I-Atmosphere kanye ne-Atmospheric Processes

Umkhathi yimvilophi ebanzi yamagesi azungeze uMhlaba kanye nezimo ezisekelayo ezidingekayo empilweni. Nakuba ingabonakali, ithonya izinga lokushisa, isimo sezulu, ukunyakaza kwamanzi, ukuxhumana, nezinqubo zemvelo.

Ukuqonda umkhathi kudinga okungaphezu kokubheka ngaphezu komhlaba noma ngaphansi kwamafu. Ososayensi bayihlukanisa ibe izingqimba ezihlukene ngokwezinguquko ezingeni lokushisa, ukwakheka kwayo, ukuminyana, nokuziphatha kwamagesi.

Lezi zingqimba zomkhathi zisebenzelana ngokuqhubekayo nomhlaba, amanzi, izinto eziphilayo, namandla angenayo elanga. Ukusebenzisana kwabo kukhiqiza isimo sezulu, kulawula ukushisa, ukuthutha umswakama, futhi kuthonya izimo zemvelo kuwo wonke umhlaba.

Izinqubo ze-atmospheric zixhuma ngqo nezolimo, imithombo yamanzi, ukuphathwa kwemvelo, kanye nemisebenzi yabantu. Ukuhwamuka, ukufiphala, ukuna, imisebe, imimoya, nokujikeleza kuqhubekela phambili kuhambisa amandla nezinto kuyo yonke imvelo yoMhlaba.

Imisebenzi yabantu ingashintsha izimo zomkhathi ngokusebenzisa igesi ekhishwayo, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukwenziwa kwezimboni, ezokuthutha, ukulahlwa kwemfucuza, kanye nokusetshenziswa kakhulu kwezinsiza. Ukuqonda la mathonya kusiza abantu ukuphatha izinsiza zemvelo futhi banciphise imiphumela eyingozi.

Ukuqonda Umkhathi

Umkhathi uqukethe amagesi azungeza uMhlaba futhi akhuphukele phezulu ezindaweni eziya ngokuya zizacile. Ayinawo umngcele wangaphandle ocijile owodwa, ngoba ukuminyana komkhathi kuncipha kancane kancane ngokukhuphuka kokuphakama.

Amagesi amakhulu asemkhathini ahlanganisa i-nitrogen, umoya-mpilo, i-argon, i-carbon dioxide, namanani aguquguqukayo omhwamuko wamanzi. Izilinganiso nokuziphatha ngokomzimba kwala magesi kuyehluka ngokuphakama, indawo, nezimo.

Izimo ze-atmospheric nazo zakha ingxenye yohlelo loMhlaba olubanzi lwemithombo yemvelo. Izinsiza ezihambisana nomkhathi zisekela isimo sezulu, isimo sezulu, ukutholakala kwamanzi, ukukhula kwezitshalo, ezokuthutha, ukuxhumana, kanye nemisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile yezemvelo.

Umkhathi usebenza eduze ne-hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, kanye ne-cryosphere. Lobu budlelwano busho ukuthi izinguquko ezithinta indawo eyodwa yezemvelo zingaveza imiphumela kwenye indawo ngezinqubo ezixhumene zomzimba, zamakhemikhali, nezebhayoloji.

Ngokwesibonelo, amahlathi athonya ukushintsha kwesikhutha emkhathini, ukunyakaza komswakama, izinga lokushisa nemvula. Ingxoxo ewusizo yalokhu kuxhumana ivela ku ukuhlukaniswa kwemithombo yemvelo kanye nokubaluleka kwayo kwemvelo, okubonisa ukuthi kungani izinsiza zomkhathi zibalulekile.

Funda Futhi: Ukwelashwa Kwamanzi Angcolile Kamasipala Esizeni

I-Troposphere kanye nesimo sezulu sansuku zonke

I-troposphere yakha ungqimba oluphansi kakhulu lomkhathi futhi iqukethe ubuningi bomkhathi nomhwamuko wamanzi. Abantu, izilwane, uhlaza, izindiza, nezimo zezulu ezijwayeleke kakhulu zikhona ngaphakathi kwalesi sifunda.

1. Izinga lokushisa: Izinga lokushisa ngokuvamile liyehla ngokukhuphuka kokuphakama kwe-troposphere ngenxa yokuthi umkhathi uthola okuningi kokushisisa kwawo ngokungaqondile endaweni efudumele engaphansi komhlaba kunokuba uvele ngokuqondile emisebeni yelanga.

2. Umswakama: Umhwamuko ungena ku-troposphere ngokusebenzisa ukuhwamuka nokuphefumula. Kamuva ijika ibe amafu futhi ibe nomthelela emvuleni, okwenza ungqimba lube phakathi nokuhamba kwamanzi okuqhubekayo.

3. Isimo sezulu: Amafu, imvula, ukuduma kwezulu, imimoya, nezinye izehlakalo zesimo sezulu eziningi zikhula ngokuyinhloko ku-troposphere. Ngakho-ke imisebenzi yezolimo incike kakhulu ezimeni ezikhiqizwa izinqubo ezenzeka kulolu ungqimba lomkhathi.

Ukuhwamuka nokuphefumula kuxhuma umkhathi nenhlabathi, izitshalo, amahlathi, imifula, amachibi nezilwandle. Ukunyakaza kwamanzi ezolimo kuchazwa ngokuqhubekayo ngokusebenzisa umjikelezo we-hydrological kanye nobudlelwano bamanzi ezitshalo.

I-Stratosphere ne-Ozone Protection

I-stratosphere ilele ngqo ngaphezu kwe-troposphere futhi inweba cishe amakhilomitha angamashumi amahlanu ngaphezu komhlaba. Ngokungafani ne-troposphere, izinga lokushisa ngokuvamile liyenyuka ngokuphakama ngobuningi balolu ungqimba.

1. I-ozone: I-ozone igxila endaweni ebalulekile ye-stratosphere. Le ozone imunca imisebe ye-ultraviolet eyingozi kakhulu evela eLangeni, isiza ukuvikela izinto eziphilayo ekuchayekeni ngokweqile kwe-ultraviolet.

2. Iphethini yezinga lokushisa: Ukumuncwa kwe-ultraviolet yelanga yi-ozone kunomthelela ekufudumaleni ngaphakathi kwe-stratosphere engenhla. Ngenxa yalokho, isendlalelo sibonisa isakhiwo sokushisa esihluke kakhulu kuleso esitholakala ngezansi.

3. Ukunyakaza Kwe-Atmospheric: Ukunyakaza komoya ngaphakathi kwe-stratosphere ngokuvamile kuyahluka kusukela ekuxubeni okuqinile okuqondile okuvamile ku-troposphere. Lo mehluko wenza i-stratosphere ibaluleke ekujikelezeni komkhathi nokuzinza.

Imisebenzi yabantu ingaba nomthelela ekubunjweni komkhathi ngokungcola kanye nekhaphusi. Ukuphathwa kwemfucuza nakho kubalulekile ngoba imfucuza engaphathwa kahle ingaba nomthelela wamagesi kanye nezinto ezingcolisayo, njengoba kuxoxwe ngakho imiphumela yemvelo yemfucuza eqinile.

Funda Futhi: Ukwelashwa Kwamanzi Angcolile Kamasipala Esizeni

I-Mesosphere, i-Thermosphere ne-Exosphere

I-mesosphere ingaphezu kwe-stratosphere futhi inweba cishe ukusuka kumakhilomitha angamashumi amahlanu kuya kwamashumi ayisishiyagalombili nanhlanu. Amazinga okushisa ehla kakhulu ngokuphakama, okwenza indawo engaphezulu ye-mesosphere ibe enye yezindawo ezibanda kakhulu ezisemkhathini woMhlaba.

Ama-meteoroid avame ukusha futhi aqhekeze ngaphakathi kwe-mesosphere lapho ehlangana namagesi asemkhathini. Le nqubo idala imizila eminingi ebonakalayo ye-meteor futhi ibonisa indlela umkhathi ohlangana ngayo nezinto ezingena zisuka emkhathini.

I-thermosphere ivela ngaphezu kwe-mesosphere futhi ifinyelela amakhilomitha angamakhulu amaningana phezulu. Amazinga okushisa angakhuphuka kakhulu ngoba izinhlayiya zomkhathi ezigqagqene zimunca imisebe yelanga enamandla, nakuba umoya uhlala mncane kakhulu.

I-ionosphere idlula izingxenye ze-thermosphere futhi iqukethe izinhlayiya eziningi ezishajwa ngogesi. Lama-ion athonya ukuxhumana nomsakazo futhi asabela ngokuqinile emisebeni yelanga, iziphepho zelanga, nezinye izimo zesimo sezulu sasemkhathini.

I-exosphere yakha isifunda esingaphandle esincanyana kakhulu somkhathi futhi kancane kancane sihlangana nesikhala. I-Hydrogen ne-helium ilawula amagesi akhona angenalutho, kuyilapho izinhlayiya zasemkhathini zingahamba amabanga amade kakhulu.

Ukuqonda zonke izendlalelo zomkhathi kuba lula uma kubukwa eduze kobudlelwane obubanzi bemvelo. Ingxoxo ye amahlathi namasimu futhi ikhombisa ukuthi ama-ecosystem angaphezulu asebenzisana kanjani nezimo zomoya kanye nesimo sezulu.

Izinqubo Ezibalulekile Ze-Atmospheric

1. Ukuhwamuka: Umhwamuko ushintsha amanzi awuketshezi abe umhwamuko wamanzi lapho ama-molecule ethola amandla anele okubalekela izindawo. Amazinga okushisa afudumele, ukukhanya kwelanga, umoya, nomoya owomile ngokuvamile kwandisa amazinga okuhwamuka.

2. Ukuphefumula: Izitshalo zikhipha umhwamuko wamanzi ngezimbobo ezincane kakhulu emaqabunga azo. Ndawonye, ​​ukuhwamuka kanye nokuphefumula kwenza i-evapotranspiration, enethonya elinamandla umswakama womkhathi, izidingo zamanzi ezitshalo, kanye nezimo zendawo zendawo.

3. Ukujiya: Umhwamuko wamanzi uyaphola futhi uguquke ube amaconsi amancane awuketshezi noma izinhlayiya zeqhwa lapho umoya ufinyelela izimo ezifanele. Lezi zinhlayiya zihlangana zenze amafu futhi zisekele imvula elandelayo.

4. Imvula: Lapho izinhlayiya zamafu ziba zikhulu ngokwanele, amandla adonsela phansi abangela amanzi ukuba awele phezulu emhlabeni njengemvula, iqhwa, iqhwa, noma isichotho. Ukuna kwemvula kugcwalisa imifula, inhlabathi, amadamu, namanzi angaphansi komhlaba.

Lezi zinqubo zisebenza ngokuqhubekayo njengengxenye yomjikelezo wamanzi. Izinhlelo zezolimo zincike kulo mnyakazo, ngenkathi izinqubo zomjikelezo we-hydrologic ekuphathweni kwamanzi ezolimo chaza ukuthi amanzi asemkhathini asekela kanjani ukukhiqizwa.

I-Evapotranspiration iphinde inqume ukuthi zingakanani izitshalo ezidinga amanzi ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene zemvelo. Abalimi bangahlola i-evapotranspiration yezitshalo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamanzi okuphuza lapho uhlela ukuchelela kanye nokuphatha imithombo yamanzi etholakalayo.

Imisebe, Umoya kanye Nokuzungeza Umkhathi

Imisebe yelanga inikeza amandla amaningi okushayela umkhathi kanye nesimo sezulu. Umhlaba udonsa amandla elanga, uguqule ingxenye enkulu yawo ibe ukushisa, futhi ukhiphe amandla aye phezulu njengemisebe ye-infrared.

1. Ukushisisa kwelanga: Izindawo ezihlukene zimunca futhi zikhiphe amandla ngamanani ahlukene. Ngakho-ke umhlaba namanzi kufudumala ngendlela ehlukile, okwenza amazinga okushisa ahluke okuthonya umoya, umehluko wengcindezi, ukuguquguquka, nokujikeleza komkhathi.

2. Ukunyakaza komoya: Umoya uhamba usuka ezifundeni zomfutho ophakeme uma kuqhathaniswa uye ezindaweni ezinengcindezi ephansi. Ukuzungeza komhlaba kushintsha lokhu kunyakaza, kukhiqize izindlela zokujikeleza ezithinta isimo sezulu nesimo sezulu.

3. Umswakamo womkhathi: Umswakamo uchaza inani lomhwamuko okhona emoyeni. Izinga lokushisa lithonya kakhulu ukuthi ungakanani umoya ongabamba umswakama, kukhinyabeze ukukhula kwamafu, ukuhwamuka, imvula, nokulahlekelwa kwamanzi ezitshalo.

Abalimi bathembele olwazini mayelana nezinga lokushisa, umswakama, imvula, umoya, nezimo zelanga. Indima ye iziteshi zesimo sezulu ekuthathweni kwezinqumo zezolimo ikhombisa ukuthi izilinganiso zomkhathi zisekela kanjani imisebenzi yokulima.

Ukushintsha kwezinkathi zonyaka nakho kunomthelela ekuhwamukeni kanye nemvula, okudala izimo ezihlukene zomswakama ngesikhathi sezolimo. Ingxoxo engokoqobo ye ukuhwamuka kwenkathi yonyaka kanye namaphethini emvula ichaza lobu budlelwano ngokucacile.

Umkhathi, Isimo Sezulu kanye Nokuguquka Kwemvelo

Umkhathi usiza ekulawuleni izinga lokushisa loMhlaba ngokumunca, ukusabalalisa kabusha, nokukhipha amandla kabusha. Amagesi abamba ukushisa angokwemvelo agcina ukushisa okuphumayo, okwenza ubuso boMhlaba bufudumale kakhulu kunalokho obekungaba njalo.

Imisebenzi yabantu ingakhuphula ukugcwala kwamagesi abamba ukushisa ngokusebenzisa ukushiswa kwezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi, ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni, izinguquko zokusetshenziswa komhlaba, ezolimo, ezokuthutha, nokuphathwa kwemfucuza. Lezi zinguquko zingaba nomthelela kumaphethini wesimo sezulu wesikhathi eside.

Ukunukubezeka komkhathi nakho kunganciphisa ikhwalithi yomoya futhi kuthinte i-ecosystem. Ukungcoliswa kwezokuthutha komoya ikhombisa ukuthi ukushiswa kwezinto ezivuthayo kungakwethula kanjani ukungcola emkhathini kuyilapho kunomthelela ekucindezelweni okubanzi kwemvelo.

Ukulahlwa kukadoti kungakhipha i-methane, isikhutha, intuthu, nezinye izinto. Ingxoxo ye ukukhiqizwa kukadoti kanye nemiphumela yako yemvelo ichaza ukuthi ukungcola okuhlobene nemfucuza kungaba nomthelela kanjani ezinkingeni zomoya kanye nesimo sezulu.

Imisebenzi yezimboni ingase futhi ikhiphe ukungcola emkhathini ngokushisa, ukucubungula, ukuthutha, nokukhishwa ngengozi. Imiphumela ye udoti wezimboni ngekhwalithi yemvelo khombisa ukuthi kungani ukulawula ukungcola kuhlala kubalulekile.

Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kuqhubeka kushintsha izinqubo zomkhathi ngoba amahlathi agcina ikhabhoni, akhulula umswakama, athonye amazinga okushisa angaphezulu, futhi athinte ukuhamba kwamanzi. Ukucekelwa phansi kwezitshalo nokugawulwa kwamahlathi ngakho-ke ingaphazamisa ubudlelwano bemvelo kanye nomkhathi.

Funda Futhi: Ukwelashwa Kwamanzi Angcolile Kamasipala Esizeni

Imisebenzi Yabantu Nokuvikela Umkhathi

1. Yehlisa Ukukhishwa Kwesisi: Amandla ahlanzekile, ezokuthutha eziphumelelayo, izilawuli ezithuthukisiwe zezimboni, nokusebenzisa uphethiloli ngendlela efanele kunganciphisa ukungcoliswa komoya. Imiphakathi kufanele ikhawulele ukushiswa okungadingekile futhi ikhuthaze ubuchwepheshe obusebenzisa izinsiza ngendlela efanele.

2. Vikela Izimila: Amahlathi nezinye izimila zimunca isikhutha, zikhiphe umoya-mpilo, isimo sezulu sendawo esisesilinganisweni, zivikele inhlabathi futhi zisekele ukuhamba kwamanzi ngamabhayisikili. Ngakho-ke, ukuvimbela ukucekelwa phansi kwehlathi okungadingekile kuzuzisa kokubili umkhathi kanye nesimiso sezinto eziphilayo nendawo yazo ezungezile.

3. Phatha Udoti: Ukuncishiswa kwemfucuza okufanele, ukugaywa kabusha, ukwelashwa, nokulahlwa kungakhawulela ukukhishwa okuyingozi komkhathi. Okuwusizo amasu okunciphisa imfucuza kunganciphisa inani lempahla edinga ukulahlwa.

Ukugaywa kabusha futhi kunciphisa isidingo sezinto ezithile ezingabalulekile futhi kungase kwehlise izingcindezi zemvelo ezihambisana nokukhipha nokukhiqiza. Izinzuzo kuxoxwa ngazo ku ukugaywa kabusha kanye nokugcinwa kwemvelo.

Abantu banganciphisa nokungcola ngokulandela izimiso ezisebenzayo zokulawula udoti nokugwema ukushiswa obala. Ama-R amathathu okuphathwa kwemfucuza hlinzeka ngohlaka olulula lokunciphisa imithelela engadingekile kwezemvelo.

Ukuvikela umkhathi kudinga ukunakekela ekungcolisweni okuvela ezindlini, ezimbonini, emapulazini, ezinhlelweni zokuthutha nasemiphakathini. Izimpendulo zomphakathi mayelana nokungcoliswa kwemvelo zibalulekile ngoba isenzo esihlangene singanciphisa izingcindezi zomkhathi eziyingozi.

Ukuphathwa kwamanzi nomhlaba nakho kunomthelela ngokungaqondile ekuvikelweni komkhathi ngoba izinhlelo zemvelo zisebenza njengamayunithi axhumene. Ukungcoliswa komhlaba kanye nemiphumela yako yemvelo bonisa ukuthi ukuwohloka kwendawo kungathinta kanjani izinqubo ezibanzi zemvelo.

Ukongiwa kwenhlabathi kusabalulekile ngoba imvula, ukugeleza, uhlaza, nezimo zomkhathi kusebenzisana eduze. Izinyathelo okuxoxwe ngazo ku ukuphathwa kokuguguleka komhlabathi nokongiwa kwemvelo kungasiza ukugcina umhlaba unempilo futhi kunciphise ukugeleza okulimazayo.

Ukuvimbela ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kufanele kuhambisane nokuvikelwa komkhathi ngoba ukucekelwa phansi kwehlathi kungaphazamisa ukugcinwa kwekhabhoni, imvula, ukuzinza kwenhlabathi, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Izimbangela nemiphumela yokugawulwa kwamahlathi chaza lokhu kuxhumana kwemvelo.

Ukuvikelwa kwemvelo nakho kuncike ekusetshenzisweni kwensiza esimeme nasekuhleleni ngendlela efanele. I umthelela wemvelo wemithombo yemvelo evuselelekayo ikhombisa ukuthi kungani ukongiwa kwezinsiza kufanele kuhambisane nokuthuthukiswa kwezolimo nomnotho.

Amahlathi angasilinganisa isimo sezulu, onge inhlabathi, asekele izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo futhi abe nomthelela womswakama womkhathi. Ukubaluleka kwabo kuba sobala izinsiza zehlathi kanye nokubaluleka kwazo kwezolimo kanye nezinqubo zokongiwa ezihlobene.

Ukulawulwa kwamanzi ngendlela efanele kuqeda le ndlela yokuvikela ngoba amanzi ahamba ngokuqhubekayo emkhathini, emhlabeni, ezitshalweni nasezindaweni ezingaphezulu. Imithombo yamanzi yokuchelela kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezolimo khombisa ukuthi izinqubo zomkhathi zisekela kanjani ukuphathwa komhlaba okhiqizayo.

Isifinyezo Sezinqubo Zomkhathi kanye Ne-Atmospheric

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Mayelana Nomkhathi: Izendlalelo, Imisebenzi kanye Nezinqubo Zomkhathi

1. Uyini umkhathi?

Umkhathi yimvilophi yamagesi azungeze uMhlaba. Isekela ukuphila futhi ithonya izinga lokushisa, isimo sezulu, isimo sezulu, ukunyakaza kwamanzi, imisebe, kanye nezinqubo eziningi zemvelo.

2. Iluphi ungqimba lomkhathi oqukethe isimo sezulu esiningi?

Isimo sezulu esiningi sansuku zonke senzeka ku-troposphere ngoba iqukethe umhwamuko omningi wamanzi asemoyeni futhi izwa ukunyakaza okuma mpo okukhulu, ukwakheka kwamafu, imvula, iziphepho, nomsebenzi womoya.

3. Yini ukubaluleka kwe-stratosphere?

I-stratosphere iqukethe isifunda esinothe nge-ozone emunca imisebe eyingozi kakhulu ye-ultraviolet evela elangeni, ngaleyo ndlela isize ukuvikela izinto eziphilayo nesimiso semvelo ekuchayekeni ngokweqile kwe-ultraviolet.

4. Kwenzekani ku-mesosphere?

I-mesosphere iba ngokubanda ngokuphakama okukhulayo, futhi ama-meteoroid amaningi angena emkhathini woMhlaba ayasha noma aqhekeze lapho ngenxa yokusebenzelana nezinhlayiya zomkhathi.

5. Iyini i-ionosphere?

I-ionosphere iyisifunda esiqukethe izinhlayiya eziningi ezishajelwe futhi ezidlulana ikakhulukazi ne-thermosphere. Isebenzisana kakhulu nemisebe yelanga futhi ingaba nomthelela ekuxhumaneni komsakazo.

6. Yiziphi izinqubo eziyinhloko zomkhathi?

Izinqubo ezibalulekile zomkhathi zifaka ukuhwamuka, ukuguquguquka, ukufingqa, imvula, imisebe, ukunyakaza komoya, ukuguquguquka, nokujikeleza komkhathi, okusabalalisa kabusha amandla nomswakama ngokuqhubekayo.

7. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kuwuthinta kanjani umkhathi?

Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kunciphisa ukumboza kwezitshalo kanye nokugcinwa kwekhabhoni kuyilapho kuphazamisa ukunyakaza komswakamo, izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu, amaphethini emvula, ukuzinza kwenhlabathi, kanye nobudlelwane obubanzi bemvelo obuhlanganisa umkhathi.

8. Abantu bangawuvikela kanjani umkhathi?

Abantu bangasiza ukuvikela umkhathi ngokunciphisa izinto ezikhishwayo, ngokugwema ukushiswa kwemfucuza obala, ukonga amahlathi, ukuthuthukisa ukonga kwamandla, ukugaywa kabusha kwezinto, nokusekela ukuphathwa ngendlela efanele kwemvelo.

Ingabe unayo imibuzo, iziphakamiso, noma iminikelo? Uma kunjalo, sicela ukhululeke ukusebenzisa ibhokisi lokuphawula elingezansi ukuze wabelane ngemicabango yakho. Futhi sikukhuthaza ukuba wabelane ngomusa lokhu kwaziswa nabanye abangase bazuze kukho. Njengoba singakwazi ukufinyelela wonke umuntu ngesikhathi esisodwa, silwazisa kakhulu usizo lwakho ekusakazeni izwi. Siyabonga kakhulu ngokusekela kwakho nokwabelana!

Funda Futhi: I-Hydrology kanye Nomjikelezo Wamanzi: Ukubaluleka Kwawo Kwezolimo