Kutakurwa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene mumvura iri pamusoro kunotsanangura mafambiro anoita makemikoro aya nemuhova, nzizi, madziva, madziva, madhamu, uye madhiraivha akabatana mushure mekunge vasiya nzvimbo dzawo dzekutanga dzekurima kana dzemudhorobha.
Kufamba kwemishonga yezvipembenene hakuteveri nzira imwe iri nyore nekuti komisheni imwe neimwe inodyidzana nemvura inoyerera, zvidimbu zvakaturikwa, zvakanyungudutswa organic zvinhu, sediments, chiedza chezuva, tupukanana, uye zvipenyu zvemumvura munzira dzakasiyana siyana.
Mimwe mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inofamba zvakanyanya muchikamu chanyungudutswa uye inofamba nemvura, nepo mimwe inonamatira zvakasimba kuvhu, organic matter, ivhu, kana zvidimbu zvakarembera uye inofamba nezvinhu zvinotakurwa.
Kunaya kwemvura, kuyerera kwemvura yekudiridza, kukukurwa kwevhu, kuyerera kwemvura, kukukurwa kwepfapfaidzo, uye kubuda netsaona kunogona kupinza mishonga yezvipembenene mumvura yepamusoro. Kuisa kwavo, kugovera, uye kushingirira zvino zvinoenderana nemamiriro ekunze uye makemikari zvinhu.
Kunzwisisa nzira idzi kunobatsira mamaneja ezvakatipoteredza, varimi, vafambisi vehove, zvishandiswa zvemvura, uye zviremera kufanotaura njodzi dzekusvibiswa, kusarudza nzvimbo dzekutarisa, uye kuderedza kufamba kwemishonga yezvipembenene kubva munzvimbo yakarapwa kuenda mumvura inogashira uye nzvimbo dzinogara mumvura.
Mapindiro Anopinda Mushonga Wezvipembenene Mumvura Yepamusoro
Nzira dzinoverengeka dzinogona kufambisa mishonga yezvipembenene munzizi nedzimwe mvura dzinogamuchira. Kunzwisisa nonpoint nzira dzekusvibiswa kwemvura inobatsira kuona uko kunaya kwemvura, kwemvura, kukukurwa kwevhu, nekupararira kwemabasa ekurima kunosvibisa.
Kuyerera kunopa imwe yenzira dzakanyanya kukosha nekuti mvura inofamba ichipfuura nepamusoro penzvimbo yakacheneswa inogona kunyungudutsa masara emishonga yezvipembenene kana kutakura zvidimbu zvevhu zvine utachiona mumadhaini ari pedyo, hova, madziva, nenzizi.
Minda yekurima inogonawo kubatsira kuburikidza kurima kunoyerera senzvimbo yekusvibisa, kunyanya apo kunaya kwemvura zhinji kunotevera kuiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene uye inotakura zvakasara zvakanyungudutswa kana ivhu rakakukurwa ichienda kumvura yakabatana pamusoro pemvura.
Kukukurwa kunowedzera imwe nzira. Kana mvura yanaya ichivhara ivhu, mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inokwanisa kufamba neyakakukurwa. Madutu ane simba saka anogona kuburitsa kutakura kunosvibisa kunyangwe kunyungudika kwemvura yemishonga yezvipembenene kunoramba kuri kushoma.
Spray Drift inogonawo kubatsira kana madonhwe kana zvidimbu zvakatsetseka zvichifamba kunze kwenzvimbo yaunoda kurapwa uye kupinda mumvura iri pedyo zvakananga. Maitiro akanaka ekushandisa anoderedza iyi nzira nekudzora kuratidzwa kwemamiriro ekunze uye kushandiswa kwemidziyo.
Drainage network inobatanidza minda yekurima nenzvimbo dzemadhorobha kune mvura inotambirwa. Mvura inosiya nzira idzi inogona kutakura zvisaririra zvemishonga yezvipembenene muhova hombe, madhamu, matoro, uye matsime emvura, zvichiita kuti pave nekuratidzwa kuzasi kwenzvimbo yepakutanga.
Mvura yepasi pevhu inogonawo kukonzera kusvibiswa kwemvura pamusoro pemvura apo mishonga yakanyungudutswa yezvipembenene inofamba pasi pevhu uye yozobuda muhova, zvitubu, kana dzimwe mvura dzakabatana. Iyi nzira inogona kuenderera mberi mushure mekupera kwemvura.
Nekuti nzira dzinoverengeka dzinogona kushanda pamwe chete, huwandu hwemishonga yezvipembenene hunowanzo siyana zvakanyanya munguva nenzvimbo. Kuongorora mushure mekunaya kwemvura, panguva yekuchinja mafambiro, uye pedyo nenzvimbo dzekupinda zvinogona kuvandudza kunzwisisa kwezvekufambisa.
Verenga zvakare: Sampling uye Sampling Equipment yeMvura, Ivhu uye Sediment
Kutakurwa kwemishonga yezvipembenene mumvura yakanyungudika
Chikamu chakanyungudutswa chinosanganisira mamorekuru emushonga wezvipembenene akagoverwa kuburikidza nemvura pachayo pane kuti anamatirwe kune yakakura yakasimba. Aya mamorekuru anowanzo pindura kune ikozvino kumhanya, mhirizhonga, kusanganisa, uye kufamba kwemvura kwese.
1. Kuyerera Kwemvura: Mishonga yezvipembenene yakanyungudika inowanzofamba nemvura inofamba, zvichiita kuti mvura inoyerera uye kumhanya kwazvino kuve kwakakosha kudzora. Kuyerera nekukurumidza kunogona kutakura zvinosvibisa kure kusati kwashatisa, dilution, kana mamwe maitiro anoderedza kuwanda.
2. Kupararira: Mvura haifambi sechivharo chakakwana. Kubvongodzwa nekusiyana kwekumhanya kwemazuva ano kwakaparadzira mishonga yezvipembenene pambiru yemvura uye nemugero wezasi.
3. Yakanyungudika Organic Matter: Mimwe mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inodyidzana neyakanyungudutswa organic kabhoni kana colloidal zvinhu ichiri mobile. Kushamwaridzana uku kunogona kushandura zvinooneka zvekufambisa pasina kukonzeresa kugadzirisa nekukurumidza senge zvidimbu zvakakura zvaizoita.
4. Solubility: Mishonga inonyungudika zvakanyanya inowanzoramba ichiwanikwa mumvura uye inogona kufamba zviri nyore panguva yekuyerera. Yakaderera-solubility makomisheni anowanzo patsanura akananga kumarara, organic zvinhu, kana zvakamiswa zvakagwinya padyo.
5. Chemical Exchange: Mamorekuru akanyungudutswa anogona kusungirira kune akaturikwa zvimedu kana kudzoka kubva muzvidimbu mumvura. Uku kuenderera mberi kwekuchinjana kunoreva kuti mushonga wezvipembenene unogona kuchinjanisa mafomu ekufambisa neashoma panguva yekufambisa.
6. Concentration Shanduko: Dilution, kusanganisa, kushatisa, uye zvimwe zvinopinda zvinoshandura uwandu hwemishonga yezvipembenene apo mvura inofamba ichidzika pasi. Naizvozvo, chinhambwe kubva kunzvimbo yekunyorera chete haigone kufanotaura nekuvimbika kusungwa panzvimbo yekutarisa.
Sediment Transport uye Pesticide Sorption
Mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inoita zvakasiyana nekuti inofamba nezvinhu zvakamiswa kwete kungotevera chikamu chemvura yakanyungudika. Jecha, silt, ivhu, marara emarara, tsvina, uye zvakaunganidzwa zvakanaka zvinogona kutakura makemikari zvichidzika.
Hydrophobic pesticides ine tsika yakasimba yekusiya mvura uye inonamatira kune organic kabhoni nedzimwe nzvimbo. Hunhu uhu hunogona kuisa zvinosvibisa pasi pasi, kunyanya panounganirwa zvidimbu zvidimbu neorganic.
Zvimwe zvinosvibisa zvinoungana mu sediment share maitiro anotsanangurwa mukati sediment-associated contaminant movement, kunyange zvazvo kemisitiri yemishonga yezvipembenene ichisiyana zvikuru pakati pemakomboni ega ega.
Kana simba rerukova radzikira, zvimedu zvakamiswa zvinogara munzvimbo dzekuisa. Madhamu, madhirimu, mvura yekuseri, madziva, nenzvimbo dzakadzivirirwa zvinokwanisa kuunganidza marara ane mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene uye kubvisa kwechinguva makemikari aya kubva pambiru yemvura inoyerera.
Sediment haibati zvachose mushonga wese wezvipembenene. Kuvhiringika kwemuviri, mafashama, mafashamo, dutu remhepo, kufamba kwezvikepe, kuvaka, kudonhedza, kana kushandura mazinga emvura kunogona kumisazve zvimedu zvakasvibiswa uye kudzosera makemikari akabatana kumvura.
Kumisazve kunogona kuwedzera kusvibiswa kupfuura nguva yekutanga yekushandisa nekuti zvisaririra zvemishonga yezvipembenene zvinogona kufamba zvakare mushure mekugara mumatope kwemwedzi kana makore. Sediment saka inoshanda sesese sink uye svikiro rekufambisa.
Kuongorora kwakavimbika kunoda inomiririra mvura, ivhu, uye sediment sampling saka vaongorori vanokwanisa kusiyanisa zvakanyungudutswa zvakanyungudutswa kubva kune zvakasara zvine chekuita neakamiswa kana kuisirwa zvinhu.
Sorption simba rinokanganisawo kufamba. Mishonga inouraya zvipembenene ine hukama hwakasimba hwevhu organic matter kana mineral surface inowanzoramba yakabatana, nepo makomisheni asina kusimba akabatana anogona kufamba zviri nyore mumvura yakanyungudika.
Kana yangomiswazve, mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inogona kugovaniswazve pakati pevhu nemvura. Mamwe mamorekuru anonyungudika, nepo mamwe anoramba akabatana nezvidimbu zvinozogara zvakare sezvo kuyerera kwesimba kunodzikira panguva dzakadzikama.
Pamusoro peMvura Kuyerera uye Hydrodynamics
Hydrodynamics inoona kuti mvura netsvina zvinokurumidza kufamba sei, panogara zvidimbu, uye kana zvakasara zvemishonga yezvipembenene zvakaiswa zvinodzokera pambiru yemvura. Zvinhu zvakati wandei zvemuviri zvinodzora maitiro aya pane ese pamusoro-mvura masisitimu.
1. Flow Velocity: Mvura inokurumidza inogona kuwedzera kufamba kwakadzika uye kuchengetedza zvimedu zvakanaka zvakamiswa. Mamiriro anononoka anokurudzira kuiswa, achibvumira mishonga yezvipembenene inosanganiswa kuti iungane mumadziva, madhamu, nedzimwe nzvimbo dzine simba shoma.
2. Mhepo: Turbulent kuyerera kunowedzera kusanganisa uye kunogona kukanganisa pasi sediments. Kubvongodzwa kwakasimba nokudaro kunosimudzira kugovaniswa pakati pechikamu chakanyungudutswa, zvidimbu zvakamiswa, uye sediment yemubhedha mukati mechikamu chemvura inofamba.
3. Kuwedzera kwemvura: Madutu makuru anogona kukonzera kuyerera nekukukurwa nekukasira, achiendesa zvisaririra zvemishonga yezvipembenene nevhu rine utachiona kunzizi. Zvifambiso zvinofambiswa nedutu zvinogona kuburitsa nhambo pfupi dzemishonga yezvipembenene yakakwira zvisingaite.
4. Kuyerera Geometry: Mugero wakafara, kudzika, kutenuka, kubhenda, madziva, uye zvipingamupinyi zvinokanganisa kutenderera nekugadzirisa. Aya maficha emuviri anogona kugadzira nzvimbo dzinochinjana dzekutakura mishonga yezvipembenene, kuchengetedza, uye kuvandudzwa kwekufamba kudzika pasi.
5. Reservoir Conditions: Madhamu nemadziva kazhinji ane nguva refu yekugara kwemvura uye nzvimbo dzakakura dzekuisa. Zvimedu zvakamiswa zvinotakura mishonga yezvipembenene zvinogona kugara ipapo, ukuwo kusanganisa uye kuchinja kwemwaka kunogona kuzogovera zvakare tsvina.
6. Zviitiko zveMafashamo: Mafashamo anogadzira mamiriro ekufambisa akasarudzika nekuwedzera kuyerera, shear stress, uye sediment kufamba. Zvisaririra zvemishonga yezvipembenene zvakamboiswa zvinogona kufamba zvakare uye kuenda kunzvimbo dziri zasi kwerwizi kana kunonwa mvura.
Kufambisa muNzizi, Madziva, uye Madhamu
Hova dzinowanzotakura mishonga yezvipembenene kuenda kure uye nekukurumidza kupfuura madziva kana madhamu nekuti mvura inofamba nemugwara rakatsanangurwa. Nekudaro, madziva emunharaunda, nzira dzeparutivi, zvinomera, uye madhipoziti anogona kunonoka kufamba.
Murwizi rwuri kumhanyisa, mushonga wezvipembenene wakanyungudika unogona kufamba uchidzika nerwizi uku mhirizhonga ichiiparadzira mugero. Kuyerera maitiro uye kuburitsa mitengo inokanganisa kuti mazinga anoshanduka nekukurumidza sei mvura painofamba.
Concentrations inogona kudonha kuburikidza ne dilution, degradation, sorption, uye kuwedzera musanganiswa munzira. Nzvimbo yakadzika saka inogona kuratidza mutsara wakasiyana wemishonga yezvipembenene kubva payakatanga kupinda.
Madziva nemadhamu zvinogadzira mamiriro akasiyana nekuti mvura inoramba iri muhurongwa kwenguva refu. Mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inogona kugara netsvina yakaturikwa, kuramba yakanyungudika, kusanganisa yakatwasuka, kana kufamba nemunzvimbo dzakasiyana isati yasiya bheseni.
Kunzwisisa zvinopinda mvura zvakabatana zvinobatsirawo kubva muruzivo rwe Kutarisira kwemvura yakasviba uye maitiro ekurapa, kunyanya apo zvinoyerera zvakarapwa kana kuti zvisina kurapwa zvinowedzera zvinosvibisa nzizi, madziva, kana madhamu.
Stratification inogona kupatsanura pamusoro uye yakadzika mvura kana tembiricha uye density misiyano inokura. Kuturikidzana kwakadaro kunogona kukanganisa pasara mishonga yezvipembenene yakanyungudika uye kuti zvinosvibisa zvinosvika sei pakadzika pemvura kana nzvimbo dzekubuda nadzo.
Mvura yekumashure uye nzvimbo dzisina kudzika dzenzvimbo dzinogona kuchengetedza marara anotakura zvipembenene kwenguva yakareba. Gare gare shanduko mukuyerera, kutenderera kunofambiswa nemhepo, kana kushanda kwedhamu kunogona kukanganisa madhipoziti aya uye kutamisa zvisaririra kudzika zvakare.
Munguva yemadutu, nzizi nemadhamu zvinokwanisa kugashira mishonga yezvipembenene kubva kunzvimbo dzakawanda dziri kumusoro kwerwizi. Aya pulses anogona kugadzira nhanho dzenguva pfupi dzekuti sampling inogona kupotsa kana kutarisa kukaitika panguva dzisina kukodzera.
Musiyano uripo pakati pekuyerera uye ichiri mvura inoita kuti saiti-chaiyo ongororo yakakosha. Mamaneja anofanirwa kufunga nezvemamiriro echiteshi, nguva yekugara, maitiro etsvina, kuyerera kwemwaka, uye zvingangove zvemishonga yezvipembenene pavanenge vachiongorora nzira dzekufambisa.
Zvinhu Zvinochinja Pesticide Mobility
Kufamba kwemushonga wezvipembenene kunoenderana nemakemikari zvinhu uye mamiriro ekunze. Izvi zvinhu zvinotarisa kana komisheni inoramba yakanyungudika, inosunga kune zvimedu, inoshatisa nekukasira, kana kuti inoramba yakaringana kuti idzokororwe kutakurwa.
1. Kunyungudika kwemvura: Kunyungudika kunokanganisa zvakanyanya kuti mushonga wezvipembenene unoramba uri mumvura here kana kuti zvikamu zvakaomeswa. Mishonga yakawanda inonyungudika inowanzova nekunyungudika kukuru, kunyanya kana mvura ikayerera nekukasira munzvimbo dzakarapwa.
2. Sorption Affinity: Mishonga inosunga zvipukanana zvevhu, organic carbon, kana sediment inowanzofamba kana zvinhu izvozvo zvanyura. Kutakura kwavo nekudaro kunoenderana zvakanyanya neakamiswa simbi uye sediment dynamics.
3. Kushingirira: Mushonga wezvipembenene unodzikisira zvishoma nezvishoma unoramba uripo kuti utakurwe kwenguva yakareba. Kushingirira kunowedzera mukana wekudzokororwa kufamba panguva yemadutu ekupedzisira, zviitiko zvekumisazve madhaka, kana mamiriro ekuyerera akadzikama pasi.
4. Organic Matter: Organic-yakapfuma ivhu uye sediment inogona kupa nzvimbo dzakawanda dzehydrophobic pesticide attachment. Depositional zone dzine organic material dzakakura saka dzinogona kuchengetedza makomisheni aya kwenguva yakareba kupfuura nzvimbo dzine jecha, dzakaderera-organic.
5. Environmental Conditions: Tembiricha, pH, chiedza chezuva, okisijeni, microbial chiitiko, uye kemisitiri yemvura zvinogona kukanganisa kuderedzwa kwemishonga yezvipembenene uye kugovera kwechikamu. Shanduko dzemwaka dzinogona kushandura mafambiro ekufambisa mukati memvura yakafanana.
6. Kushandisa uye Mamiriro ezvinhu: Chiyero chekushandisa, nguva, materu emumunda, chifukidziro chezvinomera, mamiriro evhu, kuyerera kwemvura, uye kunaya kwemvura mushure mekurapwa zvinokanganisa huwandu hwemushonga wezvipembenene uripo pakuyerera kana kukukurwa kwemvura pamusoro pemvura.
Kugovewazve kwemishonga yezvipembenene uye kuderedzwa
Kutakurwa kwemishonga yezvipembenene hazvirevi kuti kemikari inoramba isina kuchinjwa murwendo rwayo rwose. Mamiriro emvura anogona kukonzeresa shanduko, nepo zvipenyu uye marara zvichikwanisa kugoverazve makomisheni pakati peakati wandei akabatana ezvakatipoteredza makamuri.
Kemikari shanduko inogona kushandura mamorekuru emushonga wezvipembenene kuburikidza nekuita kunosanganisira kemikari yemvura, oxidation, kuderedza, hydrolysis, kana mamwe maitiro. Zvigadzirwa zvinoguma zvinogona kuita zvakasiyana kubva kune yekutanga komboni mumvura yepamusoro.
Kushatisa kwehutachiona kunoitika kana tupukanana tukashandisa kana kushandura mishonga yezvipembenene panguva yakajairika metabolic chiitiko. Mamiriro ekudziya, kudya kwakakodzera, kuwanikwa kweokisijeni, uye nzvimbo dzekugara dzakanaka zvinogona kukanganisa kumhanya kwekuparara kwebiology.
Photolysis inoitika kana chiedza chezuva chichipa simba rinoshandura mamorekuru emishonga inouraya zvipembenene. Mvura yemudenga yakavhenekerwa nechiedza chezuva chakasimba saka inogona kusangana nekudzikira kwakasiyana kubva kune shaded, turbid, kana mvura yakadzika iri pedyo.
Sorption inoramba yakakosha panguva yekuora nekuti mushonga wezvipembenene wakanamirwa kune sediment unogona kusangana nekuratidzwa kwakasiyana kuchiedza chezuva nema microbe pane molecule yakanyungudika zvakasununguka. Kupatsanura saka kunogona kushandura kushingirira kwezvakatipoteredza.
Sarudzo dzekurapa kwemvura dzinoenderanawo tekinoroji yekurapa uye zviyero zvemhando yemvura, nokuti kushanda kwemaitiro ekurapa kunogona kusiyana nemakemikari ane tsvina uye kushamwaridzana kwayo kwemuviri nemvura kana zvakasimba.
Bioaccumulation uye bioconcentration inogona kufambisa masara emishonga yezvipembenene kubva mumvura kuenda kuzvinhu zvipenyu zvemumvura, kunyanya kana makomisheni anyungudika zvisina kunaka mumvura asi achingobatana nemafuta kana matishu ebhayoloji pamusoro penguva yakareba yekuratidzwa.
Mutemo waHenry unotsanangura tsika yekomboni yekuparadzanisa pakati pemvura nemhepo. Pamishonga inouraya zvipembenene inoputika zvakakwana, nzvimbo iyi inogona kukanganisa kurasikirwa kubva mumvura yepamusoro kuburikidza nekuchinjana kwemhepo yakananga.
Kugadziriswa kwemvura yeruzhinji zvinogona kusanganisira nhanho dzakawanda dzemuviri nemakemikari, kunyangwe kubviswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene kunoenderana neiyo musanganiswa, kusungirirwa, kemisitiri yemvura, uye chitima chekurapa chakasarudzwa.
Pamwe chete, kudzikisira uye nzira dzekufambisa-nhanho dzinoratidza kuti mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene inoramba iripo kwenguva yakareba sei pakufambisa kwepasi. Komboni inogona kufamba, kugadzika, kunyungudika zvakare, kushandura, kunyungudika, kana kupinda zvipenyu mukati merwendo rwayo rwezvakatipoteredza.
Verenga zvakare: Nzira Dzakakodzera dzeKuchenesa Mvura Yakasviba
Kuongorora uye Kuderedza Kutakurwa Kwemishonga Yezvipembenene
Kudzora kunobudirira kunotanga mishonga yezvipembenene isati yasvika pamusoro pemvura. Kuongorora kunofanirwa kuzadzisa manejimendi ekudzivirira nekuona nzira dzingangoitika, kuronda shanduko yekutarisa, uye kuratidza kana zvifambiso zvakanyungudutswa kana zvine chekuita nemarara zvinotonga.
1. Ronga Kushandisa Mushonga Nehungwaru: Tevedzera iyo chigadzirwa label, shandisa chete chiyero chinodiwa, uye dzivirira zvisina basa maapplication. Kuderedza huwandu huripo panyika kunodzikisira huwandu hungatakurwa nekuyerera.
2. Chengetedza Nzvimbo dzeIvhu: Vegetative cover, mulching, kuchengetedza maitiro, nekudzora kukurwa kwevhu zvinoderedza kurasikirwa kwevhu. Kuchengeta tsvina paminda zvakare kunoderedza kutakurwa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene mumvura iri pedyo.
3. Chengetedza Kunaya kwemvura uye Drainage: Dzivisa kushandisa mvura isati yanyanya kunaya kana zvichiita. Chengetedza zvimisikidzo zvemvura nenzvimbo dzine zvinomera kuitira kuti kuyerera kunonoke, kupindire, uye kuisa mashanga kusati kwasvika kuhova kana madziva.
4. Chengetedza Mabhafa eMvura: Chengetedza nzvimbo dzakasvibirira dzakasvibirira dzakakodzera dziri pedyo nenzizi, hova, migero, uye madziva. Nzvimbo idzi dzinogona kunonoka kuyerera kwepasi, kuteya marara, uye kuderedza kuendeswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene mumvura yepamusoro.
5. Tarisa Mvura uye Sediment: Unganidza sampuli dzinomiririra panguva yakakodzera yemwaka uye mamiriro ekuyerera. Kuedza zvese mvura uye sediment kunogona kuratidza yakanyungudika kusvibiswa pamwe nekuramba kuripo-kwakabatana nemasara nekufamba kwenguva.
6. Rongedza Matanho ekupindura: Varimi, vezvemvura, mamaneja ehove, nharaunda, nevanotonga vanofanira kugovana ruzivo pamusoro pekushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene, kurashikirwa kusina kujairika, zviitiko zvedutu, uye mibairo yekuongorora kuti vavandudze dziviriro yekugamuchira mvura.
For wider matanho ekudzivirira kusvibiswa kwemvura, manejimendi anofanirwa kusanganisa kudzikisira kwesosi, kudzora kumhanyisa, kungwarira kemikari kuisa, kutarisa, nekudzivirira kwenzvimbo dzinogashira dzinogamuchira.
Uko zviitiko zveindasitiri zvinopa zvinosvibisa, maindasitiri emarara ekurapa maitiro inogona kuderedza kubudiswa kwetsvina tsvina isati yasvika munzizi, madhamu, migero yemvura, kana dzimwe mvura dzakabatana.
Vatungamiri vanogonawo kuongorora iripo nzira dzekurapa mvura yetsvina pakusarudza zvigadziriso zvinoshanda zvemvura yakasvibiswa, uchifunga nezvezvinosvibisa, zvinodiwa pakuburitsa, mutengo, uye kunzwisiswa kwekugamuchira mvura.
Kusvibiswa kweMvura Kubva Kurima Kwekurima inopa mamwe mamiriro ezvekurima ekuti mvura inoyerera ingatakura sei mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene, marara, chikafu, uye zvimwe zvinosvibisa mumvura iri pedyo uye kukanganisa nharaunda dzemvura.
Pfupiso pamusoro peKutakurwa kweMishonga Mumvura Yepamusoro: Maitiro Akakosha
| Aspect | Summary |
|---|---|
| Yakanyungudika Transport | Mishonga yakanyungudika inowanzofamba nemvura inoyerera uye inodaidzira zvakasimba pakuyerera, kusanganisa, kupararira, kunyungudika, uye kuparara. |
| Particle Transport | Mishonga yezvipembenene inofamba netsvina yakarembera, zvimedu zvevhu, organic matter, uye zvimwe zvinyoro zvinotakurwa nemvura zvichidzika. |
| Sediment Storage | Nzvimbo dzine simba shoma dzinogona kuunganidza mashanga ane mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene uye kumbochengeta zvisaririra kusvika pakukurwa kwevhu, mafashamo, kana mhirizhonga zvakonzera kuti zvimire. |
| Hydrodynamics | Kumhanya, mhirizhonga, kunaya kwemvura, chimiro chemugero, mamiriro edhamu, uye mafashamo zvinotarisa kuti mishonga yezvipembenene inofamba sei, inogara, uye inogovanisa sei. |
| Chemical Factors | Solubility, sorption affinity, kushingirira, organic matter kudyidzana, uye chemistry yezvakatipoteredza zvinopesvedzera zvakanyanya kufamba kwezvipembenene uye nguva yekugara. |
| Kudzikisira | Kemikari kuita, kuita hutachiona, kupenya kwezuva, kuvhuvhuta, bioaccumulation, uye bioconcentration zvinogona kushandura kusungirirwa kwemishonga yezvipembenene uye mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza. |
| Kuderedza Ngozi | Kuisa nekuchenjerera, kudzora kukukurwa kwevhu, nzvimbo dzekuvharira mvura, kutariswa kwemvura, kutarisa kwemumiriri, uye mhinduro yakarongeka zvinogona kuderedza kuendeswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene mumvura yepamusoro. |
Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa Nezve Kutakurwa Kwemishonga Yezvipembenene Mumvura Yepamusoro: Makiyi Matanho
1. Chii chinodzora kutakurwa kwemishonga yezvipembenene mumvura yepamusoro?
Kutakura kunoenderana nekunyungudika kwemishonga yezvipembenene, sorption, kushingirira, kunaya kwemvura, kumhanya, kuyerera, kuyerera kwesediment, mhirizhonga, kemisitiri yemvura, uye kudyidzana nezvinhu zvehupenyu uye zvipenyu zvemumvura.
2. Mishonga yakanyungudika inofamba zvakasiyana here nemishonga yezvipembenene?
Ehe. Mishonga yakanyungudika inowanzo famba nemvura, ukuwo mishonga inosunga zvipembenene inofamba nezvidimbu zvakaturikwa uye inogona kugara munzvimbo dzinochengeterwa isati yadzoka panguva yemhirizhonga inotevera.
3. Sei madhaka achigona kuchengeta mishonga yezvipembenene kwenguva yakareba?
Mishonga yezvipembenene yeHydrophobic kazhinji inosunga zvakasimba kune organic matter uye yakanaka sediment. Zvinhu zvakaiswa zvinokwanisa kuchengetedza zvisaririra kubva mukutakurwa nekukasira kusvika mafashama, mhirizhonga, kudhonzwa, kana kukukurwa kwazvimisa zvakare.
4. Ko kunaya kwemvura zhinji kungawedzera kuwandisa kwemishonga yezvipembenene munzizi here?
Ehe. Kunaya kwemvura zhinji kunogona kukonzera kuyerera nekukukurwa kwevhu, zvichikonzera kuti mishonga yezvipembenene yakanyungudiswa uye ipinde munzizi, hova, madziva nemadhamu.
5. Chii chinoitika kumishonga yezvipembenene pashure pokupinda mudhamu kana kuti mudziva?
Zvinogona kuramba zvakanyungudutswa, kubatanidza kune zvakamiswa zvimedu, kugara mumatope, kushatisa, kunyungudika, kana kugovaniswazve kuburikidza nekusanganisa, kutenderera, kushandura mazinga emvura, uye mwaka nemwaka mamiriro emuviri.
6. Kuparara kwemishonga yezvipembenene kunokanganisa sei zvifambiso?
Kushatisa kunoderedza huwandu hwemushonga wezvipembenene wepakutanga unowanikwa pakutakura, kunyangwe zvigadzirwa zvekushandura zvinogona kuramba zvine chekuita nemhoteredzo uye dzimwe nguva kuita zvakasiyana kubva mukomboni yemubereki.
7. Varimi vangaderedza sei kufamba kwemishonga mumvura?
Varimi vanokwanisa kutevedzera ma- label directions, kuderedza kusamira zvisina basa, kudzivirira ivhu kuti risakukurwe, kuchengetedza miti ine miti, kugadzirisa mvura nemazvo, uye kudzivirira kuisa mvura nguva pfupi isati yanaya zvakanyanya.
8. Nei zvose mvura netsvina zvichifanira kuongororwa?
Sampuli dzemvura dzinoratidza kusvibiswa kwakanyungudika, nepo sediment samples inogona kuona inorambira-inosanganisirwa zvisaririra zvinoramba zviri munzvimbo dzedepositional kunyangwe huwandu hwemvura huchiita kunge hwakaderera.
Iwe une chero mibvunzo, mazano, kana mipiro? Kana zvirizvo, ndapota inzwa wakasununguka kushandisa bhokisi rekutaura pazasi kugovera pfungwa dzako. Tinokukurudzirawo kuti ugoverane nomutsa mashoko aya nevamwe vangabatsirwa nawo. Sezvo tisingakwanisi kusvika munhu wose panguva imwe chete, tinoonga zvechokwadi rubatsiro rwenyu mukuparadzira shoko. Ndinokutendai zvikuru nerutsigiro rwenyu uye nokugoverana!