Ukuthuthwa Kwenhlabathi, Ukubaluleka Nezinhlobo Zokufutha

Ukuthuthwa kwemfucuza kuhilela ukusetshenziswa kwamagesi anobuthi noma izinto ezikhulula amagesi ukulawula izinambuzane endaweni echaziwe. Inikeza ukufinyelela okuphumelelayo ezindaweni zokucasha lapho imithi evamile yokubulala izinambuzane engakwazi ukufinyelela khona kalula.

Amafumigants asebenza njengamagesi angena ezintweni eziphilayo eziqondiwe ngezinhlelo zokuphefumula noma izindawo zomzimba. Ubunjalo bawo begesi bubavumela ukuthi bahambe baye ezindaweni lapho izifutho, uthuli, nezindlela zokwelapha ezivamile zingashiya zingalashwanga.

Ekukhiqizweni kwezolimo, ukufuthwa kwenhlabathi kugxile kakhulu ezinambuzaneni ezihlala ngaphakathi kwenhlabathi, lapho ama-nematode, isikhunta, amagciwane, izinambuzane, nokhula kungaphazamisa izimpande, izithombo, ukuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezitshalo.

Ngenxa yokuthi izifutha zingathinta izinto eziphilayo eziningi, ukusetshenziswa kwazo kudinga ukuhlela ngokucophelela, ukukhethwa komkhiqizo okufanele, nokunaka okuqinile kwamalebula omkhiqizo, izimo zemvelo, ukuvikelwa kwezisebenzi, kanye nemithetho esebenzayo yezibulala-zinambuzane.

Ngakho-ke ukuqonda ukuthuthwa kwenhlabathi kusiza abalimi ukuthi babone inhloso yawo, izinzuzo, imikhawulo, ukusetshenziswa okufanele, ukucatshangelwa kwemvelo, kanye nobudlelwano nezinye izindlela zokuvikela izitshalo ezinomthwalo wemfanelo.

Kusho Ukuthini Ukufuthwa Kwenhlabathi

Ukufuthwa kwenhlabathi kuhilela ukufaka isibulala-zinambuzane emhlabathini ukuze sakhe igesi ekwazi ukuhamba phakathi kwezikhala zenhlabathi kanye nokulawula izinambuzane ezingalimaza izitshalo noma ziphazamise ukukhula kwezitshalo.

Ukwelashwa kuqondiswe ezilwaneni ezingaphansi komhlaba, okwenza kube usizo ikakhulukazi lapho izinambuzane zihlala zivikelekile ekwelashweni okujwayelekile kokuthintana. Le ndlela ingafinyelela izinto eziphilayo eziningana ezihlala ezingqimbeni zenhlabathi ezahlukene kanyekanye.

Ukufuthwa kwenhlabathi kunganikeza ukucindezelwa okubanzi kwezinambuzane ngoba isifutha esifanelekile singalawula amaqembu ezinambuzane eziningana ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lesi sici sihlukanisa izibulala-zinambuzane nezibulala-zinambuzane ezidizayinelwe izinhloso ezichazwe kancane.

Ukufuthwa kwemfucuza kuyehluka ekufakweni kwesibulala-zinambuzane esivamile enhlabathini ngoba impahla esebenzayo kufanele ikhiqize noma ikhulule igesi esakazeka ezindaweni zomhlabathi. Ngakho-ke ukwelapha okuphumelelayo kuncike kakhulu ezimweni zenhlabathi kanye nokuvinjelwa.

Ukuthungwa komhlabathi, umswakama, izinto eziphilayo, izinga lokushisa, ukwakheka, nokungena kwamanzi kungaba nomthelela endleleni izibulala-zinambuzane ezihamba ngayo emhlabathini. Ukuqonda lezi zici kusiza ukunciphisa ukwelashwa okungasebenzi kanye nokunyakaza kwemvelo okungafuneki.

Abalimi kufanele futhi baqonde ubudlelwano phakathi kokuziphatha kwezibulala-zinambuzane nezimo zenhlabathi ngoba izakhiwo zomhlabathi ezithinta ukuhamba kwezibulala-zinambuzane kungaba nomthelela ekusebenzeni kokwelashwa kanye nokuchayeka kwemvelo.

Ukuthuthwa kwenhlabathi okuhlelwe kahle kwenza ingxenye yesu elibanzi lokuvikela izitshalo. Kufanele ihambisane nokukhucululwa kwendle, izinhlobo ezimelana nezifo, ukushintshaniswa kwezitshalo, izindlela zebhayoloji, ukuqapha, kanye nezinye izindlela ezididiyelwe zokulawula izinambuzane.

Izinhlobo Zokufutha

1. I-Space Fumigation: Imfucuza emkhathini iphatha izindawo ezivalekile eziqukethe izinto ezihlaselwe noma inqwaba yezinambuzane. Izibonelo zifaka izakhiwo zokugcina, izinsiza zokusanhlamvu, izimoto, imigodi yamagundane, oseyili, nezinye izindawo zezolimo ezivalekile.

2. Ukufuthwa Kwenhlabathi: I-soil fumigation iphatha inhlabathi equkethe izinto eziphilayo ezikwazi ukulimaza izitshalo. Isibulala-zinambuzane sakha igesi emhlabathini futhi siqondise izinambuzane ngaphambi kokutshala noma phakathi nezimo zokukhiqiza ezigunyaziwe.

3. Ukufutheka kwesakhiwo esingenalutho: Ukuthuthwa kwesakhiwo esingenalutho kuqondise izinsalela zezinambuzane ezicashe emifantwini, ezindaweni ezivulekile, ezindaweni zamathuluzi, nakwezinye izindawo okungafinyeleleki kuzo ngemva kokuba impahla egciniwe noma izinto zokwakha sezikhishiwe.

4. Ukushiswa Kwesitoreji Sezinhlamvu: Imfucumfucu yokugcina okusanhlamvu ivikela impahla yezolimo egciniwe ekuhlaselweni yizinambuzane ezingase zikhule emigqonyeni, ezinqolobaneni, ezitsheni, kanye nemikhiqizo epakishwe ngokuqinile ngesikhathi sokugcina.

5. I-Rodent Burrow Fumigation: Ukufuthwa kwemigodi yegundane kwethula isifutha esifanelekile ezindaweni zokukhosela izinambuzane ezingaphansi komhlaba. Le ndlela iqondiswe ezilwaneni ezingaphakathi kwemigodi evikelekile lapho izinhlelo ezingaphezulu zinganikeza ukulawula okulinganiselwe.

6. I-Tarpaulin Fumigation: I-tarpaulin fumigation ihlanganisa izimpahla noma izindawo ezihlanzwa ngezinto ezifanele ezisiza ukuqukatha amagesi afuthayo. Le ndlela ingathuthukisa ukuchayeka ngaphakathi kwendawo yokwelapha evalekile.

7. Ukushiswa Kwezimoto: Ukuthuthwa kwezimoto kulungisa izindawo zokuthutha ezivalekile ezingase zibe nezinambuzane noma ezinye izinambuzane. Kudinga ukuhlukaniswa ngokucophelela nezinqubo ezilawulwayo ngoba amagesi afuthayo angadala izingozi ezinkulu zokuchayeka.

Ukubaluleka Kwenhlabathi Fumigation

1. Ukulawulwa kwe-Nematode: Ukufuthwa kwenhlabathi kungacindezela ama-nematode ezitshalo-i-parasitic ahlasela izimpande, aphazamise ukumuncwa kwezakhi, enze izitshalo zibe buthaka, futhi afake isandla ekukhuleni okubi, ukunciphisa isivuno, kanye nokwehla kokusebenza kwezitshalo.

2. Ukulawulwa Kwezifo Zokukhunta: Isikhunta esithile esitholakala enhlabathini singahlala emasimini okukhiqiza futhi sihlasele izimpande, iziqu, izithombo, noma izitshalo ezisafufusa. Ukufutheka okufanele kunganciphisa umfutho wezifo lapho kugunyazwe futhi kufanele.

3. Ukucindezelwa Kwezinambuzane: Amanye ama-bacteria atholakala emhlabathini angaba nomthelela ezifweni eziyingozi zezitshalo. Ukuthuthwa kwemfucuza kungase kunciphise inani labantu ezinhlelweni zokukhiqiza ezifanele lapho ezinye izindlela zokuphatha zingakwazi ukunikeza ukulawula okwanele zizodwa.

4. Ukunciphisa Imbewu Yokhula: Izinhlelo ezithile zokufutha zicindezela imbewu yokhula nezithombo ezitholakala enhlabathini ehlanziwe. Ukucindezela kokhula okuphansi kunganciphisa ukuncintisana kwasekuqaleni kwamanzi, imisoco, ukukhanya kwelanga, nendawo yokukhula.

5. Ukuphathwa Kwezinambuzane: Izinambuzane ezihlala emhlabathini zingalimaza izimpande, imbewu, izithombo, nezicubu zezitshalo ezingaphansi komhlaba. Ukushisa kunganciphisa inani lezinambuzane ezikhethiwe futhi kuvikele izitshalo ezisengozini ngesikhathi sokukhula kwazo.

6. Ukusungulwa Kwezitshalo Okuthuthukisiwe: Ukunciphisa izinto eziphilayo ezilimaza umhlabathi ngaphambi kokutshala kungadala izimo ezingcono kakhulu zembewu nokufakelwa kabusha. Ukusungulwa okuqinile kungase kusekele ukukhula kwezimpande ezinempilo kanye nokufana kwezitshalo okuthuthukisiwe.

7. Ukuvikelwa Kwezitshalo Zenani Eliphezulu: Abalimi bavame ukucabangela ukuthuthwa kwenhlabathi ezitshalweni zenani eliphezulu lapho izilokazane ezitholakala enhlabathini zisongela inzuzo enkulu yezomnotho. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kudinga ukuhlolwa ngokucophelela kwezinzuzo ezilindelekile, izindleko, ubungozi, nezinye izindlela.

Ubudlelwano phakathi kokunyakaza kwezibulala-zinambuzane nokuphepha kwemvelo kwenza ukunyakaza kwesibulala-zinambuzane emhlabathini ukucatshangelwa okubalulekile noma nini lapho imfucuza noma amanye amakhemikhali ezolimo engena endaweni ezungezile yomhlabathi.

Funda Futhi: Izindlela Zokuphatha Ezithinta Ukuhamba Kwezibulala-zinambuzane Emhlabathini

Izinhlobo Ezivamile Zokufuthelana Kwenhlabathi

1. I-Chloropicrin: I-Chloropicrin isifutho senhlabathi esisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezithile zezolimo ngokumelene nezinambuzane ezitholakala enhlabathini, okuhlanganisa isikhunta nama-nematode. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kudinga ukubambelela ngokuqinile kumalebula agunyaziwe kanye nezidingo zokuphepha.

2. I-Dazomet: I-Dazomet iyinhlabathi ewugwadule efuthayo ephuka ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele futhi ikhiphe izinhlanganisela ezifuthayo. Isetshenziselwa ukucindezela isikhunta esitholakala emhlabathini, i-nematodes, izinambuzane, nokhula.

3. I-Metam Sodium: I-Metam sodium yimfucuza yomhlabathi ekhiqiza i-methyl isothiocyanate ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele. Inganikeza ukucindezelwa okubanzi kwamaqembu ezinambuzane eziningana ezitholakala emhlabathini uma isetshenziswa ngokwezikhombisi-ndlela ezigunyaziwe.

4. I-Metam Potassium: I-Metam potassium ingeyeqembu elifanayo le-fumigant njenge-metam sodium futhi inganikeza ukucindezelwa kwezinambuzane zomhlabathi okubanzi. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo okuvunyelwe kanye nezidingo zincike ekubhalisweni komkhiqizo.

5. I-Methyl Bromide: I-Methyl bromide ngokomlando ibihlinzeka ngokufutheka okubanzi kobubanzi, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuye kwabhekana nemikhawulo emikhulu yamazwe ngamazwe ngenxa yokukhathazeka kwemvelo, nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezinomkhawulo ezisele ngaphansi kwemibandela ethile yokulawula.

6. 1,3-Dichloropropene: I-1,3-I-Dichloropropene isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukulawula izinambuzane zezitshalo. Okunye ukwakheka kuhlanganisa nezinye izithako ezisebenzayo ukuze kwandiswe ukuphathwa kwezinambuzane kuzo zonke izimo zezolimo ezifanele.

7. I-Dimethyl Disulfide: I-Dimethyl disulfide ingesinye isifutha senhlabathi esisetshenziswa ezicelweni ezivunyiwe zezolimo. Ukukhethwa kwayo kuncike ezinambuzaneni ezihlosiwe, izinhlelo zezitshalo, ukubhaliswa komkhiqizo, izimo zemvelo, kanye nezinyathelo zokuvikela ezidingekayo.

Ukukhethwa kwe-fumigant akufanele kuncike kuphela egameni lezinambuzane. Abalimi kufanele bahlole izimo zenhlabathi, ukuzwela kwezitshalo, ukubhaliswa komkhiqizo, imikhawulo yokufakwa kwezicelo, ubungozi bemvelo, kanye nezinye ezitholakalayo ezingezona amakhemikhali.

Izici ezilawula ukuphikelela kwezibulala-zinambuzane nazo zibalulekile ngoba ukucekelwa phansi kwezibulala-zinambuzane emhlabathini kuthinta ukuthi umsebenzi wamakhemikhali ungahlala isikhathi eside kangakanani enhlabathini ehlanziwe nokuthi ukuchayeka kwemvelo kungashintsha kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Lapho Kusetshenziswa Ukufuthwa Kwenhlabathi

1. Izilimo zasensimini: Ezinye izitshalo zensimu enenani eliphezulu zithola ukufuthwa kwenhlabathi lapho izinambuzane eziyingozi ezitholakala enhlabathini zisongela ukukhiqizwa. Abalimi kufanele basekele izinqumo ekucindezelweni kwezinambuzane okuqinisekisiwe, izidingo zezitshalo, inani lezomnotho, kanye nokusetshenziswa okugunyaziwe.

2. Ukukhiqizwa Kwemifino: Ukukhiqizwa kwemifino yezohwebo kungasebenzisa ukuthuthwa kwenhlabathi ezinhlelweni ezikhethiwe lapho ama-nematode, isikhunta, ukhula, noma ezinye izinambuzane ezitholakala emhlabathini zithinta ngokuphindaphindiwe ukusungulwa kwezitshalo kanye nesivuno.

3. Ama-nurseries: Inhlabathi yasenkulisa ingaba nezinambuzane ezihlasela izithombo nezitshalo ezincane. Izinhlelo ezikhethwe kahle zokufutha zinganciphisa umfutho wezinambuzane futhi zidale izimo ezihlanzekile zokuqala zokukhiqiza inkulisa.

4. Ama-greenhouses: Inhlabathi ebamba ukushisa ingaba nezinkinga eziphindaphindiwe zezinambuzane ngoba ukukhiqiza okujulile kuvame ukusebenzisa indawo efanayo ekhulayo ngokuqhubekayo. Ukuthuthwa komhlabathi kungase kube yingxenye yesu eligunyaziwe lokukhucululwa kwendle.

5. Imibhede yembewu: Imibhede yembewu neyokufakelwa idinga inhlabathi enempilo ngoba izithombo zihlala zisengozini enkulu ezinambuzaneni ezimanzi, ama-nematode, izinambuzane nokhula oluqhudelanayo. Ukushisa kungasiza ukunciphisa izinsongo ezikhethiwe.

6. Ukukhiqizwa Kokufakelwa: Izinhlelo zokufakelwa kabusha zidinga ukuvikeleka ngokucophelela ngoba izimpande ezincane zingalimala ngokushesha ezinambuzaneni ezitholakala emhlabathini. Izinqumo zokwelashwa kufanele zicabangele ukuzwela kwezitshalo, ukuhlonza izinambuzane, namanye amathuba okulawula.

7. Amasistimu Wokunqampuna Okujulile: Ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo okuphindaphindiwe kungakhuphula isibalo sezinambuzane eziphikelelayo ezitholakala emhlabathini. Ukuthuthwa kwemfucuza kungase kunikeze ukucindezelwa okubalulekile lapho ukushintshwa kwezitshalo, ukuthuthwa kwendle, izinhlobo ezingazweli, nezinye izindlela zingakwazi ukunciphisa ngokwanele ukucindezela kwezinambuzane.

Izimo zesayithi kufanele zithole ukunakwa okukhethekile ngoba amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, isimo sezulu, kanye nezimo ze-hydrogeological ingaba nomthelela endleleni izibulala-zinambuzane ezihamba ngayo ngemva kokufakwa futhi zandise ukukhathazeka kwemvelo ngaphansi kwezimo ezingafanele.

Izici ezibonakalayo zenhlabathi ephathwayo nazo zinendaba ngoba izakhiwo zomhlabathi kanye namakhemikhali kuthonya ukunyakaza kwamanzi, ukukhangiswa, ukusebenza kwe-microbial, kanye nokuziphatha kwezinto zamakhemikhali ezilethwa emhlabathini wezolimo.

Izinzuzo Nemikhawulo Yokuthuthwa Kwenhlabathi

Enye inzuzo enkulu yokufuthwa kwenhlabathi ukucindezelwa kwezinambuzane okubanzi. Ifumigant efanelekile ingathinta amaqembu ezinambuzane eziningana ezilimazayo, ikwenze kube usizo lapho izinkinga eziningi zomhlabathi zenzeka ndawonye.

Ukufutha kungathuthukisa ukumila kwezitshalo ngokunciphisa izinto eziphilayo ezilimazayo ngaphambi kokuba izithombo ezizwelayo noma ukufakelwa kabusha kuhlangabezane nenani eliphezulu lezinambuzane. Le nzuzo iba ebalulekile ezinhlelweni zokukhiqiza ezijulile.

Enye inzuzo ihilela izinambuzane okunzima ukuzifinyelela. Ngenxa yokuthi amafumigants ahamba njengamagesi ezindaweni zenhlabathi, angafinyelela ezintweni eziphila ngaphansi komhlaba ngendlela ephumelela kakhulu kunendlela yokwelapha eminingi evamile.

Nokho, ukufuthwa kwemfucuza nakho kunemikhawulo. Isenzo se-broad-spectrum singathinta izinto eziphilayo ezizuzisayo eduze kwezinambuzane eziyingozi, okungase kuphazamise izinqubo zebhayoloji ezifaka isandla enhlabathini enempilo nekhiqizayo.

Ukuthuthwa kwenhlabathi kungabandakanya nezindleko ezinkulu zemikhiqizo, abasebenzi, okokusebenza, ukulungisa, ukuqapha, izinyathelo zokuvikela, kanye nokuthobela imithetho. Abalimi kufanele baqhathanise lezi zindleko nenani lezomnotho elilindelekile lokucindezelwa kwezinambuzane.

Ingozi yemvelo imelela omunye umkhawulo ngoba ukunyakaza kwezibulala-zinambuzane kungase kubangele ukuchayeka okungafunwa. Ulwazi luvuliwe ukuthuthwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane emanzini angaphezulu igqamisa ukuthi kungani ukugeleza nokuhamba ngaphandle kwesayithi kudinga ukunakwa kakhulu.

Ngakho-ke ukuthuthwa kwemfucuza kufanele kuhlale kuyisinqumo sokuphatha okuhlosiwe kunokuba kube impendulo evamile kuzo zonke izinkinga zezinambuzane. Ukuxilongwa okunembile, ukuqapha, ukuhlaziya umnotho, nezindlela ezididiyelwe kusiza ekunqumeni ukuthi ukwelashwa kuyafaneleka yini.

Ukuphatha umhlabathi okubanzi nakho kubalulekile ngoba ukuphathwa kwemithombo yomhlabathi okusimeme ingaqinisa ukukhiqiza kwesikhathi eside futhi inciphise ukuthembela ngokweqile ezintweni ezifakwa ngamakhemikhali kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokulima.

Izindlela Zokuthuthwa Kwenhlabathi Ephephile

1. Qinisekisa Inkathazo: Abalimi kufanele bahlonze inkinga yangempela yezinambuzane noma izifo ngaphambi kokucabangela ukufutha. Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali okungadingekile kwandisa izindleko nokuchayeka ngenkathi kwehluleka ukubhekana nenkinga yokukhiqiza ewumsuka.

2. Funda Ilebula: Amalebula omkhiqizo ahlinzeka ngolwazi olubalulekile mayelana nokusetshenziswa okugunyaziwe, izimfuneko zokuvikela, imikhawulo, izinqubo zokuphatha, kanye nokuqapha kwemvelo. Abasebenzisi akufanele nanini bathembele enkumbulweni lapho besebenza namafumigants.

3. Sebenzisa Abasebenzi Abaqeqeshiwe: Ukuthuthwa kwemfucuza kufanele kuhilele abasebenzi abaqeqeshwe kahle nabagunyaziwe abawuqondayo umkhiqizo, okokusebenza, izinqubo eziphuthumayo, ubungozi bokuchayeka, kanye nezimfuneko ezingokomthetho ezilawula isiqhumiso esikhethiwe.

4. Vikela Abasebenzi: Abasebenzi badinga ukuvikelwa okufanele okusekelwe kumkhiqizo othize kanye nezimo zokuchayeka. Izindawo ezingafakwanga, izimpawu eziyisixwayiso, okokuvikelayo, ukuqeqeshwa, ukuxhumana, nokuhlelwa kwezimo eziphuthumayo kunganciphisa kakhulu izingozi zokuchayeka.

5. Cabangela Isimo Sezulu: Izimo zezulu zingaba nomthelela ekunyakazeni kwemfucuza kanye nokuchayeka. Abasebenzisi kufanele balandele imiyalelo yomkhiqizo mayelana nezinga lokushisa, umoya, imvula, nezinye izici zemvelo ngaphambi kokuqala ukwelashwa.

6. Vikela Omakhelwane: Amagesi avuthayo angahamba ngaphezu kwenhlabathi ehlanziwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezingafaneleki. Izidingo zebhafa, ukufinyelela okukhawulelwe, isaziso somphakathi, nezinye izinyathelo zokuphepha zinganciphisa ubungozi kubantu abaseduze, abasebenzi, nezindawo ezibucayi.

7. Lungiselela Izimo Eziphuthumayo: Lonke uhlelo lokuthungula kufanele lubandakanye izinqubo zokuchayeka okungalindelekile, ukwehluleka kwezisetshenziswa, ukuchitheka, ukubaleka, noma ezinye izimo eziphuthumayo. Othintwayo abezimo eziphuthumayo nezinhlelo zokusabela kufanele kuhlale kufinyeleleka kuwo wonke umsebenzi.

Ukuphatha izibulala-zinambuzane ngendlela efanele kuhlanganisa nokunciphisa ukumosha okungadingekile. Abalimi bangafunda okwengeziwe izindlela ezifanele zokunciphisa udoti wezibulala-zinambuzane ezisiza ukuvikela inhlabathi, imithombo yamanzi, nabantu ngemva kokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ezolimo.

Ngokunjalo, nciphisa izindlela zokulahla imfucuza yezibulala-zinambuzane kufanele ilandele imithethonqubo esebenzayo kanye nesiqondiso somkhiqizo ngoba ukulahlwa budedengu kungangcolisa umhlabathi, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, amanzi angaphezulu, izindawo zezilwane zasendle kanye nomhlaba wokulima.

Funda Futhi: Izimo Zesayithi Ezithinta Ukuhamba Kwezibulala-zinambuzane Emhlabathini

Ukuthuthwa Kwenhlabathi kanye Nokuvikelwa Kwemvelo

Ukuthuthwa kwenhlabathi kungathinta ngaphezu kwenani lezinambuzane ezihlosiwe ngoba izinto eziwuketshezi kanye nemikhiqizo yazo ephukile ingase ihlangane nezinto eziphilayo zomhlabathi, izitshalo, umoya, amanzi, kanye nemvelo ezungezile.

Imiphumela engaba khona incike kumakhemikhali ahilelekile, izimo zokusetshenziswa, izici zomhlabathi, isimo sezulu, ukuphikelela, ukuhamba, kanye nekhwalithi yokulawulwa kobungozi ezungeze ukwelashwa.

Izinto eziphilayo zomhlabathi zidinga ukucatshangelwa ngokukhethekileyo ngoba ama-microorganisms anesandla ekuboleni, ekujikelezeni kwezakhi, ukwakheka kwenhlabathi, nezinye izinqubo ezibalulekile ezinhlelweni zezolimo ezikhiqizayo.

Ngakho-ke abalimi kufanele baqonde ukuthi ukulawula izinambuzane ngamakhemikhali kungaba nomthelela ekusebenzeni kwebhayoloji yomhlabathi. Ulwazi mayelana izinto eziyingozi nempilo yomhlabathi ibonisa ukuthi kungani ukukhishwa kwamakhemikhali kudinga ukuphathwa ngokucophelela kwemvelo.

Ukuvikela amanzi angaphansi komhlaba nakho kubalulekile, ikakhulukazi lapho inhlabathi ikwazi ukungena khona noma amanzi angaphansi komhlaba asondele kakhulu phezulu. Ukunyakaza kwamakhemikhali kungaba nzima kakhulu ukulawula ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo.

Ukukhathazeka okubanzi kokungcoliswa kwezolimo nakho kunikeza ukuqapha ngoba udoti wamakhemikhali wezolimo kungaba nomthelela ezingozini zemvelo lapho iziqukathi, izinsalela, nezinto ezihlobene zithola ukuphathwa kabi.

Ukuphatha umhlabathi isikhathi eside kufanele kuhlanganise ukulawula izinambuzane nezinqubo zokonga. Ukongiwa komhlabathi nokuphatha kungasiza ukugcina inhlabathi ekhiqizayo kuyilapho kunciphisa ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo okungadingekile.

Lapho ukungcola kwenzeka khona, ukuphathwa ngendlela efanele kuyabaluleka. Isiqondiso esikhona sivuliwe ukulawula ukungcola okuthile igcizelela ukuvimbela, ukunqanda, ukulungisa, nezindlela ezididiyelwe ezinciphisa ukungcola emthonjeni wako.

Ukuvikelwa kwamanzi kufanele kuhlale kuyingxenye yazo zonke izinqumo zamakhemikhali ezolimo ngoba izimiso zokuphatha izinga lamanzi ukukhetha ukuvimbela ukungcola kunokuncika ngokuphelele ekuhlanzeni okubizayo ngemva kokuba ukungcola sekusakazekile kakade.

Izibulala-zinambuzane nazo zingaba nomthelela ekungcolisweni kwamanzi lapho zisuka emapulazini ahlanzekile. Ukuqonda imithombo yezolimo yokungcoliswa kwamanzi isiza abalimi ukuthi babone ukuthi kungani ukusetshenziswa okufanele kanye nokuqukatha kubalulekile.

Imiphumela ebanzi yokungcola kwamakhemikhali akufanele ishaywe indiva ngoba imiphumela yokungcoliswa kwamanzi ingadlulela ngale kwamapulazi futhi ithinte izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini, imvelo, imfuyo, imiphakathi, kanye nemisebenzi yezomnotho.

Ukungcola okungapheli nakho kungaba nomthelela ukunukubezeka komhlabathi nomhlaba, ikakhulukazi lapho okokufaka kwamakhemikhali okuphindaphindiwe kuhlangana nokuphathwa kwemfucuza okubuthakathaka, ukulahlwa okungafanele, noma ukulawulwa kabi kwemvelo.

Ukungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali amakhulu kudala ukukhathazeka okwengeziwe ngoba ukungcoliswa komhlabathi ezintweni ezisetshenziswa ezolimo kungathinta ukusebenza kwenhlabathi, izinga lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo, kanye nenani lesikhathi eside lomhlaba wokulima.

Ukunyakaza kwezibulala-zinambuzane kungase futhi kuncike ekukhangisweni, ukucwiliswa, ukugeleza, kanye nokuwohloka. Abalimi bangahlola izimo zesayithi ezithinta ukuhamba kwezibulala-zinambuzane ukuqonda kangcono lezi zindlela zemvelo.

Isibopho sezemvelo sidinga ukugcinwa okufanele kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nokuphathwa kweziqukathi. Ukulahlwa kwesitsha sezibulala-zinambuzane ngendlela efanele kunciphisa amathuba asele amakhemikhali angena emhlabathini, emanzini angaphezulu, emanzini angaphansi komhlaba, noma ezinhlelweni zokudla.

Okokugcina, abalimi kufanele bacabangele ukuphathwa kwezinambuzane okudidiyelwe ngoba izindlela zokuvimbela ukungcola inganciphisa ukuncika kumakhemikhali ngokungadingekile kuyilapho isekela ukuvikelwa kwezitshalo, ukongiwa kwezinsiza, kanye nezindawo zokulima ezinempilo.

Kubalimi abathanda ukuvikelwa kwezitshalo okubanzi, Ukuphatha Ngokuphephile Izibulala-zinambuzane Kwezolimo inikeza isiqondiso esiwusizo ekuphatheni izibulala-zinambuzane ezinomthwalo wemfanelo, ukugcinwa, izindlela zokuzivikela, ukusetshenziswa, kanye nezinyathelo zokuphepha kwemvelo.

Isifinyezo Ngokufutheka Komhlabathi, Ukubaluleka Nezinhlobo Zokufutha

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Mayelana Nokuthuthwa Kwenhlabathi: Ukubaluleka, Izinhlobo, Izinzuzo kanye nokusetshenziswa

1. Kuyini ukufuthwa kwenhlabathi?

I-Soil fumigation wumkhuba wokulawula izinambuzane osebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane ezikwazi ukwenza amagesi enhlabathini ukuze zilawule izinambuzane ezitholakala enhlabathini ezisongela izitshalo.

2. Yiziphi izinambuzane ezinganqanda ukuthuthwa kwenhlabathi?

Ngokuya ngomkhiqizo, ukufuthwa kwenhlabathi kungacindezela ama-nematodes, isikhunta, amagciwane, izinambuzane, ukhula, nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezihlala ngaphakathi kwenhlabathi yezolimo.

3. Kuphi ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa inhlabathi fumigation?

Ingase isetshenziswe ezitshalweni zasensimini ezikhethiwe, izindawo zokugcina izithombo, izindawo zokugcina izithombo, imibhede yembewu, imibhede yokufakelwa kabusha, nezinye izinhlelo zokukhiqiza lapho izinambuzane ezimbi ezitholakala emhlabathini zithethelela ukwelashwa.

4. Yiziphi izinhlobo eziphambili zokufuthwa?

Izigaba ezimbili ezibanzi ukufuthwa komkhathi kanye nokufuthwa kwenhlabathi. I-Space fumigation iphatha izindawo ezivalekile, kuyilapho ukuthuthwa kwenhlabathi kubhekise ezinambuzaneni ezihlala emhlabathini wokulima.

5. Kungani kubalulekile ukuthuthwa kwenhlabathi?

Inganikeza ukucindezelwa okubanzi kwezilokazane ezinzima ezitholakala emhlabathini, ithuthukise ukumila kwezitshalo, ivikele izitshalo ezinenani eliphezulu, futhi inciphise ukucindezela kwezinambuzane lapho ezinye izindlela zinikeza ukulawula okunganele.

6. Ingabe ukufuthwa kwenhlabathi kuphephile?

Imfucuza yomhlabathi ingaba yingozi enkulu uma isetshenziswa kabi. Ukusetshenziswa okuphephile kudinga abasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe, imikhiqizo egunyaziwe, ukuthobela ilebula, izinyathelo zokuvikela, izinyathelo zokuphepha kwemvelo, kanye nezilawuli ezifanele zokulawula.

7. Ingabe ukuthuthwa kwenhlabathi kungalimaza izinto eziphilayo ezizuzisayo?

Yebo. Ngenxa yokuthi amafumigant amaningi anomsebenzi obanzi, angathinta izinto eziphilayo ezizuzisayo zomhlabathi eduze kwezinambuzane ezihlosiwe. Lokhu kungenzeka kwenza ukusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe nokufanelekile kubaluleke kakhulu.

8. Yiziphi ezinye izindlela ezinganciphisa isidingo sokufuthwa?

Ukujikeleziswa kwezitshalo, izinhlobo ezimelana nezinambuzane, ukukhucululwa kwendle, ukulawulwa kwezinto eziphilayo, ukuqapha, ukushiswa kwelanga yinhlabathi, imikhuba yamasiko, nokulawulwa kwezinambuzane okudidiyelwe kunganciphisa ukuthembela ekushiseni ngamakhemikhali.

Ingabe unayo imibuzo, iziphakamiso, noma iminikelo? Uma kunjalo, sicela ukhululeke ukusebenzisa ibhokisi lokuphawula elingezansi ukuze wabelane ngemicabango yakho. Futhi sikukhuthaza ukuba wabelane ngomusa lokhu kwaziswa nabanye abangase bazuze kukho. Njengoba singakwazi ukufinyelela wonke umuntu ngesikhathi esisodwa, silwazisa kakhulu usizo lwakho ekusakazeni izwi. Siyabonga kakhulu ngokusekela kwakho nokwabelana!

Funda Futhi: Izindlela Zamakhemikhali Zokulawula Ukhula Umhlahlandlela