WealthInWastes

Pesticides are frequently found in surface and ground water and concentrations have been found that could affect small aquatic organisms or animals that feed on… Read More »Behaviour and Fate of Pesticides in Water

Several factors determine the length of time herbicides persist. These factors fall into three categories: soil factors, climatic conditions, and herbicidal properties. Factors from each… Read More »Factors Influencing Pesticide Degradation in Soils

Alongside sorption, degradation is the second most important process used to predict the fate of pesticides in soils (Boesten and van der Linden, 1991). Many… Read More »Degradation and Types of Pesticides in Soils

Apart from microbial degradation, pesticides are also converted in the environment through many different mechanisms. Physical and chemical agents play significant roles in the transformation… Read More »Pesticide Conversion Mechanisms in the Environment Non-Enzymatic Conversion

The transformation of the different types of pesticides to various degradation products is brought about by physical, chemical, and biological agents (Coats, 1991). Microbial metabolism… Read More »Pesticide Conversion Mechanisms in the Environment Enzymatic Conversion

Because fumigants are broad-spectrum pesticides, space fumigation, done properly, will kill all species and life stages of insects and rodents that are likely to be… Read More »Advantages and Disadvantages of Fumigation

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has compiled a list of extremely hazardous materials for which records must be kept by the local Emergency… Read More »Hazardous Materials Management Guide

All fumigant products must be stored in a locked, dry, well-ventilated place away from heat. Do not risk contamination of water, food, or feed by… Read More »Storing, Handling and Disposing of Fumigants

Fumigants are used in various formulations and dosages according to the nature of the commodities and pests involved. Factors that modify fumigant effectiveness that must… Read More »Factors that Modify Fumigant Effectiveness

All space fumigant products and several soil fumigant products, especially those containing chloropicrin and/or methyl bromide, are now labeled Restricted-Use. A number of fumigant active… Read More »Types and Nature of Fumigants

Fumigation is the use of poisonous gases to kill pests in an enclosed area. It is the most effective way to reach pests in their… Read More »Soil Fumigation, Importance and Types of Fumigation

Rainfall is necessary for the activation of soil-applied herbicides as the downward flow of water transports herbicides to the root zone. The placement or position… Read More »Effect of Rainfall on Herbicide Transport

The ability of herbicides to adsorb on soils and sediments and their tendency to desorb are the most important factors affecting soil and water contamination… Read More »Factors Affecting the Absorption of Herbicides

Herbicides reaching the soil are subjected to various reactions with soil and environmental factors. Herbicides reach the soil through preplanting and preemergence applications, as foliage… Read More »Soil Herbicide Interaction and Herbicide Efficacy

Large application of fertilizers has been practiced on arable lands to improve crop production and recover inherent and induced soil nutrient deficiency (Kassir et al.,… Read More »Factors Affecting the Mobility of Other Toxicants in Soil

Irrigation and management practices such as the rate and timing of pesticide applications and the mode of pesticide application also affect pesticide transport processes. The… Read More »Management Practices Affecting the Mobility of Pesticides in Soil

The site conditions affecting the mobility of pesticides in the soil include groundwater table, hydrogeologic conditions, and climatic and weather conditions. Generally, the groundwater table… Read More »Site Conditions Affecting the Mobility of Pesticides in Soil

Soil properties exert significant influences on the fate and transport of pesticides in croplands. Pesticide movement in soil is largely controlled by several factors including… Read More »Soil Properties Affecting Pesticide Mobility in Soil