Ukungcoliswa kukawoyela ongahluziwe kungase kube nzima ukukukhomba lapho ukuqapha kuncike kuphela ezintweni eziphilayo ezihlanganisiwe ngoba izinto ezifana nezinhlanganisela eziguquguqukayo nama-hydrocarbon anephunga elimnandi zingavela emithonjeni eminingi yemvelo.
Lo mkhawulo udala ukungaqiniseki lapho abaphenyi bezama ukuthola ukuthi ukungcola kwavela kuwoyela ongahluziwe, ukusha, imisebenzi yezimboni, noma ezinye izinqubo ezikhipha izinto ezifanayo ngamakhemikhali emithonjeni yezemvelo ezungezile.
Ama-Biomarker ahlinzeka ngendlela eqinile ehlobene nomthombo ngoba lezi zinhlanganisela ezihlukile zigcina ulwazi oluvela kuzinto zokuma komhlaba nezebhayoloji ezibandakanyeka ekwakhiweni kwe-petroleum futhi zihlala ziwusizo phakathi nophenyo olunemininingwane lwendawo ezungezile mayelana nokungcola.
Ngokuthatha amasampula okucophelela kanye nokuhlaziywa kwelabhorethri ebucayi, abaphenyi bangathola izici ze-petroleum biomarker emhlabathini, inhlabathi, amanzi, kanye namanye ama-matrices emvelo athintwa ukukhishwa kukawoyela okusolwayo ezindaweni ezingcolile nasezigwini.
Izigxivizo zeminwe zamakhemikhali eziwumphumela zingasekela ukuhlonzwa komthombo, zithuthukise ukuchazwa kwamaphethini okungcola, futhi ziqinise izinqumo mayelana nokulungiswa, ukuhlolwa kwemvelo, isenzo sokulawula, nokuqapha isikhathi eside kwezindawo ezingcolisiwe kanye nesimiso semvelo esithintekile.
Ukuqonda Ama-Biomarkers Ekungcoleni Kawoyela
Ama-Biomarker ayinhlanganisela ye-organic egcina izici zamakhemikhali ezihlukile ezivela ezintweni eziphilayo nezimo ze-geological ezihilelekile ekukhiqizeni i-petroleum, enikeza abaphenyi imikhondo ewusizo mayelana nemvelaphi kawoyela ongahluziwe, ukuguqulwa, kanye amaphethini okungcola kawoyela.
Ngokungafani nezinto eziningi ezingcolisa uphethiloli ezivamile, ama-biomarker anganikeza ulwazi oluqinile oluqondene nomthombo ngoba izakhiwo zawo zamangqamuzana ngokuvamile zihlala zibonakala ngemva kokuba uwoyela ongahluziwe ungena ezinhlelweni zemvelo, ezisekela kabanzi. izinhlelo zokuqapha imvelo phakathi nezinqubo zesimo sezulu eside.
Izimpawu ezivamile ze-petroleum biomarker zifaka i-hopanes, i-steranes, i-terpanes, nezinhlanganisela ezihlobene ezenzeka phakathi kwezingxube ze-hydrocarbon eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zingasiza ukuhlukanisa imithombo ye-petroleum phakathi nophenyo oluningiliziwe ukwakheka kwamafutha angcolile kanye neziqhathaniso ze-forensic.
Ubufakazi be-biomarker buba wusizo ikakhulukazi lapho abaphenyi bedinga ukuhlukanisa ukungcoliswa kwe-petroleum kuma-hydrocarbon angemuva akhiqizwa ukusha, izinqubo zemvelo, ukukhishwa kwezimboni, noma eminye imisebenzi ye-anthropogenic ezindaweni ezigadwayo kuyo yonke imithombo yezemvelo ethintekile.
Ngenxa yokuthi i-biomarker chemistry ikhombisa umlando we-petroleum, abaphenyi bangasebenzisa lezi zinhlanganisela eduze kwamaphrofayili e-hydrocarbon ebanzi ukuze bahlukanise uwoyela ongahluziwe ahlobene futhi babone umehluko obangelwa imvelaphi yokwakheka komhlaba noma ukuguqulwa phakathi nophenyo lokuqhathanisa lomthombo we-petroleum.
Funda Futhi: Izindima Zabakhiqizi Nezinkampani Ekulawuleni Udoti
Ukubaluleka Kwama-Biomarker Ekuqapheni Ukungcola
1. Ukuhlonza Umthombo: Amaphethini e-biomarker angasiza abaphenyi baqhathanise amasampula angcolile nemithombo ye-petroleum esolwayo, kuyilapho ukuhlola okungcolisayo isiza ukuhlela ubufakazi ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa okunemininingwane kwezemvelo okunemininingwane yemithombo esolwayo yokungcola.
2. Ukuqinisekisa Ukungcola: Ukuthola isici sokusabalalisa ama-biomarker eceleni kwezilinganiso ezijwayelekile ze-petroleum kuqinisa ubufakazi bokuthi isignali ye-hydrocarbon ephawuliwe ihlobene nowoyela ongahluziwe kunokuba okokufaka kwemvelo okungahlobene noma ukungcoliswa kwangemuva.
3. Ukuhlola Isimo Sezulu: Amanye ama-biomarker amelana nokushintshwa kwemvelo kangcono kunama-hydrocarbon alula, ngakho ukuphikelela kwawo kungasiza abaphenyi bahlole imiphumela yesimo sezulu futhi basebenzise usizo. ukuhlukaniswa okungcolile imiqondo ezindaweni eziveziwe.
4. Ukuchazwa kwe-Petroleum: Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-Biomarker kunganikeza ulwazi mayelana nemvelaphi ye-petroleum, izimo zamadwala omthombo, ukuvuthwa okushisayo, umlando wokufuduka, kanye noshintsho olukhona ngaphambi kokukhululwa kwemvelo endaweni ezungezile ngesikhathi sophenyo lomthombo wemvelo.
5. Ukuhlanganiswa Kobufakazi: Ama-Biomarker ahlinzeka ngeziphetho eziqinile lapho abaphenyi bezihlanganisa nokugxiliswa kwe-hydrocarbon, umlando wesayithi, ukusatshalaliswa kwendawo, nokunye ukubhekwa kwemvelo okuvela endaweni egadiwe kuzo zonke izindawo zemvelo ezingcolile.
6. Ukulandelela Ukulungisa: Izilinganiso ze-biomarker eziphindaphindiwe zingasiza ukuhlola ukuthi izinsalela ze-petroleum ziyehla yini ngemva kokuhlanza nokuthi ingabe ukungcola okusele kuyaqhubeka yini nokufana nomthombo wangempela osolwayo phakathi nokuqapha kwendawo ezungezile.
Ukusampula kokuhlaziywa kwe-Biomarker
Imiphumela enokwethenjelwa ye-biomarker iqala ngamasampula amele ngoba izinqubo zokuqoqa ezingezinhle zingethula ukungcola, zibangele ukulahlekelwa kohlaziyo, noma zikhiqize amasampula ahluleka ukumela izimo zesayithi ngendlela efanele phakathi nophenyo. Isampula yemvelo emele ngakho-ke kubalulekile.
Abaphenyi kufanele bachaze izinhloso zesampula ngaphambi kokuqoqwa kwensimu, bahlonze imithombo esolwayo, bakhethe imidiya efanelekile yendawo ezungezile, futhi bamise izinqubo ezigcina izici zamakhemikhali zamasampuli aqoqiwe kukho konke ukuthuthwa nokugcinwa kwelabhorethri elawulwayo.
Izindawo zamasampula kufanele zibonise izindawo ezingakhulula kuzo, izindlela zokuhamba, izindawo zokunqwabelana, izimo zangemuva, kanye nezindawo lapho izinsalela ze-petroleum zingagxila khona ngaphakathi kwenhlabathi, intlenga, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, noma izinhlelo zamanzi angaphezulu. Izinqubo zokuphatha isampula kumele ivikele lawa masampuli.
Abasebenzi basezindaweni kufanele basebenzise iziqukathi ezifanele, bagweme ukungcoliseka, babhale izindawo ngokunembayo, bagcine amarekhodi okugcina, futhi basebenzise izinqubo ezifanele zokulondoloza nezokuthutha zendlela yokuhlaziya ekhethiwe endaweni ngayinye yamasampula.
Ukuthatha amasampula ommeli kubaluleka ikakhulukazi lapho ukungcola kushintsha amabanga amafushane ngoba ukusatshalaliswa kwe-petroleum kungashintsha kakhulu ngezakhiwo zenhlabathi, ukunyakaza kwamanzi, ukuchithwa kwenhlabathi, nezimo zezulu ezihlukene. Ukuphathwa kwemithombo yomhlabathi futhi kunomthelela ekuchazeni.
Izinhlelo zokusampula kufanele futhi zifake amasampula okulawula ikhwalithi njengezikhala, izimpinda, nezinto eziyisithenjwa ezifanele lapho kudingekile, ukusiza amalabhorethri ukuhlonza ukungcola, ukuhlukahluka, noma izinkinga zokusingatha ezingase zibe nomthelela ekuchazeni ngaphambi kokukhipha nokulinganisa elabhorethri.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-GC-MS Kwezimpawu Zezinto Eziphilayo Zokungcoliswa Kawoyela
I-chromatography yegesi ehlanganiswe ne-mass spectrometry, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-GC-MS, inikeza indlela ebucayi yokuhlukanisa, ukuhlonza, kanye nokulinganisa izinhlanganisela ze-biomarker ngayinye ngaphakathi kwezingxube eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-petroleum eziqoqwe kumasampula emvelo. Ukuqapha izindlela ezingcolisayo sekela ukuhlela kokuhlaziya.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kweChromatographic: I-gas chromatography ihlukanisa izinhlanganisela ngokuya ngokusebenzisana kwazo nekholomu yokuhlaziya kanye nokuguquguquka kwazo, okuvumela okukhishwe kwe-petroleum okuyinkimbinkimbi ukukhiqiza amasiginali we-molecular ahlukanisekayo ukuze akhonjwe ngokuqhubekayo.
2. Ukutholwa kwe-Mass Spectrometric: I-mass spectrometer ikala amaphethini e-ion ayisici akhiqizwa yizinhlanganisela ezihlukanisiwe, isiza abahlaziyi ukukhomba ama-biomarker ngokusebenzisa izigxivizo zeminwe zamangqamuzana futhi isungule ulwazi lwe-spectral ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwaselabhorethri.
3. Ukutolika Kwesilinganiso: Abahlaziyi baqhathanisa izimpendulo ezilinganisiwe namazinga afanelekile, izinqubo zokulinganisa, nezilawuli zekhwalithi ukuze balinganisele ukugxila kwe-biomarker ngokunembile futhi bahlole umehluko phakathi kwamasampuli ngokuzethemba ukuze kuqhathaniswe elabhorethri. Izingxenye ze-Petroleum ukunikeza umongo wamakhemikhali.
4. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezigxivizo zeminwe: Ukuhlanganisa ukuziphatha kokugcinwa kwe-chromatographic nolwazi oluningi lwe-spectral kudala izigxivizo zeminwe ezinemininingwane ka-petroleum abaphenyi abangaziqhathanisa namasampuli kuwo wonke, imithombo esolwayo, nezinto ezingemuva phakathi nokuhlolwa komthombo.
5. Ukuqinisekisa Ikhwalithi: Ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yaselabhorethri kufaka phakathi ukuhlola ukulinganisa, izikhala, ukuhlaziya okuphindaphindekayo, ukubuyekezwa kokusebenza kwezinsimbi, nezilawuli ezifanele ezithuthukisa ukuzethemba ekugxilweni kwezimpawu ze-biomarker okubikiwe kanye nokuhlonza ngaphambi kombiko wokugcina. Imithelela kadoti kwezemvelo.
6. Ukuqinisekisa Okuthuthukile: Lapho kudingeka khona ukukhetha okukhulu, izindlela ze-tandem mass spectrometric zinganikeza isiqinisekiso esengeziwe kuma-biomarker okuqondiwe futhi kunciphise ukungaqiniseki lapho amasampula emvelo equkethe izinto eziphazamisayo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezikhishwe kwezemvelo.
Ama-Biomarker Compounds Asetshenziswa Ekuqapheni Amafutha
Imindeni eminingi yama-biomarker isekela uphenyo lwe-petroleum, futhi abahlaziyi bavame ukuhlola amaphethini phakathi kwezinhlanganisela eziningi kunokuthembela ku-molecule eyodwa njengobufakazi obuqinisekile bokungcoliswa ngesikhathi sophenyo lomthombo wemvelo olubandakanya izindlela zokufuduka kwe-petroleum.
1. I-Hopanes: Izinhlanganisela ze-Hopane ziyi-pentacyclic triterpanes eziphikelelayo ezingasinda ekuguqulweni kwemvelo kangcono kunama-hydrocarbon amaningi alula, okuwenza abe izinkomba eziwusizo phakathi nophenyo lomthombo we-petroleum kanye nokuqhathaniswa kwezigxivizo zeminwe.
2. Steranes: Ama-Steranes asuselwa kuma-sterols nakokuqala okuhlobene kwezinto eziphilayo futhi anganikeza ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nokufaka izinto eziphilayo, izimo zokubekwa, ukukhiqizwa kwe-petroleum, kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kukawoyela ongahluziwe ohlukene nokutolikwa kwezigxivizo zeminwe ye-petroleum.
3. Ama-Terpanes: Ukusabalalisa kwe-Terpane kusiza ukuveza imithombo ye-petroleum kanye nezindawo zokubeka, kuyilapho izilinganiso zamangqamuzana ezikhethiwe zingase zisekele izincazelo eziphathelene nokuvuthwa kokushisa, impahla yomthombo, kanye nemilando yokuguqulwa kwe-petroleum phakathi nokuhlola okuqhathanisayo kwe-petroleum.
4. Ama-Biomarker Ahlobene: Ezinye izinhlanganisela zamangqamuzana ezimelana nazo zingahambisana nama-hopanes, ama-sterane, nama-terpanes, ikakhulukazi lapho abaphenyi bedinga ubufakazi obuningi bokucwaswa kwemithombo, isimo sezulu se-petroleum, kanye nokuchazwa kocwaningo lwezemvelo.
5. Ama-Moretanes: Izinhlanganisela ze-Moretane zingagcwalisa izilinganiso ze-hopane ngoba ukusatshalaliswa kwazo okuhlobene kungase kushintshe ngokuvuthwa kwe-petroleum, kusize abaphenyi bachaze umehluko phakathi kwamafutha namasampula ezifundweni zokuqhathanisa zeminwe ye-petroleum kanye imithombo yemfucuza eyingozi.
6. I-Gammacerane: I-Gammacerane nezinhlanganisela ezihambisanayo zinganikela ngolwazi mayelana nezimo zokubeka indawo, zizenze zibe usizo lapho abahlaziyi befuna ubufakazi obengeziwe mayelana nokuma kwe-geological okuhlotshaniswa nokwakheka kwe-petroleum phakathi nomthombo kanye nokutolika kwe-deposition.
Ukutolika izigxivizo zeminwe ze-Biomarker
Ukuhumusha kwe-Biomarker kudinga ukuqhathanisa kunokubhekwa okukodwa ngoba izinhlanganisela ngazinye azivamile ukunikeza ulwazi olwanele ukuze kusungulwe umthombo wokungcola ngokuzethemba okuphelele phakathi nophenyo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezemvelo olubandakanya imithombo yokungcoliswa kwamanzi.
Abahlaziyi bavamise ukuqhathanisa ubuningi obuhlobene, izilinganiso zamangqamuzana, amaphethini e-chromatographic, nokusatshalaliswa phakathi kwama-biomarker amaningi asuka kumasampuli angcolile nezinto zomthombo wekhandidethi eziqoqwe phakathi nophenyo olufanayo oluklanywe ngokucophelela kusetshenziswa amasampuli ayizethenjwa akhethwe ngokucophelela.
Isimo sezulu singashintsha ukwakheka kwe-petroleum, ikakhulukazi ngokususa izakhi ezilula nezibolayo, ngakho-ke abaphenyi kufanele balandise ngokuhwamuka, ukuncibilika, ukubola kwemvelo, kanye ne-photooxidation lapho behumusha izigxivizo zeminwe zemvelo ngokucophelela ezindaweni zamasampula ezithintekile.
Isizinda sezinto eziphilayo zingaphinda zenze kube nzima ukutolika, ikakhulukazi ezinsaleni eziqukethe ama-hydrocarbon emvelo noma izinsalela ze-petroleum ezivela ekukhishweni okuningana komlando, okwenza ukuqhathanisa komthombo kubaluleke kakhulu eziphethweni zesayensi ezingavikeleki kanye nokuqonda. ukungcola kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba izindlela.
Ngakho-ke ukuhumusha okuqinile kuhlanganisa ama-biomarker anezilinganiso ezivamile ze-petroleum, umlando wesayithi, amaphethini wendawo, ukubhekwa kwendawo, nezinye izinkomba zemvelo kunokuncika ebufakazini bamakhemikhali kuphela lapho kwabiwa imithombo phakathi nomthombo wokugcina.
Ukuhumusha kufanele futhi kuhlukanise ukutholwa kokuhlaziya kusukela ekuchasiselweni komthombo, ngoba ukuthola i-biomarker kuqinisekisa ubukhona baso kodwa akutholi ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuthi i-petroleum yangena nini, kuphi, noma kanjani imvelo ngaphakathi kwesibaluli somthombo wemvelo onesibopho.
I-PCA kanye Nokuhlola Umthombo Wokungcoliswa Okudidiyelwe
Ukuhlaziywa kwengxenye eyinhloko, noma i-PCA, kungasiza abaphenyi bahlole ubudlelwano phakathi kwama-biomarker nezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo zokungcola ngokunciphisa amadathasethi ayinkimbinkimbi abe amaphethini aveza ukufana phakathi kwamasampuli nezindawo ezithintwa imiphumela yokungcoliswa kwamanzi.
1. Ukuhlanganiswa Kwedatha: I-PCA ingahlanganisa ukugxila kwe-biomarker nezilinganiso ze-petroleum ezihlanganisiwe nezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo zemvelo, ukusiza abaphenyi bahlole ukuhlobana okungase kuhlale kunzima ukukubona emiphumeleni ngayinye yodwa.
2. Ukubonwa kwephethini: Amasampuli anezici ezifanayo zamakhemikhali angase ahlangane phakathi kokuphumayo kwe-PCA, anikeze isisekelo sezibalo sokuhlola ukuthi izindawo ezimbalwa zabelana ngemithombo yokungcola ehlobene noma izinqubo zemvelo ngaphakathi kohlaka lophenyo olubanzi.
3. Umehluko Womthombo: Amaqembu amasampula ahlukene angasiza ekuhlukaniseni ukungcoliswa okuhlobene ne-petroleum okuvela engemuva noma okungeyona eye-petroleum lapho abaphenyi behumusha amaphethini ezibalo ngokuhambisana nobufakazi bamakhemikhali nobendawo, okusekelwa okufanelekile. ukunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwamanzi izimiso.
4. Ukwesekwa kwezinqumo: I-PCA ayifakazi ngokuzimela umthombo wokungcola, kodwa ingaqinisa ukuhlolwa kwemvelo ngokuhlela izilinganiso eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi isekele ukuchazwa okucacile kwemiphumela yokuqapha ehlanganisiwe yezinqumo zokuphatha indawo engcolile.
5. Ukuhlola Okuguquguqukayo: Abaphenyi kufanele bakhethe okuguquguqukayo okunengqondo ngaphambi kwe-PCA ngoba izilinganiso ezingabalulekile zingawenza buthaka amaphethini futhi zenze imiphumela yezibalo ibe nzima ukuxhumana nezinqubo ezaziwayo zemvelo ngaphambi kokuhumusha ubudlelwano bezibalo.
6. Ukuqhathanisa Kwesikhashana: Ukuhlaziya okuphindaphindwayo okuhlukahlukene kuzo zonke izikhathi zokuqapha kungaveza ukuthi ubudlelwano phakathi kwama-biomarker nokunye ukungcola kuyashintsha yini njengoba isimo sezulu esingcolisiwe, ukufuduka, noma kulungiswa ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo zokuqapha zesikhathi eside.
Funda Futhi: Inqubo Yokuguqulwa KwePetroleum
Izicelo kanye Nemikhawulo yama-Biomarker
Ama-Biomarker anezicelo ophenyweni lokuchitheka, ukuhlola indawo engcolile, ukuphrinta iminwe ye-petroleum, ukuqapha ukulungiswa kabusha, ukuthobela imvelo, kanye nocwaningo lokunyakaza kwe-hydrocarbon ngokusebenzisa amakhompathi ehlukene emvelo. Bayasekela izinyathelo zokuphatha imvelo ngaphansi kwezinjongo ezifanele zekhwalithi yezemvelo.
Zingasiza ekunqumeni ukuthi ingabe izinsalela ezitholakala enhlabathini noma inzika zihlobene yini nowoyela ongahluziwe, zihlonze ukufana phakathi kwamasampuli nemithombo okusolekayo, futhi zihlole izinguquko ekubunjweni kwe-petroleum ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nebanga.
Le ndlela iphinde isekele i-petroleum geochemistry ngoba ukusatshalaliswa kwe-biomarker kungaveza ulwazi mayelana nomthombo wezinto, izimo zokubekwa, ukuvuthwa, ukufuduka, kanye nomlando wokuma komhlaba wokwakheka kukawoyela ongahluziwe. Lokhu okutholakele kusiza ekuchazeni imithelela yemfucuza yezimboni.
Naphezu kwenani lazo, ama-biomarker adinga amathuluzi akhethekile aselabhorethri, ukutolika okunekhono, izinto eziyisithenjwa ezifanele, nokuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi okuqinile ngoba amasampula ayinkimbinkimbi emvelo angase aqukathe izinhlanganisela eziphazamisayo nezinsalela ezinesimo sezulu ngesikhathi sophenyo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwe-petroleum.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-biomarker kufanele kuhambisane nezilinganiso ezivamile ze-hydrocarbon, ulwazi lomlando, ukubhekwa kwezindawo, nokuhlaziywa kwezibalo lapho abaphenyi benza izinqumo zomthombo wezindawo ezingcolisiwe nezinhlelo zokulungisa, ngokuhambisana nobubanzi obubanzi. imiqondo yokungcola kanye nokuthathwa kwezinqumo zemvelo ezivikelekayo.
Ngakho-ke isicelo esiyimpumelelo sincike ohlelweni lokuqapha oluklanywe kahle oluhambisana nezindlela zokuhlaziya nezinjongo zesayithi, imidiya yezemvelo, amazinga okungcola alindelekile, kanye nezinqumo ezidinga ukusekelwa ngabaphenyi ukuze bathole imiphumela ethembekile yokuqapha imvelo.
Isifinyezo Sokusetshenziswa Kwezimpawu Zezinto Eziphilayo Ekuqaphelweni Kokungcoliswa Kawoyela
| Isici | Isifinyezo |
|---|---|
| Ama-Biomarkers | Izinhlanganisela ze-organic ezihlobene ne-petroleum ezigcina amasiginesha amakhemikhali awusizo avela kumthombo wezinto kanye nomlando wokwakheka kwe-petroleum. |
| Injongo Eyinhloko | Basekela ukuhlonzwa komthombo kawoyela ongahluziwe, ukuqinisekiswa kokungcola, ukubonakaliswa kwe-petroleum, nokuhlola isimo sezulu. |
| Izithako Ezibalulekile | I-Hopanes, i-steranes, i-terpanes, i-moretanes, i-gammacerane, kanye nezinhlanganisela zamangqamuzana ezimelana nazo. |
| I-GC-MS | Ihlukanisa, ihlonze, ilinganise, futhi ihlanganise izigxivizo zeminwe ze-biomarker ngaphakathi kwamasampuli ayinkimbinkimbi emvelo kaphethiloli. |
| Ukusampula | Amasampuli amelela abanye, izilawuli zekhwalithi, iziqukathi ezifanele, imibhalo, nokuphatha ngokucophelela kuthuthukisa ukuthembeka kokuhlaziya. |
| I-PCA | Ukuhlaziywa kwengxenye eyinhloko kusiza ukuhlola ubudlelwano phakathi kwama-biomarker nokunye okuguquguqukayo kokungcola kumadathasethi ayinkimbinkimbi. |
| Ukutolika | Ama-biomarker kufanele ahunyushwe ngezilinganiso ze-hydrocarbon, umlando wesizinda, amaphethini wendawo, nobunye ubufakazi bemvelo. |
| Ukulinganiselwa | Amathuluzi akhethekile, ukuhumusha okunekhono, ukuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi, isimo sezulu, nama-hydrocarbon angemuva kungenza kube nzima ukuchazwa komthombo. |
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Mayelana Nokusebenzisa Ama-Biomarker Ekuqapheni Ukungcola Kawoyela
1. Yiziphi ama-biomarker ekuqapheni ukungcoliswa kukawoyela?
Ziyinhlanganisela yezinto eziphilayo ezihlukile ezigcina ulwazi lwamakhemikhali mayelana nezinto zomthombo we-petroleum futhi zisize abaphenyi ukuhlonza ukungcoliswa kukawoyela ongahluziwe.
2. Kungani ama-biomarker ewusizo ekuhlonzeni ukungcoliswa kukawoyela?
Banikeza ubufakazi obunamandla obuhlobene nomthombo kunama-hydrocarbon amaningi ngamanye ngenxa yokuthi amaphethini awo wamangqamuzana angahlala ebonakala ngemva kwesimo sezulu sendawo ezungezile.
3. Yiziphi izimpawu eziphilayo ezivame ukuphenywa?
Amaqembu avamile ahlanganisa i-hopanes, i-steranes, i-terpanes, i-moretanes, i-gammacerane, nezinye izinhlanganisela zamamolekyuli ahlobene ne-petroleum.
4. Iyiphi indima edlalwa yi-GC-MS ekuhlaziyeni ama-biomarker?
I-GC-MS ihlukanisa izinhlanganisela futhi inikeza ulwazi oluningi lwe-spectral olusiza abahlaziyi ukuthi babone, balinganise, futhi baqhathanise izimpawu ze-petroleum biomarker.
5. Ingabe ama-biomarker angawubona umthombo wangempela wokuchitheka kukawoyela?
Bangakwazi ukuqinisa umthombo, kodwa abaphenyi kufanele bahlanganise imiphumela ye-biomarker nomlando wesayithi, ama-hydrocarbon avamile, nobunye ubufakazi.
6. Isimo sezulu sikuthinta kanjani ukutolika kwe-biomarker?
Isimo sezulu sisusa noma sishintsha ezinye izingxenye ze-petroleum, ngakho abahlaziyi kufanele bacabangele ukuhwamuka, ukuchithwa, i-biodegradation, kanye ne-photooxidation ngesikhathi sokuhumusha.
7. Iyini inani le-PCA ekuqapheni ukungcoliswa kwamafutha?
I-PCA ihlela izilinganiso eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi yembula ubudlelwano phakathi kwama-biomarker, okuguquguqukayo kwe-petroleum, namasampuli angabonisa amaphethini ahlobene okungcola.
8. Ingabe ama-biomarker anele ukuhlonza umthombo wemvelo?
Cha. Ama-Biomarker ahlinzeka ngobufakazi obubalulekile, kodwa ukwaziswa okuthembekile kudinga amakhemikhali ahambisanayo, izibalo, umlando, indawo, kanye nolwazi lwenkundla.
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Funda Futhi: Isilinganiso Sokucekelwa phansi Kwemvelo Kwezolimo