Zvibereko zvitsva nemiriwo zvinogona kutsigira kudya kunovaka muviri, asi kugadzirwa kwazvo kunowanzobatanidza mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inodzivirira zvirimwa pazvipembenene, zvirwere, sora, nezvimwe zvipenyu zvinokwanisa kuderedza kunaka kwegoho uye kukosha pamusika.
Zvisaririra zvemishonga yezvipembenene mumichero nemiriwo zvisaririra zvemakemikari anoshanda kana zvigadzirwa zvawo zvakaputsika zvinosara zviri mukati kana mukati mezvibereko mushure mekurapa kwekurima kwakaitika panguva yekugadzira zvirimwa uye zvisati zvadyiwa.
Zvisaririra hazviitike pamazinga akafanana muchirimwa chese nekuti sarudzo yemishonga yezvipembenene, mwero wekushandiswa, nguva, mamiriro ekunze, maitiro echirimwa, uye nguva yekukohwa zvinogona kukanganisa zvinosara pakukohwa uye panguva yekuchengetera.
Zvimwe zvisaririra zvemishonga yezvipembenene zvinogona kuramba zviri mumhoteredzo uye zvichifamba nemuvhu, mvura, zvirimwa, mhuka, uye zvirongwa zvekudya, kunyanya kana makemikari anoramba achiwedzerwa kushandiswa kana kubatwa zvisina kunaka mushure mekurapwa.
Kunzwisisa kunobva zvisaririra, izvo zvinogadzirwa zvinogona kuva nazvo, uye kuti kurima, kugadzira, uye maitiro emumba zvinopesvedzera kuratidzwa kunobatsira vatengi nevagadziri kuita sarudzo dzakachengeteka dzekutonga chikafu zuva rega rega.
Chii Chinonzi Mishonga Yezvipembenene?
Mushonga wezvipembenene (Pesticide residue) zvinoreva mushonga wacho pachawo kana chigadzirwa chinoumbwa kana kemikari yachinja mushure mekuiswa pachirimo kana mukati mezvirimwa zvakakohwewa mushure mekurapwa uye goho risati rasvika kune vatengi.
Zvisaririra zvinogona kuitika pamusoro, mukati mematishu ezvirimwa, kana mune zvinosanganisirwa zvinhu zvakaita sevhu nemvura kana makemikari asimuka kubva panzvimbo yaaishandisa. Kufamba kwemishonga yezvipembenene muvhu inobatsira kutsanangura izvi.
Kuvepo kwezvisaririra hakungotsananguri kukura kwengozi yehutano nekuti njodzi inotsamira pane chinhu, fungidziro, maitiro ekuratidzwa, uye maitiro emunhu akafumurwa.
Chigadzirwa chinogona kuwana marapirwo akati wandei mumwaka mumwe wekukura, kunyanya apo varimi vanobata tumbuyu, hosha dzefungal, sora, uye kumwe kutyisidzira kunogona kuderedza goho, chitarisiko, kunaka kwekuchengetedza, uye kukosha kwekutengesa.
Kudzokororwa kuisirwa mushonga wezvipembenene, nguva isingakodzeri kuisa, kukukurwa netsaona, kusagadziriswa zvakanaka kwemidziyo, uye kukohwa nguva pfupi yadarika mushure mekurapwa kunogona kuwedzera mikana yezvisaririra zvisingadiwi zvinosara pagoho panguva yekukohwa.
Mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza akakosha nekuti chiedza chezuva, kunaya kwemvura, tembiricha, mwando, zvimiro zvevhu, uye tupukanana zvinogona kukanganisa kufamba kwemishonga yezvipembenene, kuramba uye kushanduka. Zvinhu izvi zvakafanana nezvakakurukurwa mu kufamba kwemishonga yezvipembenene muvhu zvirimwa zvisati zvasvika kuvatengi.
Verenga zvakare: Heavy Metal Kusvibiswa muIvhu
Masara Emishonga Yezvipembenene Mukugadzira
Varimi nevagadziri vekutengesa vanoshandisa mapoka akawanda emishonga yezvipembenene pazvirimwa zvemichero nemiriwo, kusanganisira mishonga yezvipembenene, fungicides, mishonga yesora, uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvakasarudzirwa tumbuyu nezvirwere. Izvi zvinobatana zvakanyanya ne nzira dzekusvibiswa kwekudya.
Mienzaniso inoshumwa mune zvinyorwa zvinyorwa inosanganisira sarufa, endosulfan, mancozeb, phorate, methyl parathion, monocrotophos, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, malathion, carbendazim, copper oxychloride, uye dichlorvos. Kunetseka kwakafanana kunoitikawo ne zvisaririra zvemishonga yezvipembenene muzvirimwa zvakachengetwa.
1. Mishonga yezvipembenene: Varimi vanoshandisa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene kudzivirira zvipembenene zvinodya mashizha, madzinde, maruva, midzi, kana michero. Mienzaniso inosanganisira methomyl, imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos, uye lambda-cyhalothrin mune zvidzidzo zvekugadzira. Kunzwisisa nzira dzekuuraya zvipembenene inowedzera chirevo chinobatsira.
2. Fungicides: Mafungicides anodzivirira zvirimwa kubva kuzvirwere zvefungal izvo zvinoderedza chitarisiko, kunaka kwekuchengetedza, uye kutengesa. Zvinonzi zvakasara zvinosanganisira maneb-ane hukama nemakemikari, carbendazim, iprodione, boscalid, cyprodinil, uye fenhexamid. Related pesticide metabolism maitiro inogona kupesvedzera zvakasara kushingirira.
3. Mishonga yesora: Mishonga yesora inobata masora anokwikwidzana nemvura, kudya, chiedza chezuva, uye nzvimbo. Zvinetso zvezvisaririra zvinoenderana nechigadzirwa, mamiriro ekushandisa, chirimwa, uye nguva yekukohwa. Kushandiswa kwakachengeteka kunoenderanawo kutarisira mishonga yezvipembenene zvakakodzera.
4. Persistent Compounds: Mamwe makemikoro anoramba ari mugadziriro yezvakatipoteredza kwenguva yakareba kupfuura mamwe, achibvumira zvisaririra kana kuti zvinhu zvine hukama zvifambe nomuvhu, mvura, zvirimwa, mhuka, uye cheni dzezvokudya. Izvi zvinoita mutoro wemakemikari kubata kunyanya kukosha.
Mishonga Yezvipembenene muMiriwo
Miriwo inogona kuchengetedza mishonga yezvipembenene nekuti yakawanda inorapwazve mumunda wava pedyo nekukohwa, nepo mashizha ayo anodyiwa, madzinde, michero, midzi, kana mapods anogona kusangana zvakananga nemishonga panguva yekurima.
Zvidzidzo zvakaburitswa muzvinyorwa zvakaratidza magaka sechirimwa chine masara emishonga yezvipembenene akawanda, ine methomyl, metalaxyl, uye imidacloprid pakati pemakomisheni akanyanya kuwanikwa mumasampuli akaedzwa akaunganidzwa kubva kumisika.
Zvimwe zvakasara zvakashumwa mumagaka samples aisanganisira boscalid, chlorpyrifos, cyprodinil, fenhexamid, tebuconazole, uye mamwe macompounds, zvichiratidza kuti muriwo mumwe unogona kuva nezvakawanda zvakasara panguva imwe chete mushure mekurapwa panguva yekurima nekukohwa.
Makabhichi, nyemba, uye mashizha emasitadhi zvakashumwa pakati pezvigadzirwa zvine mazinga akakwirira akasara mune imwe ongororo yeChinese, nepo melon inovava, pizi, bhinzi, eggplant, uye sipinashi zvakaratidza kunetseka. Nzira dzakafanana dzinoonekwa mukati mamiriro enzvimbo yemishonga yezvipembenene.
Mamiriro emwaka anogona kukanganisa huwandu hwezvisaririra nekuti mamiriro ekunze, kudzvanywa kwezvipembenene, marongero ekurapa, uye maitiro ekukura kwechirimwa anoshanduka mukati megore, zvichigadzira mutsauko pakati pemasample akaunganidzwa panguva dzakasiyana nenzvimbo.
Vatengi vanofanira kubata muriwo zvine hungwaru mushure mekutenga, ukuwo varimi vachifanira kutevedzera matsamba emishonga yezvipembenene, nguva dzakakodzera dzegoho, uye zvinodiwa nechirimwa kuti vaderedze zvisaririra zvisina basa. Maitiro ekurima ekurima anobatsirawo kudzikisira marara ekurima.
Mishonga Yezvipembenene Mumichero
Michero inogona kunge iine inodarika imwe yakasara yemushonga wezvipembenene nekuti varimi vanogona kushandisa zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana pamatanho akasiyana ekudzora tumbuyu, kubata kwezvirwere, kutaridzika, hupenyu hwekuchengetedza, kana zvimwe zvinodiwa zvekugadzira mukugadzirwa kwekutengesa.
Zvidzidzo zvakashuma zvakasara mumazambiringa uye akati wandei michero yecitrus, nepo mapomegraneti, plums, sitiroberi, matomatisi, uye zvine chekuita nazvo zvakaratidzawo musanganiswa wemakomisheni akati wandei anoonekwa muzvigadzirwa zvakatorwa kubva kuongororo dzemumunda.
Mishonga inowanzoonekwa inosanganisira imazalil, thiabendazole, chlorpyrifos, procymidone, methidathion, lambda-cyhalothrin, carbendazim, iprodione, pyrimethanil, fenhexamid, prochloraz, cyprodinil, uye boscalid muzvigadzirwa zvakaedzwa kubva munzvimbo dzakawanda dzakaongororwa uye dzakagadzirwa.
Maapuro, mapapaya, mhiripiri, uye sitiroberi zvaive pakati pezvigadzirwa zvakaratidzwa muBrazilian yekutarisisa mhedzisiro yemasampuli akadarika muganho wepamusoro wasara muchirongwa chakataurwa panguva iyoyo yekutarisa.
Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakashuma zvakasara zvakawanikwa mumapeari, mazambiringa, michero yecitrus, mhiripiri, magaka, uye matomatisi, nepo mabheri akatengwa kunze kwenyika, mango, papaya, uye pepinos airatidzawo kushushikana kwehutachiona. Sustainable Agriculture principles inogona kutsigira kushandiswa kwemakemikari zviri nani.
Nekuda kwekuti michero inowanzodyiwa iri mitsva, vatengi vanofanirwa kunyatsoigeza nekuibata zvine hutsanana, nepo varimi vachifanira kuremekedza marekodhi, nguva yekushandisa, uye zvinosara. Broader kushandiswa kwemarara ekurima inogona kuderedza njodzi dzekusvibiswa.
Zvinhu Zvinowedzera Masara Mazinga
1. Chiyero chekushandisa: Kushandisa mishonga inouraya zvipembenene yakawanda kudarika mwero wakatenderwa kunogona kusiya masarasara akawanda uye kukonzeresa kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza, kunyanya kana zvikumbiro zvinodzokororwa zvikaitika pasina kutariswa kwezvipembenene zvakakwana mumapurazi.
2. Nguva uye Nguva Yekukohwa: Kuisa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene pedyo zvikuru nekukohwa kunogona kusiya nguva isina kukwana yekuparara kwega kwega goho risati rasvika kumisika, kunyanya kana vashandi vakafuratira nguva inodiwa isati yakohwewa.
3. Mamiriro ekunze: Kunaya kwemvura, tembiricha, mwando, chiedza chezuva, uye mhepo zvinogona kuchinja kufamba kwemishonga yezvipembenene uye kuparara. Kunaya kwemvura zhinji kunogona kufambisa makemikoro kuburikidza nekuyerera, ukuwo kupisa kuchigona kukanganisa kushanduka nekubuda kwemhepo mushure mekushandisa.
4. Zvirimwa uye Ivhu Mamiriro ezvinhu: Chimiro chechirimwa, hunhu hwepamusoro, kuumbwa kwevhu, hunyoro, organic matter, uye pH zvinogona kukanganisa mafambiro, kuramba, kuputsa zvipembenene, kana kusvika kumiti yezvirimwa. Related degradation factors nyaya.
5. Midziyo uye Mabatiro: Zvisina kucheneswa zvakasimudzwa zvipfapfaidzo, midziyo inobvinza, kusanganisa kusiri iko, kudonha netsaona, uye kusachengeteka kwemakemikari kunogona kuwedzera kukanganisa kwekushandisa uye kusvibisa zvirimwa kana nharaunda. Zvakakodzera mushonga wezvipembenene zvekutakura mvura inoderedzawo kusvibiswa kwakafara.
Utano uye Migumisiro Yezvakatipoteredza
1. Kuratidzwa kwevanhu: Vanhu vanogona kusangana nezvisaririra zvemishonga yezvipembenene kunyanya kuburikidza nekudyiwa kwechikafu, kunyangwe kuratidzwa kwebasa uye kwezvakatipoteredza kunogonawo kubatsira mukusangana kwakazara nemakemikari ezvipembenene muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva nebasa.
2. Zvinogona Kunetsa Pautano: Mabhuku akapihwa anosanganisa kufumurwa kwemushonga wezvipembenene zvakanyanya nemagetsi system mhedzisiro, allergies, hypersensitivities, matambudziko ekubereka, kusagadzikana kwekudzivirira, uye zvimwe zvinonetsa kenza kana kuratidzwa kukava kwakakosha kana kurebesa.
3. Kushingirira Kwezvakatipoteredza: Makemikari anoramba aripo anogona kuramba ari muzvikamu zvezvakatipoteredza, kufamba nemuvhu nemvura, uye kupinda muhurongwa hwehupenyu, zvichigadzira mikana yekudzokororazve nekufamba kwenguva. Nzira dzemvura dzakasvibiswa inogona kuwedzera kunetseka kwezvakatipoteredza.
4. Food Chain Movement: Mimwe mishonga isingarambiki inogona kuungana muzvipenyu uye yowedzera kunyura kuburikidza nenzira dzechikafu, ichiwedzera kunetseka kwezvisaririra kupfuura zvirimwa zvekutanga zvakabikwa mumhuka dzesango, zvipfuyo, uye kudya kwevanhu.
5. Zvekurima: Kusatarisirwa zvakanaka kwemishonga yezvipembenene kunogona kusvibisa ivhu, mvura, chikafu, nenzvimbo dzakatenderedza, nepo tsvina yemishonga yezvipembenene nemidziyo yakaraswa inogona kugadzira dzimwe njodzi dzenharaunda. The wider zvinokonzerwa nekusvibiswa kwemvura ratidza kuti nei kudzivirira kuchikosha.
Verenga zvakare: Zvakatipoteredza uye Utano Migumisiro Yemarara
Processing uye Residue Kuderedza
Kugadziriswa kunogona kuchinja masara emishonga yezvipembenene, asi mhedzisiro yacho inoenderana nekemikari, chikafu, nzira yekugadzira, uye nzvimbo yezvinosara mukati kana pane chibereko panguva yekubatwa isati yadyiwa nemazvo.
Kugeza kunogona kubvisa chikamu chezvakasara zviri panzvimbo yezvigadzirwa, kunyanya kana kunyatsocheneswa kwasvika munzvimbo dzine utachiona, kunyangwe kugeza hakugone kuvimbisa kubviswa zvachose kwemushonga wese wemushonga usati wadya kana kubika.
Kupepeta kunogona kuderedza zvisaririra zvakanangidzirwa pamusoro kana kuti pedyo nechekunze kwemimwe michero nemiriwo, asi zvinogonawo kubvisa zvinodyiwa uye zvinovaka muviri zvinokosha kubva muchikafu panguva yekugadzirira kumba.
Kubika, juicing, kuomesa, canning, kana mamwe magadzirirwo ekugadzirisa anogona kushandura zvakasara zvakadzika kuburikidza nekushatisa, kubviswa, dilution, kuisa pfungwa, kana kutamisa pakati pezvakasiyana zvikamu zvechikafu panguva yekugadzirira kusati kwashandiswa kana kuchengetedza mushure.
Iyo sosi yezvinyorwa inotsanangura zvakare masara emishonga yezvipembenene akaonekwa muzvigadzirwa zvakagadziriswa, zvichiratidza kuti kugadzirisa hakufanirwe kungoitwa semhinduro yakakwana yekusvibiswa. Kugona nzira dzekuchengetedza chikafu inofanira kutsigira kubata kwakachengeteka.
Kubata chikafu kwakanaka kunoshanda zvakanyanya pamwe chete nekushandisa mishonga yezvipembenene zvine hunyanzvi nekuti kugadzira kwemumba hakugone kutsiva kushandiswa kwakaringana, nguva yekukohwa kwakaringana, kudzora, uye maitiro ekutonga purazi zvine hungwaru. Kutevera mitemo yehutano hwemvura inobatsirawo kuchengetedza madiridziro.
Kudzivirira Matanho eKugadzirwa Kwakachengeteka
1. Kushandisa Mushonga Wezvipembenene zvine musoro: Varimi vanofanira kusarudza zvigadzirwa zvakakodzera, kushandisa mari inokurudzirwa, kurwisa tupukanana twakaonekwa, uye kudzivirira kushandisa zvisina basa izvo zvinogona kuwedzera mwero wezvisaririra uye kurasikirwa kwezvakatipoteredza panguva yekurima zvirimwa.
2. Nguva Yakafanira Kukohwa: Vagadziri vanofanira kucherechedza nguva inodiwa pakati pekushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene nekukohwa kuitira kuti zvisaririra zvive nemukana wakakwana wekuderera zvirimwa zvisati zvapinda mumisika yezvekudya uye munzvimbo dzekugadzirisa.
3. Kuita Kwakanaka Kwekugeza: Vatengi vanofanira kugeza michero nemiriwo zvakakwana nemvura yakachena inoyerera vasati vagadzirira kana kuti kudya, vachiziva kuti kugeza hakubvisi mishonga yose yezvipembenene vasati vashumira.
4. Zvirinani Processing: Nzira dzakafanira dzekupeura, kubika, kuchekerera, kana kugadzira dzimwe nguva dzinogona kuderedza zvisaririra, kunyange hazvo kushanda kuchisiyana nemushonga wezvipembenene nechikafu zvinenge zvichibatwa pazvinokodzera rudzi rwega rwega rwechikafu.
5. Sustainable Production: Kudyidzana kwezvipembenene, nzira dzekurima organic, mishonga yezvipembenene, uye nzira dzekudzivirira zvipembenene zvinogona kuderedza kutsamira pakudzokororwa kwechinyakare kushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene kana yaitwa nemazvo pamasisitimu akakodzera ekurima.
6. Murau Wakasimba: Kunyoreswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene kunoshanda, kutarisisa, kuyedzwa kwezvisaririra, kuteedzera, dzidzo yevarimi, uye kugara uchiongorora mitemo yemishonga inobatsira kuchengetedza vatengi. Residue control inobatsira zvipfuyo kuburikidza sound residu management uye kero kuratidzwa kwemishonga yezvipfuyo.
Pfupiso pamusoro peChii Masara eMushonga mumichero nemuriwo
| Aspect | Pfungwa Huru |
|---|---|
| Zvisaririra zvePesticide | Iwo makemikari emishonga yezvipembenene kana zvigadzirwa zvawo zvakaputsika zvakasara mukati kana mukati mezvigadzirwa. |
| Main Source | Zvisaririra zvinogona kuitika kubva mukupfapfaidza zvakananga, kurapwa kunodzokororwa, kukukurwa, kusatora nguva, uye kubata zvisina kunaka. |
| Vegetables | Cucumber, kabichi, legumes, mustard, melon inovava, pizi, bhinzi, eggplant, uye sipinachi zvakabuda muzvidzidzo zvakasara. |
| Zvibereko | Mazambiringa, michero yecitrus, maapuro, mabheri, sitiroberi, papaya, mango, mapeya, nemimwe michero inogona kunge iine masara akawanda. |
| Residue Levels | Mwero wekushandisa, nguva, mamiriro ekunze, ivhu, maitiro echirimwa, uye zvishandiso zvinogona kukanganisa mazinga asara. |
| Zvinogona Kufunganya | Kunyanya kuratidzwa kwakabatanidzwa muzvinyorwa zvinopihwa nekutya, kubereka, immune, allergic, uye zvimwe zvinetso zvehutano. |
| Processing | Kugeza, kupepeta, kubika, nedzimwe nzira dzekugadzirisa zvinogona kuderedza mamwe masara asi hazvigone kuvimbisa kubviswa zvachose. |
| Kudzivirira | Kushandisa mishonga inouraya zvipembenene zvine ungwaru, nguva yekukohwa kwakaringana, kuwacha, kugadzirwa kwakasimba, kutarisisa, nekugadzirisa zvinobudirira zvinobatsira kuderedza matambudziko asara. |
Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa Nezve Mishonga Yezvipembenene Mumichero neMiriwo: Chokwadi Chakakosha
1. Masara emishonga yezvipembenene chii?
Mishonga yezvipembenene makemikari emishonga yezvipembenene kana zvigadzirwa zvawo zvinoparara zvinosara pamichero, miriwo, uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvekurima.
2. Sei michero nemiriwo zvine masara emishonga yezvipembenene?
Zvisaririra zvinogona kusara mushure mekunge mishonga yezvipembenene yaiswa kudzora tumbuyu, zvirwere, sora, uye zvimwe zvipembenene zvekurima.
3. Chikafu chimwe chingava nesarasara yemishonga yezvipembenene yakawanda here?
Ehe. Mishonga yezvipembenene yakasiyana inogona kuiswa panguva yekugadzirwa, zvichiita kuti zvisaririra zvakawanda zvionekwe kuti zviitike pachirimwa chimwe.
4. Kugeza kunobvisa masara emishonga yezvipembenene here?
Kunyatsogeza kunogona kubvisa mamwe masara epamusoro, kunyangwe isingakwanise kuvimbisa kubviswa zvachose kwemushonga wese wemushonga.
5. Kusvuura kungaderedza masara emishonga yezvipembenene here?
Kupepeta kunogona kuderedza zvisaririra zvakanangana pedyo nedzimwe nzvimbo dzekunze, asi zvinobvisawo zvinodyiwa uye zvinovaka muviri.
6. Ndezvipi zvinhu zvinowedzera zvakasara mazinga?
Mwero wekushandisa, nguva yekurapa, mamiriro ekunze, maitiro echirimwa, mamiriro evhu, kukanganisa kwemidziyo, uye kusakwana kwemwaka wekukohwa kunogona kuwedzera masara.
7. Ndeapi maitiro anogona kuderedza masara emishonga yezvipembenene?
Kushandiswa kwemushonga wezvipembenene zvine mutsindo, nguva yekukohwa, kugeza, kugadzirisa kwakakodzera, kubata kwezvipembenene zvakabatanidzwa, maitiro ezvipembenene, uye kudzora kunoshanda kunogona kubatsira.
8. Sei kuongorora zvisaririra zvezvipembenene kwakakosha?
Kuongorora kunobatsira kuona kusvibiswa, kutsigira kutevedza zvinodiwa nezvisaririra, kuchengetedza vatengi, nekuvandudza manejimendi emishonga yezvipembenene mumasisitimu ekugadzira chikafu.
Iwe une chero mibvunzo, mazano, kana mipiro? Kana zvirizvo, ndapota inzwa wakasununguka kushandisa bhokisi rekutaura pazasi kugovera pfungwa dzako. Tinokukurudzirawo kuti ugoverane nomutsa mashoko aya nevamwe vangabatsirwa nawo. Sezvo tisingakwanisi kusvika munhu wose panguva imwe chete, tinoonga zvechokwadi rubatsiro rwenyu mukuparadzira shoko. Ndinokutendai zvikuru nerutsigiro rwenyu uye nokugoverana!
Verenga zvakare: Nhungamiro Yakakwana Yekusarudza, Kuchengeta, uye Kuchengetedza Miriwo uye Michero