinto eziyingozi ekuvikelekeni kokudla?
Ukungcola okuqhubekayo kunganciphisa isivuno sezitshalo futhi kubeke engcupheni ikhwalithi yokudla. Ngakho-ke, ukuvikela inhlabathi yezolimo namanzi kusekela ukukhiqizwa okuthembekile, imali engenayo yepulazi, impilo yemvelo, nokudla okuphephile kwabathengi.
Ingabe unayo imibuzo, iziphakamiso, noma iminikelo? Uma kunjalo, sicela ukhululeke ukusebenzisa ibhokisi lokuphawula elingezansi ukuze wabelane ngemicabango yakho. Futhi sikukhuthaza ukuba wabelane ngomusa lokhu kwaziswa nabanye abangase bazuze kukho. Njengoba singakwazi ukufinyelela wonke umuntu ngesikhathi esisodwa, silwazisa ngempela usizo lwakho ekusakazeni izwi. Siyabonga kakhulu ngokusekela kwakho nokwabelana!
Funda Futhi: Izidingo Zokukhula Kwezitshalo kanye Nezici Ezithinta Ukukhula Nokuthuthukiswa Kwezitshalo