Umthelela Wemvula Kwezokuthutha Ezibulala Ukhula

Ukuna kwemvula kudlala indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi imithi yokubulala ukhula efakwe emhlabathini iziphatha kanjani ngemva kokuba abalimi beyifake emasimini ezolimo. Amanzi angenza imithi yokubulala ukhula isebenze, asabalalise kabusha izinsalela, futhi ahambise amakhemikhali ngezimbotshana zomhlabathi.

Umthelela wemvula ekuthuthweni kwemithi yokubulala ukhula uncike enanini lemvula, ukuqina, isikhathi, umswakama womhlaba, ukuthungwa kwenhlabathi, izinto eziphilayo, ukungena emanzini, kanye nezakhi zamakhemikhali zomuthi wokubulala ukhula ngokwawo.

Imvula encane ingase ifake isibulala-khula endaweni engaphezulu yenhlabathi, kuyilapho imvula enkulu noma eqhubekayo ingaqhubezela izinsalela ezincibilikile zijule. Amanzi eqile angaphinda adale ukugeleza lapho umthamo wokungena ukhawulelwa.

Ukunyakaza kokubulala ukhula kubalulekile ngoba ukuthuthwa okuphumelelayo kungabeka ikhemikhali eduze kokhula olumilayo, kuyilapho ukunyakaza okudlulele kungathwala izinsalela ngale kwendawo okuhlosiwe. Ukulahlekelwa okunjalo kungase kuthinte izitshalo, imithombo yamanzi, nezinto eziphilayo.

Ngakho-ke ukuqonda umthelela wemvula ekuthuthweni kwemithi yokubulala ukhula kusiza abalimi ukuba babikezele ukusebenza kwezibulala-khula, kunciphise ukulahlekelwa okungadingekile, futhi kuvikelwe inhlabathi namanzi ekungcoleni kwamakhemikhali okungagwemeka.

Imvula Iwahambisa Kanjani Ama-Herbicides

Ukuna kwemvula kwenza imithi eminingi yokubulala ukhula efakwe enhlabathini isebenze ngokuncibilikisa isithako esisebenzayo bese siyisa phansi sibheke ungqimba lomhlabathi lapho imbewu yokhula imila khona. Umswakama owanele uthuthukisa ukutholakala kwamakhemikhali ngaphandle kokubangela ukunyakaza ngokweqile.

Inani lamanzi angena emhlabathini lincike ekutheni imvula ina ngamandla kangakanani kanye nezinga lokungena komhlabathi. Uma imvula idlula umthamo wokungena, amanzi anqwabelana phezulu futhi andise amathuba okugeleza kwe-herbicide.

Lapho imvula ingena kahle emhlabathini, umuthi oncibilikisiwe ungahamba namanzi angena ngezimbotshana ezixhumene. Ibanga elihanjiwe lincike ekwakhekeni kwenhlabathi, ukungeneka, ukukhanga, umswakama, nokuncibilika kwamakhemikhali.

Ngakho-ke abalimi kufanele bacabangele izimo zezulu zendawo ngaphambi kokufaka izibulala-khula zomhlabathi. Ulwazi lwe izimo zesayithi ezinomthelela ekuhambeni kwezibulala-zinambuzane kusiza ukubikezela ukunyakaza kwamakhemikhali ngemva kwezenzakalo zemvula.

Ukwakheka kwenhlabathi nakho kushintsha ukusabela kwemvula ngoba inhlabathi enesihlabathi ivamise ukuvumela ukungena kwamanzi ngokushesha, kanti inhlabathi ecolekileyo ingavimbela ukungena futhi yandise amachibi angaphezulu lapho imvula ifika ngokushesha.

Ucwaningo ku izakhiwo zomhlabathi ezithinta ukunyakaza kwezibulala-zinambuzane ibonisa ukuthi kungani ukuthungwa kwenhlabathi, umswakama, izinto eziphilayo, ukwakheka, kanye ne-pH kungaba nomthelela omkhulu ekusabalaleni kwamakhemikhali ngemva kwemvula.

Ukuna kwemvula akuthuthukisi ngokuzenzakalelayo ukusebenza kwe-herbicide ngoba amanzi amaningi angase athuthe isithako esisebenzayo ngaphezu kwendawo ehlosiwe. Ukusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo kudinga umswakama owanele ukuze kusebenze ngaphandle kokususwa kwamakhemikhali okungadingekile.

Funda Futhi: Izindima Zabakhiqizi Nezinkampani Ekulawuleni Udoti

Isikhathi Sokuna Kwemvula kanye Nokuqaliswa Kwezibulala-zinambuzane

1. Ukuna Ngokushesha Ngemva Kokufaka Isicelo: Ukuna kwemvula ngokushesha ngemva kokufakwa kwe-herbicide kungasiza ekuncibilikiseni futhi kuhambise izithako ezisebenza enhlabathini endaweni engaphezulu yenhlabathi, kusekele ukuthintana nembewu yokhula ekhulayo kanye nezimpande ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele.

2. Umswakama Omaphakathi Ngemva Kokufaka Isicelo: Imvula emaphakathi ivamise ukuhlinzeka ngamanzi anele ukuze kusebenze izibulala-khula ezifakwe enhlabathini ngaphandle kokubangela ukugeleza okukhulu noma ukuvuza okujulile, ikakhulukazi lapho inhlabathi iqukethe izinto eziphilayo ezanele kanye nesakhiwo esizinzile.

3. Imvula Enamandla Ngokushesha Ngemva Kokufaka Isicelo: Imvula enamandla ingahambisa imithi yokubulala ukhula ngokushesha emhlabeni wonke noma ngezimbotshana ezinkulu, ikhulise ukulahleka kwamakhemikhali lapho imvula ifika ngaphambi kokungena okwanele nokufakwa.

4. Imvula Ebambezelekile Ngemva Kokufaka Isicelo: Imvula ebambezelekile ingase inciphise ukusebenza kwemikhiqizo edinga umswakama, ikakhulukazi uma inhlabathi eyomile ikhawulela ukusatshalaliswa kwemithi yokubulala ukhula. Ezinye izinhlanganisela zingase zihlale zichayeke ekonakalisweni, ekushiseni, noma ekukhanyeni kwelanga phakathi nezikhathi ezomile ezinde.

5. Ukuna Ngezigaba Ezibucayi Zezitshalo: Ukuna kwemvula kufanele futhi kucatshangelwe maqondana nokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo ngoba ukunyakaza okudlulele endaweni yezimpande kungabeka izitshalo ezisengozini ekugxilweni kwemithi yokubulala ukhula engase ibangele ukulimala.

6. Ukuqapha Isimo Sezulu Ngaphambi Kokufafaza: Abalimi banganciphisa ukulahlekelwa okungagwemeka ngokubheka imvula elindelekile ngaphambi kokufafaza, ngokulandela amalebula emikhiqizo, nokugwema izicelo lapho izimo zesibikezelo zibonisa ukugeleza okukhulu noma izingozi zokuvuza.

7. Umswakama Wenhlabathi Ngaphambi Kokufaka Isicelo: Umswakamo okhona womhlabathi unomthelela ekutheni ingakanani imvula eyengeziwe engamunca inhlabathi. Umhlabathi ominyene noma ocishe ugcwale unomthamo olinganiselwe wokugcina ngakho-ke wandisa ubungozi bokugeleza kwamanzi phakathi neziphepho ezilandelayo.

8. Izinga Lokufaka Isicelo Nesikhathi: Amazinga alungile kanye nesikhathi kunciphisa ukulayishwa kwamakhemikhali okungadingekile emhlabathini. Isiqondiso sivuliwe izinqubo zokulawula izibulala-zinambuzane isekela izinqumo ezingcono mayelana nezicelo, ukuchelela, kanye nezingozi zokuthutha.

Izakhiwo Zenhlabathi Ezilawula Ukuthuthwa Kwemithi Yokubulala Ukhula

1. Ukwakheka Kwenhlabathi: Ubukhulu besanti, udaka, nobumba bunquma ubukhulu bembotshana, ukungeneka, nokunyakaza kwamanzi. Inhlabathi eyisihlabathi ivamise ukuvumela ukuthutha okuya phansi ngokushesha, kuyilapho inhlabathi enobumba eningi inikeza ukukhanga okunamandla nokunyakaza kancane.

2. I-Soil Organic Matter: I-Organic matter ihlinzeka ngezindawo eziningi zokukhangisa zemithi yokubulala ukhula, inciphisa inani elisele lincibilike ngokukhululeka emanzini asenhlabathini. Ngakho-ke i-organic matter ephezulu ingakhawulela ukunyakaza ngokushesha ngaphansi kwezimo eziningi zensimu.

3. Umswakama womhlabathi: Umswakama womhlabathi uthinta kokubili ukutholakala kwe-herbicide kanye nokunyakaza kwamanzi. Inhlabathi eyome kakhulu ingase ibophe amakhemikhali athile ngokuqinile, kuyilapho inhlabathi evele imanzi ingakhuphula ukugeleza lapho imvula ingaphezu kwamandla okungena.

4. Ukwakheka Kwenhlabathi: Izibalo ezizinzile zinethonya endleleni amanzi angena futhi ahamba ngayo kuphrofayela. Imifantu, imigudu yezimpande, ama-wormholes, namanye ama-macropores anganikeza izindlela ezisheshayo zokuna kwemvula kanye nemithi yokubulala ukhula encibilikisiwe.

5. Ukuvunyelwa Komhlaba: Ukungena emanzini kunquma ukuthi amanzi angahamba ngokushesha kangakanani emhlabathini. Izinto ezivunyeleka kakhulu zingavumela imithi yokubulala ukhula encibilikisiwe ukuthi ifinyelele izingqimba ezijulile ngokushesha, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuna kwemvula enkulu.

6. I-pH yomhlabathi: I-pH yomhlabathi ishintsha ukushaja nokuziphatha kwamakhemikhali kweminye imithi yokubulala ukhula, engashintsha ukukhangiswa nokuhamba. Ukuqonda izakhiwo zomhlabathi nezimo zamakhemikhali ngakho-ke kuthuthukisa ukuhlolwa kwezokuthutha.

7. Ukubunjwa Kwenhlabathi: Izindawo zamaminerali nezinto eziphilayo zisebenzisana ngendlela ehlukile nemithi yokubulala ukhula. Ulwazi mayelana ukuphathwa kwemithombo yomhlabathi namaminerali kusiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani ukugcinwa kwamakhemikhali kuhluka kakhulu phakathi kwenhlabathi yezolimo.

I-Herbicide Adsorption kanye ne-Desorption

I-Adsorption kwenzeka lapho ama-molecule e-herbicide enamathela ezinhlayiyeni zomhlabathi, ikakhulukazi amaminerali obumba nezinto eziphilayo. Lokhu kusebenzisana kunciphisa ingxenye etholakala ngokushesha emanzini enhlabathini futhi kungabambezela ukuthutha okuya phansi.

I-Desorption kwenzeka lapho ama-molecule anamathiselwe ngaphambilini ebuyela esixazululo senhlabathi. Imvula ingakhuthaza le nqubo ngokushintsha izimo zokuswakama komhlabathi futhi ivumele amanzi ukuthi aqhudelane nama-molecule e-herbicide ezindaweni ezibophayo.

Ibhalansi phakathi kwe-adsorption kanye ne-desorption ithonya ukuthi imvula igcina umuthi wokubulala ukhula eduze nomhlabathi noma iwuyisa ezingqimbeni ezijulile. I-adsorption enamandla ingakhawulela ukunyakaza kodwa futhi ingase yehlise ukutholakala.

Ama-herbicides ane-adsorption ebuthakathaka angase ahlale ehamba emanzini asenhlabathini. Ulwazi mayelana ukunyakaza kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nezinqubo zokumuncwa ichaza ukuthi ukugeleza, ukucwiliswa, ukuvuthwa, ukudonsa, nokugcinwa kwamakhemikhali kusebenzisana kanjani.

Ama-molecule e-Herbicide angase ahlangane nomhlabathi ngokusebenzisa i-hydrogen bonding, i-ionic attraction, i-cation bridging, ukusebenzisana kwe-hydrophobic, nezinye izindlela ezinquma ukuthi zihlale zinamathele kangakanani.

Ngakho-ke i-Adsorption ithonya ukukhetha kokhula, ukuphikelela, kanye nokuthutha. Ukugcinwa okuqinile kungase kukhawulele ukunyakaza okuya phansi, kuyilapho ukugcinwa okubuthakathaka kungakhuphula ukuhamba futhi kukhuphule amathuba okungcola ngale kwenkambu eselashiwe.

Ukuphikelela kokubulala ukhula nakho kubalulekile ngoba imvula ingathutha amakhemikhali ahlala enhlabathini isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukuhlangabezana nokunyakaza kwamanzi okulandelayo. Izinto ezithintayo ukucekelwa phansi kwezibulala-zinambuzane emhlabathini ngakho-ke ingashintsha ubungozi bezokuthutha.

Lapho ukunyakaza kwamakhemikhali nokuphikelela kuhlangana nokuna kwemvula njalo, abalimi kufanele babhekisise isikhathi sokufaka isicelo, izici zenhlabathi, amaphethini okudonsa amanzi, kanye neziyalezo zomkhiqizo ngaphambi kokwelashwa.

Imiphumela Yemvula Ekugijimeni nasekuLeaching

1. I-Surface Runoff: Ukugeleza kuqala lapho imvula ifika emhlabathini ngokushesha kunokuba ikwazi ukumunca. Imithi yokubulala ukhula encibilikisiwe emanzini noma enamathiselwe ezinhlayiyeni ezigugulekile ingase yehle iye emiseleni, emifudlaneni, emachibini nasezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi.

2. Ukucwiliswa komhlabathi: I-Leaching ithwala imithi yokubulala ukhula encibilikisiwe iye phansi ngezingqimba zenhlabathi enamanzi angenayo. Ingozi iyanda lapho imvula ilandela ukusebenza eduze, ikakhulukazi enhlabathini evuzayo equkethe amakhemikhali ahamba kancane.

3. Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba: Lapho imithi yokubulala ukhula ihamba ngaphansi kongqimba lomhlabathi osebenzayo, ingase igcine ifinyelele emanzini angaphansi komhlaba. Ulwazi luvuliwe imithombo kanye nokuphathwa kokungcoliswa kwamanzi angaphansi igqamisa amakhemikhali ezolimo phakathi kwezinto ezingase zibe ukungcola.

4. Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi angaphezulu: Ukugeleza okuqhutshwa yimvula kungathwala amakhemikhali ezolimo awayise emanzini aseduze. Inkinga ebanzi ye ukungcoliswa kwamanzi okuvela emithonjeni yezolimo ikhombisa ukuthi kungani ukuphathwa kokugeleza kwamanzi kusabalulekile kwezemvelo.

5. Amandla Emvula: Iziphepho ezinamandla zingaveza umthamo omkhulu wokugeleza ngoba amanzi afika ngokushesha kunalokho okungenwa inhlabathi. Izehlakalo ezinjalo zingase zithuthe ama-herbicides asanda kufakwa ngaphambi kokuba umhlabathi ube mkhulu.

6. Isikhathi Sokuna Kwemvula: Imvula ehlala isikhathi eside ingaqhubeka ihambisa imithi yokubulala ukhula ngemva kokungena okokuqala, ikakhulukazi lapho inhlabathi isigcwele. Ngakho-ke ukugeleza kwamanzi okuqhubekayo kungase kwenyuse ukujula nebanga elihanjwa ngamakhemikhali ahambayo.

7. Ukuguguleka komhlabathi: Izinhlayiya ezigugulekayo zingathutha ama-adsorbed herbicides asuka ezindaweni zasensimini. Ngakho-ke ukukhawulela ukuguguleka kusiza ukunciphisa ukunyakaza kwamakhemikhali, kuyilapho izimila nezinsalela zezitshalo zingase zibambezele ukugeleza futhi zivale inzika.

8. Izimo zokudonsa amanzi: Ukugeleza kwamanzi okungalawulwa kahle kungase kugxilise amanzi angcolile futhi kukhulise ukunyakaza ukuya ezindaweni ezibucayi. Ukuvikela amanzi atholayo kufanele kuhlale kuyingxenye yokuphathwa kwamakhemikhali ezolimo ngendlela efanele.

Ukuthuthwa Kwemithi Yokutshala Ngezimbotshana Zomhlaba

1. Izimbotshana Zomhlaba Ezincane: Izimbotshana ezinhle zibamba amanzi ngamandla futhi zingabambezela ukunyakaza kwamakhemikhali. Izibulala-zinambuzane ezihamba kulezi zindawo ngokuvamile zihamba kancane kancane ngoba amanzi abhekana nokungezwani okukhulu ngaphakathi kwe-matrix yenhlabathi.

2. Izimbotshana Zomhlaba Ezinkulu: Izimbotshana ezinkulu ezixhumene zingasebenza njengemigudu esheshayo yemvula. Ngakho-ke imifantu, imigudu yezimpande, ama-wormholes, nezimbobo zesakhiwo kungase kuthuthe amanzi nezibulala-khula ezincibilikisiwe ngokushesha okukhulu.

3. Ukugeleza Okuthandwayo: Ukugeleza okukhethekile kwenzeka lapho amanzi edlula ingxenye enkulu yenhlabathi ezungezile ngokusebenzisa ama-macropores aqhubekayo. Le nqubo ingahambisa amakhemikhali ngokushesha izendlalelo ezijulile naphezu kokukhangiswa kwendawo okuqinile.

4. Ukusabalalisa: I-Diffusion ihambisa ama-molecule e-herbicide ukusuka ezindaweni zokugxilisana okuphezulu ukuya ezindaweni zokugxilisa kancane. Nakuba kuhamba kancane kunokugeleza okukhulu, ukusakazeka kunomthelela ekwabiweni kabusha lapho ukunyakaza kwamanzi kuba nomkhawulo.

5. Ukugeleza Kwenqwaba: Ukugeleza okukhulu kuthutha izibulala-khula ezincibilikisiwe ngamanzi anyakazayo. Ukuna kwemvula kwandisa lo mshini wokuthutha lapho ukungena kusebenza, okwenza ukuhamba kwamanzi kube esinye sezilawuli ezibaluleke kakhulu ekusabalaliseni kabusha kwamakhemikhali.

6. Iphrofayili yomhlabathi: Inhlabathi enezingqimba ingaqondisa kabusha ukunyakaza kwamakhemikhali. Izendlalelo ezingangenisi zingase zikhawulele ukugeleza okuya phansi futhi zikhuthaze ukunyakaza okubheke eceleni, kuyilapho izendlalelo ezikwazi ukungena zikwazi ukusheshisa ukuthutha okuqondile ukuya kumasistimu okukhipha amanzi kanye namanzi angaphansi komhlaba.

7. Izici Zomhlaba: Izimo zenhlabathi nomhlaba zinethonya ekungeneni kwemvula, ukuguguleka, nokunyakaza kwamakhemikhali. Isiqondiso sivuliwe izimo zomhlaba kanye nemithombo yamanzi inikeza ingqikithi ebanzi yokuhamba kwamanzi ezolimo.

8. Ukongiwa Kwenhlabathi: Isakhiwo senhlabathi esingcono kanye nokuvikelwa komhlaba kunganciphisa ukugeleza okusheshayo kanye nokuhamba okungalawuleki. Esimeme izindlela zokuphatha umhlaba ngakho-ke faka isandla ekulawuleni ukunyakaza kwamakhemikhali aqhutshwa yimvula.

Izingozi Zemvelo Zokuthutha Ezibulala Ukhula

Ukuthuthwa kwemithi yokubulala ukhula kuba yinto ekhathaza imvelo lapho amakhemikhali ehamba ngaphandle kwendawo yokwelapha ehlosiwe. Ukugeleza nokucwiliswa kwamanzi kungadalula inhlabathi, izitshalo, izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini, imfuyo, kanye nemithombo yamanzi ezinsaleni ezingadingeki.

Ukungcola okuphikelelayo kungase kuhlale emhlabathini futhi kuqhubeke nokusebenzisana nezitshalo noma ama-microorganisms. Imiphumela ebanzi ye izinto eziyingozi emhlabathini khombisa ukuthi kungani ukuhamba kwamakhemikhali kudinga ukunakwa ngokucophelela kwemvelo.

Izinsalela zomuthi ezifika emanzini angaphezulu zingathinta izitshalo ezingahlosiwe kanye nemvelo yasemanzini, ikakhulukazi lapho ukugeleza kuletha amakhemikhali avela ezindaweni ezinkulu zezolimo phakathi nezikhathi zemvula enamandla.

Ukungcola kwezolimo kungaba nomthelela ezinkingeni zekhwalithi yamanzi. Ulwazi luvuliwe imithombo kanye nezinhlobo zokungcoliswa kwemvelo ibeka ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ezolimo phakathi kwemisebenzi ekwazi ukuthikameza ikhwalithi yemvelo.

Ukuphepha kokudla kungase kusebenze uma izinsalela zingena ezitshalweni noma zihlale zikhona ukuze zithathwe izitshalo. Ingxoxo ye ukungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali ezolimo kokudla igqamisa ukubaluleka kokuphathwa kwamakhemikhali ngendlela efanele.

Ukungcola kungase kubangele imiphumela yezomnotho ngokuncipha kokukhiqiza, izindleko zokwelashwa, indawo ezungezile eyonakele, kanye nokulahlekelwa kwezokudoba noma kwezolimo. Ubufakazi okuxoxwe ngabo ku ukulahlekelwa kwezomnotho okubangelwa ukungcola ikhombisa lokhu kukhathazeka okubanzi.

Ukwengamela kwesikhungo nakho kusekela izinqubo zamakhemikhali eziphephile ngokuvikela inhlabathi, amanzi, ukudla, kanye nezithakazelo zomphakathi. Isebenza kahle izinhlelo zokulawula ukunukubezeka ingaqinisa ukuqapha kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo.

Funda Futhi: Incazelo kanye Nenqubo Yokunciphisa Imfucuza/Yokunciphisa

Izindlela Ezisebenzayo Zokukhawulela Ukunyakaza Kwe-Herbicide

1. Hlola Izibikezelo Zesimo Sezulu: Abalimi kufanele babuyekeze izibikezelo zemvula ngaphambi kokufaka isicelo futhi bagweme ukufafaza lapho kuneziphepho ezinamandla. Isikhathi esifanele singanciphisa ukugeleza ngokushesha kanye nokunyakaza okudlulele enhlabathini esanda kuhlanzwa.

2. Landela Amalebula Omkhiqizo: Amalebula omkhiqizo ahlinzeka ngezilinganiso zokufaka isicelo, isikhathi, imikhawulo yomhlabathi, ukuqaphela indawo ezungezile, nezinye izidingo. Ukulandela lezo ziqondiso kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kabi futhi kusiza ukugcina imithi yokubulala ukhula ingaphakathi kwendawo yokwelapha ehlosiwe.

3. Gcina Ikhava Yomhlabathi: Izitshalo nezinsalela zezitshalo zinciphisa umthelela wamaconsi emvula, amanzi ahamba kancane angaphezulu, futhi anciphise ukuguguleka. Ngakho-ke le mikhuba inganciphisa ukunyakaza kwenhlabathi ebulala ukhula phakathi neziphepho ezinamandla.

4. Phatha Ukuchelela Ngokuqaphela: Ukunisela ngokweqile kungasebenza njengemvula ngokukhuphula ukugeleza nokugeleza. Abalimi kufanele bafake amanzi ngokwezidingo zezitshalo ngenkathi becabangela umswakama womhlaba kanye nelebula le-herbicide.

5. Vikela Izinsiza Zamanzi: Izindawo eziyisivikelo, izindawo ezinotshani, nokubekwa ngokucophelela kwensimu kunganciphisa ukunyakaza kwamakhemikhali emifudlaneni nasemiseleni yokukhipha amanzi. Isiqondiso sivuliwe ukuvikela imithombo yamanzi iyasisekela lesi sinyathelo sokuzivikela.

6. Gwema Inhlabathi Eminyene: Ukufaka ama-herbicides enhlabathini egcwele amanzi kungakhuphula ukugeleza ngoba amanzi amancane engeziwe angangena endaweni. Ngakho-ke izimo zensimu kufanele zihlale zifanelekile ukungenwa ngaphambi kokwelashwa.

7. Yehlisa Ukuguguleka: Izindlela zokonga ezihamba kancane emanzini zinganciphisa ukuthuthwa kwemithi yokubulala ukhula eboshwe emhlabathini. Ukuhlelwa kwensimu efanele, izimila, ukugcinwa kwezinsalela, nezindlela zokulawula ukuguguleka kungathuthukisa ukuvikeleka kwemvelo.

8. Vimbela Ukulahleka Kwamakhemikhali: Ukuphatha amakhemikhali ngendlela efanele kudlulela ngalé kokufutha ensimini. Ukugcina, ukuxutshwa, ukuhlanzwa kwemishini, kanye nokulahlwa kufanele futhi kuvimbele izinsalela ezigxilile ukuthi zingangeni enhlabathini, emiseleni yamanzi nasezindaweni zamanzi.

Izimiso zokuvimbela udoti zingasekela ukuvikelwa kwemvelo okubanzi ngoba ukuvimbela ukungcoliswa emthonjeni ngokuvamile kunciphisa izidingo zokwelashwa kamuva. I izici zemvelo ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlela ukulahla qinisa le ndlela.

Abalimi kufanele futhi bacabangele izindlela zokuna kwemvula endaweni, izici zomhlabathi, ukuzwela kwezitshalo, izimo zokudonsa amanzi, kanye nezindawo zokubulala ukhula ndawonye kunokuthembela entweni eyodwa lapho behlola ubungozi bokuthutha.

Ukulawulwa kokhula okudidiyelwe kungaqhubeka nokunciphisa ukuncika ekufakweni okuphindaphindiwe kokubulala ukhula. Ukuhlanganisa ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali okufanelekile nezindlela zamasiko nezemishini kungase kwehlise inani eliphelele le-herbicide elethwa emhlabathini wezolimo.

Ukuhlela okuphumelelayo kungavikela ukukhiqiza kwezolimo kuyilapho kunciphisa izingozi zemvelo ngoba ukubikezela ukunyakaza kokubulala ukhula kuvumela abalimi ukuthi balinganisele izidingo zokulawula ukhula nokuphathwa kahle kwenhlabathi namanzi.

Ukuthuthwa kwemithi yokubulala ukhula kufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi kuhlolwe njengengxenye yesu elibanzi lokulawula imvelo. Ukuvikela umhlabathi, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, amanzi angaphezulu, izitshalo, imfuyo, nezinto ezingahlosiwe kudinga izinqumo ezicophelelayo ngaphambi nangemva kwezenzakalo zemvula.

Ubudlelwano phakathi kokuna kwemvula nokunyakaza kwemithi yokubulala ukhula buba bubaluleke kakhulu ngezikhathi zeziphepho ezivamile. Isikhathi esingcono sokufaka isicelo, ukongiwa kwenhlabathi, nokuphathwa kwamanzi kunganciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwamakhemikhali kuyilapho kugcinwa ukulawula ukhula ngempumelelo.

Kwezolimo ezisebenzayo, inhloso akukona ukuvimbela konke ukunyakaza kwezibulala-khula kodwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ezokuthutha eziwusizo zifinyelela endaweni okuhloswe ukuthi ilawule ukhula ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa okungadingekile ngale kwaleyo ndawo okuhlosiwe.

Abalimi bangafinyelela lokhu kubhalansi ngokuqonda amaphethini emvula, ukuziphatha kwenhlabathi, izakhiwo zokubulala ukhula, kanye nezidingo zokutshala. Ulwazi olunjalo lusekela ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ngendlela efanele futhi lunciphisa ukungcoliswa okungagwemeka kwemithombo yemvelo ezungezile.

Isifinyezo Somthelela Wemvula Ezokuthutha Ezibulala Ukhula

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Mayelana Nomphumela Wemvula Ekuthuthweni Kwemithi Yokubulala Ukhula

1. Kungani imvula ibalulekile emithini yokubulala ukhula efakwe emhlabathini?

Ukuna kwemvula kunikeza umswakama oncibilikisa futhi usabalalise kabusha imithi eminingi yokubulala ukhula efakwe enhlabathini, ibasize ifinyelele endaweni engaphezulu yenhlabathi lapho ukhula olumilayo nezimpande lungalubamba khona.

2. Ingabe imvula enamandla inganciphisa ukusebenza kwe-herbicide?

Yebo. Imvula enkulu ingakhukhula imithi yokubulala ukhula ngokugeleza noma ijule ngokucwilisa, inciphise ukugxila okusele endaweni ehloselwe ukulawula ukhula.

3. Ingabe uhlobo lomhlabathi lunomthelela ekuthuthweni kwe-herbicide?

Yebo. Inhlabathi eyisihlabathi ivamise ukuvumela ukunyakaza kwamanzi ngokushesha, kuyilapho inhlabathi enobumba kanye ne-organic ecebile ngokuvamile inikeza izindawo eziningi zokukhangisa ezinganciphisa ukuhamba kwe-herbicide.

4. Uyini umehluko phakathi kokugeleza nokugeleza?

Ukugeleza kwamanzi kugudluza imithi yokubulala ukhula emhlabeni wonke ngamanzi agelezayo, kuyilapho ukucwiliswa kwemithi yokubulala ukhula encibilikisiwe iye phansi ngokusebenzisa inhlabathi enamanzi angenayo.

5. Ingabe imithi yokubulala ukhula ingafinyelela emanzini angaphansi komhlaba ngemva kokuna kwemvula?

Yebo. Izibulala-zinambuzane ezihambayo nezingapheli zingahamba enhlabathini evumayo kanye nezindlela zokugeleza ezikhethwayo, ezingase zifinyelele emanzini angaphansi komhlaba lapho imvula inikeza umnyakazo owanele wokuya phansi.

6. Abalimi bangakwehlisa kanjani ukulahleka kwemithi yokubulala ukhula okuhlobene nemvula?

Abalimi bangaqapha izibikezelo zesimo sezulu, balandele amalebula emikhiqizo, bagweme inhlabathi egcwele, balawule ukuguguleka, balondoloze ukumboza komhlabathi, futhi balawule ukuchelela ngokucophelela ngemva kokufaka amakhemikhali.

7. Ingabe i-adsorption ihlala ithuthukisa ukusebenza kwe-herbicide?

Cha. Ukukhangisa okuqinile kunganciphisa ukunyakaza okungafuneki, kodwa ukugcinwa ngokweqile kungase futhi kwehlise inani le-herbicide etholakalayo ukuze imukelwe ukhula oluqondiwe.

8. Kungani kubalulekile ukubikezela ukuthuthwa kwe-herbicide?

Ukubikezela ukunyakaza kwamakhemikhali kusiza abalimi ukuthi balondoloze ukulawula ukhula ngempumelelo ngenkathi benciphisa ukugeleza, ukuvuza, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, ukulimala kwezitshalo, kanye nokuchayeka kwemvelo okungadingekile.

Njengoba singakwazi ukufinyelela wonke umuntu ngesikhathi esisodwa, silwazisa kakhulu usizo lwakho ekusakazeni izwi. Siyabonga kakhulu ngokusekela kwakho nokwabelana!

Funda Futhi: Izindlela Zamakhemikhali Zokulawula Ukhula Umhlahlandlela