Mhepo yemhepo ndiyo envelopu yakafara yemagasi akatenderedza Pasi uye kutsigira mamiriro anodiwa kune hupenyu. Kunyangwe zvisingaoneki, zvinopesvedzera tembiricha, mamiriro ekunze, kufamba kwemvura, kutaurirana, uye maitiro ezvakatipoteredza.
Kunzwisisa mamiriro ekunze kunoda zvinopfuura kutarisa pamusoro pevhu kana pasi pemakore. Vesainzi vanoipatsanura kuita zvidimbu zvakasiyana zvichienderana nekushanduka kwetembiricha, kuumbwa, kuwanda, uye maitiro emagasi.
Aya maturu emuchadenga anodyidzana nguva dzose nenyika, mvura, zvipenyu, uye simba rezuva rinouya. Kudyidzana kwavo kunogadzira mamiriro ekunze, kutonga kupisa, kutakura hunyoro, uye kupesvedzera mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza pasi rese.
Maitiro emumhepo anobatana zvakananga nekurima, zviwanikwa zvemvura, kutonga kwezvakatipoteredza, uye zviitiko zvevanhu. Evaporation, condensation, kunaya, mwaranzi, mhepo, uye kutenderera zvinoramba zvichifambisa simba uye zvinhu munzvimbo yese yePasi.
Zviitwa zvevanhu zvinogona kushandura mamiriro emuchadenga kuburikidza nekubudisa mhepo, kutemwa kwemasango, kusimudzira maindasitiri, zvifambiso, kuraswa kwemarara, uye kushandisa zvakanyanya zviwanikwa. Kunzwisisa maitiro aya kunobatsira vanhu kubata zviwanikwa zvezvakatipoteredza uye kuderedza zvinokuvadza.
Kunzwisisa Atmosphere
Muchadenga mune magasi anotenderedza Nyika uye anotambanukira kumusoro munzvimbo dziri kuramba dzichiita nhete. Haina muganhu mumwe wakapinza wekunze, nokuti density yemhepo inoderera zvishoma nezvishoma nekuwedzera kwekukwirira.
Makuru emuchadenga magasi anosanganisira nitrogen, okisijeni, argon, kabhoni dioxide, uye huwandu hwakasiyana hwehupfu hwemvura. Huyero uye hunhu hwemagasi aya hunosiyana nekukwirira, nzvimbo, uye mamiriro.
Mamiriro emuchadenga anoumbawo chikamu chePasi chakapamhama-zviwanikwa. Zviwanikwa zvine chekuita nemhepo zvinotsigira mamiriro ekunze, mamiriro ekunze, kuwanikwa kwemvura, kukura kwechirimwa, kutakurwa, kutaurirana, uye akati wandei akakosha mabasa ezvakatipoteredza.
Mhepo yemhepo inoshanda pamwe chete nehydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, uye cryosphere. Hukama uhwu hunoreva shanduko inobata imwe nzvimbo yezvakatipoteredza inogona kuburitsa mhedzisiro kune imwe nzvimbo kuburikidza nekubatana kwemuviri, makemikari, uye biological maitiro.
Somuenzaniso, masango anopesvedzera kuchinjana kwekabhoni mumhepo, kufamba kwemwando, tembiricha, uye kunaya kwemvura. Hurukuro inobatsira yezvibatanidza izvi inowanikwa mukati kupatsanurwa kwezviwanikwa uye kukosha kwezvakatipoteredza, izvo zvinoratidza kuti nei zviwanikwa zvemuchadenga zvichikosha.
Verenga zvakare: Pa-saiti Municipal Wastewaters Treatment
Troposphere uye Mazuva ese Mamiriro ekunze
Iyo troposphere inoumba iyo yakaderera mumhepo yepasi uye ine yakawanda mhepo yemhepo uye mvura mhute. Vanhu, mhuka, zvinomera, ndege, uye zvinozivikanwa mamiriro ekunze zviri munzvimbo ino.
1. Tembiricha: Tembiricha kazhinji inodzikira nekukwirira kwakakwirira mukati metroposphere nekuti mhepo inogashira yakawanda yekudziya kwayo zvisina kunanga kubva paPasi pakadziya pazasi pane zvakananga kubva kuchiedza chezuva.
2. Hunyoro: Mvura yemvura inopinda mu troposphere kuburikidza nekuputika uye kubuda. Iyo inozoita makore uye inoita kuti kunaya, zvichiita kuti rukanda rwuve pakati pekufamba kunoramba kuripo kwemvura.
3. Mamiriro ekunze: Makore, kunaya kwemvura, mabhanan’ana, mhepo, uye zvimwe zvakawanda zviitiko zvemamiriro ekunze zvinokura mukati metroposphere. Zviitwa zvekurima naizvozvo zvinotsamira zvakanyanya pamamiriro ezvinhu anogadzirwa nemaitiro anoitika munzvimbo iyi yemhepo.
Kufefetedza uye kufefeterwa kunobatanidza mhepo nevhu, zvirimwa, masango, nzizi, madziva, uye nyanza. Kufamba kwemvura yekurima kunotsanangurwa zvakare kuburikidza iyo hydrological cycle uye hukama hwemvura yezvirimwa.
Stratosphere uye Ozone Dziviriro
Iyo stratosphere inorara yakananga pamusoro petroposphere uye inotambanukira kusvika kunosvika makiromita makumi mashanu pamusoro pePasi. Kusiyana netroposphere, tembiricha inowanzowedzera nekukwirira kuburikidza neakawanda eiyi layer.
1. Ozone: Ozone inova yakanangidzirwa munharaunda yakakosha ye stratosphere. Iyi ozone inotora yakawanda inokuvadza ultraviolet mwaranzi kubva kuZuva, ichibatsira kuchengetedza zvipenyu kubva kune yakawandisa ultraviolet kuratidzwa.
2. Tembiricha Patani: Solar ultraviolet absorption ne ozone inobatsira mukudziya mukati meiyo yepamusoro stratosphere. Nekuda kweizvozvo, iyo layer inoratidza tembiricha chimiro chakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva pane chinowanikwa pazasi.
3. Atmospheric Movement: Kufamba kwemhepo mukati me stratosphere kunowanzo siyana kubva kune yakasimba yakatwasuka musanganiswa wakajairika mutroposphere. Misiyano iyi inoita kuti stratosphere ive yakakosha pakutenderera kwemhepo uye kugadzikana.
Zviitwa zvevanhu zvinogona kukanganisa kuumbwa kwemuchadenga kuburikidza nekusvibiswa uye kuburitsa. Kutarisira tsvina kunokoshawo nekuti tsvina isingabatirwe zvakanaka inogona kupa magasi uye zvinosvibisa, sezvakakurukurwa mukati migumisiro yezvakatipoteredza yemarara akaoma.
Verenga zvakare: Pa-saiti Municipal Wastewaters Treatment
Mesosphere, Thermosphere uye Exosphere
Iyo mesosphere iri pamusoro pe stratosphere uye inotambanuka kubva pamakumi mashanu kusvika makumi masere neshanu makiromita. Tembiricha inodzikira zvakanyanya nekukwirira, zvichiita kuti mesosphere yepamusoro ive imwe yenzvimbo dzePasi dzinotonhora zvakanyanya mumhepo.
Meteoroids anowanzo kupisa uye chidimbu mukati memesosphere paanosangana nemagasi emuchadenga. Iyi nzira inogadzira nzira dzakawanda dzinooneka dzemeteor uye inoratidza kuti mhepo inodyidzana sei nezvinhu zvinopinda kubva muchadenga.
Iyo thermosphere inoitika pamusoro pemesosphere uye inosvika mazana emakiromita kuenda kumusoro. Tembiricha inogona kuwedzera zvakanyanya nekuti mashoma emuchadenga particles anotora simba rezuva, kunyangwe mhepo inoramba yakatetepa zvakanyanya.
Iyo ionosphere inoputira zvikamu zve thermosphere uye ine akawanda magetsi anochajiswa zvimedu. Aya maion anopesvedzera kutaurirana kweredhiyo uye anopindura zvakasimba kumhepo yezuva, dutu rezuva, uye mamwe mamiriro ekunze-mamiriro ekunze.
Iyo exosphere inoumba iyo yakanyanya kutetepa nzvimbo yekunze yemhepo uye zvishoma nezvishoma inosangana nenzvimbo. Hydrogen nehelium zvinotonga magasi ayo asina kusimba, nepo zvimedu zvemuchadenga zvinogona kufamba nzendo refu.
Kunzwisisa zvese zvemuchadenga zvinova nyore kana zvichionekwa padivi pehukama hwakakura hwezvakatipoteredza. Hurukuro ye masango nemasango inoratidzawo mafambisirwo anoita zvisikwa zvepasi nemamiriro ekunze uye mamiriro ekunze.
Key Atmospheric Maitiro
1. Evaporation: Evaporation inoshandura mvura yemvura kuita mhute yemvura apo mamorekuru anowana simba rakakwana kutiza panzvimbo. Tembiricha inodziya, chiedza chezuva, mhepo, uye mhepo yakaoma zvinowanzowedzera mwero wekubuda.
2. Kuchinja: Zvirimwa zvinoburitsa mhute yemvura kuburikidza nemazaru asingaoneki ari mumashizha awo. Pamwe chete, evaporation uye transpiration inoumba evapotranspiration, iyo inokanganisa zvakanyanya hunyoro hwemhepo, zvinodiwa zvemvura yezvirimwa, uye mamiriro enharaunda.
3. Condensation: Utsi hwemvura hunotonhora uye hunoshanduka kuita madonhwe madiki emvura kana zvidimbu zveaizi kana mweya wasvika pakakodzera. Zvimedu izvi zvinoungana kuita makore uye zvinotsigira kunaya kunotevera.
4. Kunaya kwemvura: Kana makore akakura zvakakwana, simba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi rinoita kuti mvura idonhe pamusoro pePasi semvura, sinou, mazaya echando, kana kuti chimvuramabwe. Kunaya kunozadza nzizi, ivhu, madhamu, nemvura yepasi.
Aya maitiro anoshanda nguva dzose sechikamu chekutenderera kwemvura. Zvekurima masisitimu zvinoenderana nekufamba uku, uku hydrologic cycle process mukutarisira mvura yekurima tsanangura kuti mvura yemuchadenga inotsigira sei kugadzirwa.
Evapotranspiration zvakare inotarisa kuti yakawanda sei zvirimwa zvemvura zvinoda pasi pemamiriro akasiyana ezvakatipoteredza. Varimi vanogona kuongorora chirimwa evapotranspiration uye kushandisa mvura inodya pakuronga madiridziro nekugadzirisa zviwanikwa zvemvura zviripo.
Radiation, Mhepo uye Atmospheric Circulation
Solar radiation inopa simba rakawanda kutyaira kutenderera kwemuchadenga uye mamiriro ekunze. Pasi rinotora simba rezuva, rinoshandura rakawanda raro kuti rive kupisa, uye rinobudisa simba richikwira semwaranzi ye infrared.
1. Solar Heating: Nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzinotora uye kusunungura simba pamitengo yakasiyana. Saka ivhu nemvura zvinodziya zvakasiyana, zvichigadzira kusiyana kwetembiricha uko kunopesvedzera mhepo, kusiyana kwepressure, convection, uye kutenderera kwemhepo.
2. Mhepo Movement: Mhepo inofamba ichibva munzvimbo dzine dzvinyiriro yakakwira ichienda kunzvimbo dzepasi. Kutenderera kwenyika kunogadzirisa kufamba uku, zvichiita kuti matenderera aite zvinoenderana nemamiriro ekunze uye mamiriro okunze.
3. Humidity yeAtmospheric: Humidity inotsanangura huwandu hwemhute yemvura iripo mumhepo. Tembiricha inokanganisa zvakanyanya kuti hunyoro hunogona kubata sei nemhepo, zvichikanganisa kukura kwegore, kubuda kwemvura, kunaya kwemvura, uye kurasikirwa kwemvura yechirimwa.
Varimi vanovimba neruzivo nezve tembiricha, hunyoro, kunaya kwemvura, mhepo, uye mamiriro ezuva. Basa re meteorological station mukuita sarudzo dzekurima inoratidza kuti zviyero zvemuchadenga zvinotsigira sei mabasa ekurima.
Shanduko dzemwaka dzinokonzerawo kupfupfunyuka uye kunaya kwemvura, zvichigadzira mamiriro akasiyana ehunyoro panguva dzekurima. Hurukuro inoshanda ye kunyungudika kwemwaka nemaitiro ekunaya kwemvura inotsanangura hukama uhwu zvakajeka.
Atmosphere, Climate and Environmental Change
Muchadenga unobatsira kudzora tembiricha yePasi nokutora, kugovera, uye kubudisazve simba. Magasi egreenhouse anogara achingogara anoramba achipisa, zvichiita kuti pasi pePasi padziye zvikuru kupfuura zvazvaizoita.
Zviitwa zvevanhu zvinogona kuwedzera kuwanda kwemagasi egreenhouse kuburikidza nekupisa kwefossil-mafuta, kugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri, shanduko-kushandiswa kwevhu, kurima, kutakurwa, uye kutonga kwemarara. Kuchinja uku kunogona kukanganisa mamiriro ekunze kwenguva refu.
Kusvibiswa kweatmospheric kunogonawo kuderedza kunaka kwemhepo uye kukanganisa zvisikwa. Kusvibiswa kwekufambisa kwemhepo inotaridza mabudisirwo ezvinopisa anogona kuunza zvinosvibisa mumhepo asi zvichikonzera kumanikidzwa kwezvakatipoteredza.
Kurasa tsvina kunogona kuburitsa methane, carbon dioxide, utsi, nezvimwe zvinhu. Hurukuro ye kugadzirwa kwemarara nemigumisiro yaro yezvakatipoteredza inotsanangura kuti utsi hune chekuita nemarara hunogona sei kubatsira kumatambudziko emuchadenga nemamiriro ekunze.
Zviitwa zvemaindasitiri zvinogona zvakare kuburitsa zvinosvibisa mumhepo kuburikidza nekupisa, kugadzirisa, kutakura, uye kuburitswa netsaona. Migumisiro ye marara emaindasitiri pamhando yezvakatipoteredza ratidza kuti sei kudzora kuburitsa kunoramba kwakakosha.
Kutemwa kwemasango kunowedzera kuchinja maitiro emuchadenga nekuti masango anochengeta kabhoni, anoburitsa mwando, anopesvedzera tembiricha yepasi, uye anokanganisa kufamba kwemvura. Kuparadzwa kwezvinomera uye kuparadzwa kwemasango saka inogona kukanganisa hukama hwezvakatipoteredza uye mumhepo.
Verenga zvakare: Pa-saiti Municipal Wastewaters Treatment
Zviitiko Zvevanhu uye Dziviriro yeAtmospheric
1. Deredza Utsi: Simba rakachena, kufambisa kwakanaka, kugadziridzwa kwezvidzoreso zvemaindasitiri, uye kushandiswa kwemafuta zvine mutoro kunogona kuderedza kusvibiswa kwemhepo. Nharaunda dzinofanira kudzikamisa kupisa kusingakoshi uye kukurudzira matekinoroji anoshandisa zviwanikwa nemazvo.
2. Chengetedza Miti: Masango nezvimwe zvinomera zvinotora carbon dioxide, zvinobudisa oxygen, mamiriro okunze ari pakati nepakati, anodzivirira ivhu, uye anotsigira kufamba kwemvura. Kudzivirira kuparadzwa kwemasango kusiri madikanwa naizvozvo kunobetsera zvose zviri zviviri mhepo yakapoteredza pasi nemhoteredzo yezvipenyu.
3. Manage Waste: Kuderedza marara kwakafanira, kudzokororwa, kurapwa, uye kuraswa kunogona kuderedza kusvibiswa kwemhepo kunokuvadza. Inoshanda nzira dzokuderedza marara inogona kuderedza huwandu hwezvinhu zvinoda kuraswa.
Kudzokorodza zvakare kunodzikisira kudiwa kwezvimwe zvinhu zvisiri mhandara uye kunogona kudzikisira kudzvanywa kwezvakatipoteredza kune chekuita nekubvisa nekugadzira. Zvakanakira zvinokurukurwa mukati kudzokorodza uye kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza.
Vanhu vanokwanisawo kuderedza kusvibiswa nekutevera mitemo inoshanda yekudzora marara uye kudzivisa kupisa pachena. Iwo matatu maRs ekugadzirisa tsvina kupa hurongwa huri nyore hwekudzikisa kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza kusingakoshi.
Kuchengetedza mamiriro ekunze kunoda kutariswa kusvibiswa kwedzimba, maindasitiri, mapurazi, zvifambiso, uye nharaunda. Mhinduro dzeveruzhinji pakusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza zvakakosha nekuti chiito chekubatana chinogona kuderedza kukuvadza kwemhepo yemhepo.
Mvura uye kutonga kwevhu kunopawo zvisina kunanga kudzivirira kwemuchadenga nekuti masisitimu ezvakatipoteredza anoshanda semayuniti akabatana. Kusvibiswa kwenyika nemigumisiro yaro yezvakatipoteredza ratidza kuti kushatiswa kwepasi kunogona kukanganisa sei maitiro eecology.
Kuchengetedza ivhu kunoramba kwakakosha nekuti kunaya kwemvura, kuyerera kwemvura, zvinomera, uye mamiriro emuchadenga zvinodyidzana. Matanho anokurukurwa mu kutonga kwekukukurwa kwevhu uye kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza inogona kubatsira kuchengetedza ivhu rine hutano uye kuderedza kukuvadza kuyerera.
Kudzivirirwa kwemasango kunofanirwa kuperekedzwa nekuchengetedzwa kwemhepo nekuti kuparadzwa kwemasango kunogona kukanganisa kuchengetedza kabhoni, kunaya kwemvura, kugadzikana kwevhu, uye kusiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu. Zvinokonzera nezvinokonzeresa kutemwa kwemasango tsanangura kubatana kwezvakatipoteredza uku.
Kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kunoenderanawo nekushandiswa kwezviwanikwa uye kuronga zvine musoro. The kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza kwezviwanikwa zvinogoneka inoratidza kuti sei kuchengetedza zviwanikwa kuchifanira kufambirana nebudiriro yezvekurima nehupfumi.
Masango anogona kudzikamisa mamiriro ekunze, kuchengetedza ivhu, kutsigira kusiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu, uye kupesvedzera mwando wemuchadenga. Kukosha kwavo kunowedzera kujeka kuburikidza zviwanikwa zvemasango nekukosha kwazvo zvekurima uye maitiro ekuchengetedza anoenderana.
Kutarisirwa kwemvura kutonga kunopedza iyi nzira yekudzivirira nekuti mvura inogara ichifamba nemumhepo, pasi, zvidyarwa, uye pamusoro penzvimbo. Zviwanikwa zvemvura yekudiridza uye kushandiswa kwekurima ratidza kuti maitiro emuchadenga anotsigira sei kutonga kwevhu kunobudirira.
Pfupiso pamusoro peAtmosphere uye Atmospheric Maitiro
| Topic | Summary |
|---|---|
| Atmosphere | Hamvuropu ine gasi yakatenderedza Pasi, inotsigira hupenyu uye inopesvedzera tembiricha, mamiriro ekunze, mwando, mwaranzi, uye mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza. |
| Troposphere | Nzvimbo yakaderera yemhepo yepasi panogara vanhu uye panoitika makore mazhinji, kunaya kwemvura, uye mamiriro ekunze ezuva nezuva. |
| Stratosphere | Iyo layer iri pamusoro petroposphere ine ozone-rich region iyo inotora inokuvadza ultraviolet mwaranzi. |
| Mesosphere | Nzvimbo yepamusoro yemuchadenga umo tembiricha inodzikira zvakanyanya nekukwirira uye mameteoroid mazhinji anotsva. |
| Thermosphere | Nzvimbo yakatetepa kwazvo, ine simba apo tembiricha inokwira zvine simba nekuti zvikamu zvemuchadenga zvinotora mwaranzi yezuva. |
| Exosphere | Iyo nzvimbo yakatetepa zvakanyanya yekunze kwemuchadenga inobatana zvishoma nezvishoma ichienda kunze. |
| Nzira dzeMvura | Evaporation, transpiration, condensation, uye kunaya kunofambisa mvura nguva nenguva pakati pePasi nemhepo. |
| Atmospheric Protection | Kudzora emission, kuchengetedza sango, manejimendi manejimendi emarara, kudzokorodza, uye kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvinogona kuderedza kumanikidzwa kwemhepo. |
Mibvunzo Inowanzo Kubvunzwa Nezve Atmosphere: Matanho, Mabasa uye Maitiro eAtmospheric
1. Muchadenga chii?
Muchadenga ihamvuropu yemagasi akapoteredza Nyika. Inotsigira hupenyu uye inokanganisa tembiricha, mamiriro ekunze, mamiriro ekunze, kufamba kwemvura, mwaranzi, uye akawanda maitiro ezvakatipoteredza.
2. Nderipi denga remuchadenga rine mamiriro ekunze akawanda?
Mamiriro ekunze mazhinji emazuva ese anoitika mutroposphere nekuti ine mhute yemvura yakawanda yemuchadenga uye inosangana nekufamba kwakamira kwakamira, kuumbwa kwegore, kunaya kwemvura, dutu, uye kuita kwemhepo.
3. Chii chakakosha che stratosphere?
The stratosphere ine ozone-rich region iyo inotora yakawanda inokuvadza ultraviolet mwaranzi kubva kuchiedza chezuva, nokudaro ichibatsira kudzivirira zvipenyu uye ecosystem kubva pakunyanya kuratidzwa kweultraviolet.
4. Chii chinoitika mumesosphere?
Mesosphere inotonhora nekukwirira kwepamusoro, uye meteoroids mazhinji anopinda mumhepo yePasi anopisa kana kutsemuka ipapo nekuda kwekudyidzana nezvikamu zvemuchadenga.
5. Chii chinonzi ionosphere?
Iyo ionosphere inzvimbo ine akawanda anochajiswa zvimedu uye anopindirana zvakanyanya ne thermosphere. Inodyidzana zvakasimba nemwaranzi yezuva uye inogona kukanganisa kutaurirana kweredhiyo.
6. Ndeapi maitiro makuru emuchadenga?
Maitiro akakosha emuchadenga anosanganisira evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, radiation, wind movement, convection, uye atmospheric circulation, iyo inoramba ichigovera simba nehunyoro.
7. Kutemwa kwemasango kunotapura sei mhepo yakapoteredza pasi?
Kutemwa kwemasango kunoderedza chifukidziro chezvinomera uye kuchengetedza kabhoni uku kuchikanganisa kufamba kwemwando, tembiricha yepasi, mafambiro emvura, kugadzikana kwevhu, uye hukama hwakakura hwezvakatipoteredza hunosanganisira mhepo.
8. Vanhu vangadzivirira sei mhepo yakapoteredza pasi?
Vanhu vanokwanisa kubatsira kuchengetedza mhepo yemhepo nekudzikisa kuburitsa, kudzivirira kupisa marara pachena, kuchengetedza masango, kuvandudza kushandiswa kwesimba, kudzoreredza zvinhu, uye kutsigira manejimendi ezvakatipoteredza.
Iwe une chero mibvunzo, mazano, kana mipiro? Kana zvirizvo, ndapota inzwa wakasununguka kushandisa bhokisi rekutaura pazasi kugovera pfungwa dzako. Tinokukurudzirawo kuti ugoverane nomutsa mashoko aya nevamwe vangabatsirwa nawo. Sezvo tisingakwanisi kusvika munhu wose panguva imwe chete, tinoonga zvechokwadi rubatsiro rwenyu mukuparadzira shoko. Ndinokutendai zvikuru nerutsigiro rwenyu uye nokugoverana!
Verenga zvakare: Hydrology uye Mvura Yekutenderera: Kukosha Kwazvo Mukurima