Uwoyela ongahluziwe ukhona njengengxube yemvelo eyinkimbinkimbi yama-hydrocarbon, futhi ukwakheka kwawo kuyahlukahluka kuye ngomthombo, izimo zedamu, kanye nenani lezinhlanganisela ezahlukene ezitholakala ngaphakathi kwediphozi engaphansi komhlaba.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezigaba zikawoyela ongahluziwe kusiza ukuchaza lo mehluko ngokuhlanganisa i-petroleum ngokuya ngamakhemikhali, ukuminyana, amandla adonsela phansi e-API, i-viscosity, ukusatshalaliswa kwekhabhoni, inkomba yokuhlanganisa, nezinye izici ezilinganisekayo zomzimba namakhemikhali ezisetshenziswa imboni.
Ukuqonda ukuhlukaniswa kwezigaba zikawoyela ongahluziwe kubalulekile ngoba izinhlobo ezingahluziwe ziziphatha ngendlela ehlukile ngesikhathi sokuthutha, ukugcinwa, ukucwengwa, nokucubungula, kuyilapho izakhiwo zawo zithonya ukuvunwa komkhiqizo, izidingo zokwelashwa, izindleko zokusebenza, kanye nenani lezomnotho.
I-Petroleum negesi yemvelo kwenzeka ngokwemvelo njengezingxube zama-hydrocarbon ezingahlukaniswa zibe izingxenye ezazikhona ngaphakathi kwechibi ngaphambi kokucwengwa noma ezinye izindlela zokucubungula ezisetshenziswayo.
Lesi sihloko sichaza amakilasi amakhulu kawoyela ongahluziwe, okushiwo amandla adonsela phansi e-API, kanye nezakhiwo ezibalulekile ezihlanganisa ukuminyana, okuqukethwe kukasawoti, okuqukethwe kwesibabule, indawo yokuthela, okuqukethwe komlotha, i-viscosity, nezinsimbi zokulandelela.
Ukuhlukaniswa Kwamafutha Angahluziwe
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezigaba zikawoyela ongahluziwe kusebenzisa izici ezimbalwa ngoba i-petroleum evela emikhakheni ehlukene ayiqukethe okufanayo izilinganiso zama-hydrocarbons, ukungcola, noma izici zomzimba. Lo mehluko uthinta izimfuneko zokuphatha, ukugcinwa, ezokuthutha, ukucwengwa kanye nokucubungula.
I-Petroleum ingase ihlukaniswe ukusuka esimweni sayo somzimba eduze amanye amafutha ezinsalela, kodwa ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kunikeza isisekelo esinemininingwane eyengeziwe sokuhlukanisa izinhlobo zikawoyela ongahluziwe nokubikezela ukuziphatha kwazo phakathi nokucubungula nokucwengisiswa.
Amaqembu amakhulu okuhlanganisa achazwe nge-petroleum afaka upharafini, uwoyela we-naphthenic, kanye namakha aluhlaza. Amanye uwoyela ongahluziwe nawo akhombisa izici ezixubile, ahlanganisa izingxenye ezibalulekile ezingaphezu kweyodwa iqembu le-hydrocarbon ngaphakathi kwediphozithi eyodwa.
Amafutha angahluziwe angathola nezincazelo zemakethe ezifana nokukhanya noma okusindayo ngokuya ngokuminyana kanye namandla adonsela phansi e-API, kuyilapho izincazelo ezinoshukela noma ezimuncu ngokuvamile zibonisa umehluko wokuqukethwe kwesibabule ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwezentengiso.
Lezi zindlela zokuhlukanisa ziyaphelelisana kunezinhlelo eziqhudelanayo. Uwoyela owodwa ongahluziwe ungaba wesigaba sokwakheka kwamakhemikhali kuyilapho uthola isigaba sokuminyana kanye nencazelo yemakethe esekelwe kusibabule.
Ngenxa yokuthi ukuhlukaniswa kuncike ezicini ezilinganisekayo, abahlaziyi bangaqhathanisa uwoyela ongahluziwe wemithombo ehlukene besebenzisa amagama afanayo. Le ndlela isekela ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo phakathi kwabakhiqizi, abahwebi, abathuthi, kanye nabaqhubi bokuhluza.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwamakhemikhali kugxile emindenini engama-hydrocarbon, kuyilapho ukuminyana kanye namandla adonsela phansi e-API kugcizelela ubunzima bomzimba. Okuqukethwe kwesibabule kwengeza esinye isici esisebenzayo, okuvumela uwoyela ongahluziwe ukuthi uthole izincazelo ezibanzi zentengiso ezimakethe ze-petroleum.
Funda Futhi: Izindlela Zokufuduka Kwe-Petroleum kanye Nezehlakalo Ze-Petroleum
Amakilasi Okwakhiwa Kwe-Hydrocarbon
1. Ipharafini: Amafutha angahluziwe kapharafini aqukethe inani elikhulu lama-hydrocarbons agcwele aqondile-chain noma ama-branched-chain kanye nenani elincane uma kuqhathaniswa lezakhiwo zendandatho ngaphakathi kokwakheka kwazo kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwamangqamuzana endaweni yokugcina amanzi.
2. I-Naphthenic: Amafutha angahluziwe e-Naphthenic aqukethe inani eliphezulu lama-hydrocarbons agcwele ama-cyclic anendandatho eyodwa noma ngaphezulu, kwesinye isikhathi aphethe amaketango aseceleni kapharafini kulezo zakhiwo zamaringi kanye nezinhlaka zamangqamuzana ngaphakathi kokungahluziwe.
3. Iphunga: Amafutha anuka kamnandi aqukethe inani elikhulu lama-hydrocarbon anama-nuclei anephunga elimnandi, okuhlanganisa izakhiwo ezisekelwe ku-benzene, naphthalene, nezinhlelo zendandatho ye-phenanthrene ngaphakathi kokwakheka nokusatshalaliswa kwamangqamuzana okuyinkimbinkimbi.
4. Amakilasi Axubile: Amafutha angahluziwe angase ahlanganise izici zepharafini, i-naphthenic, kanye nephunga elimnandi, akhiqize izigaba ezixubile amaphesenti azo ahluka kakhulu. Lezi zinhlanganisela zichaza ukuthi kungani amafutha angcolile avela emikhakheni ehlukene ebonisa izici ezihlukile.
5. I-Paraffinic-Naphthenic: Lesi sigaba esixubile siqukethe izinto eziningi zikapharafini kanye nenaphthene, okwenza izici zamakhemikhali eziphakathi nendawo ezihluke kakhulu kupharafini noma amakilasi e-naphthenic anamandla kaphethiloli atholakala kumachibi amaningi.
6. I-Paraffinic-Naphthenic-Aromatic: Lesi sigaba esixubile siqukethe izilinganiso ezinengqondo zayo yomithathu imindeni yama-hydrocarbon, okubonisa ukuthi ukwakheka kukawoyela ongahluziwe kungahlanganisa izici ezimbalwa zesakhiwo ngaphakathi kwengxube eyodwa ye-petroleum evela emikhakheni ethile yokukhiqiza.
| Amafutha Angahluziwe | Upharafini | Naphtene | Iphunga elimnandi | I-wax | Itiyela | |
| Ukwahlukanisa | (% | (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | |
| Upharafini | 46 – 61 | 22 – 32 | 12 – 25 | <10 | <6 | |
| I-Paraffinic – i-Naphthenic | 42 – 45 | 38 – 39 | 16 – 20 | <6 | <6 | |
| I-Naphthenic | 15 – 26 | 61 – 76 | 8 – 13 | 0 | <6 | |
| Iphunga elimnandi | <8 | 57 – 78 | 20 – 25 | <0.5 | <20 | |
| I-Paraffinic-Naphthenic- Iphunga elimnandi | 27 – 35 | 36 – 47 | 26 – 33 | <1 | <10 |
I-API Gravity And Density Classification
Ukuminyana kunikeza esinye isisekelo esamukelwa kabanzi sokuhlukaniswa kwezigaba zikawoyela ongahluziwe. Imelela ubukhulu beyunithi ngayinye, kuyilapho amandla adonsela phansi athile eqhathanisa ukuminyana kawoyela nokuminyana kwento eyisethenjwa.
I-API gravity inikeza isikali semboni ye-petroleum esithathwe kumandla adonsela phansi athile. Amandla adonsela phansi e-API ngokuvamile abonisa ukungcola okuncane, kuyilapho amandla adonsela phansi e-API abonisa ukungcola okusindayo okunokuminyana okukhulu nezici zokuphatha ezihlukile.
Amanani athile adonsela phansi amafutha angcolile angasukela ku-0.82 kuma-crudes alula ukuya ngaphezu kuka-1.0 ezintweni ezisindayo. Abacwengi basebenzisa lo mehluko lapho behlola ukudla okungahluziwe kanye nokuziphatha okulindelekile kokucubungula.
Ngokwesigaba somthombo, uwoyela ongahluziwe one-API gravity engaphezu kuka-30.0 uwela ngaphansi kwesigaba esisekelwe kupharafini, kuyilapho amanani asuka ku-20.1 kuya ku-29.9 ebonisa izici eziphakathi phakathi kukapharafini nezinhlobo ze-naphthene.
Amandla adonsela phansi e-API angaphansi kwama-20 abonisa ukungcola okusekelwe ku-naphthene ngaphansi kokuhlelwa komthombo. Amanani athile adonsela phansi ahlinzeka ngombono wokuminyana ohambisanayo, esiza abasebenzisi ukuthi bahumushe ukuthi i-crude ilula uma iqhathaniswa noma isindayo ngesikhathi ukuhlolwa kwezohwebo.
Uhlelo lwe-API aluchazi zonke izici ezingcolile ngokwalo. Abacwengi basahlola isibabule, usawoti, i-viscosity, indawo yokuthela, izinsimbi, nokwakheka ngaphambi kokukhetha izimo ezifanele zokucutshungulwa kanye nezinto zokusebenza zendawo yokucwenga.
Amandla adonsela phansi athile kanye namandla adonsela phansi e-API asebenza njengezinkomba ezisebenzayo kunezincazelo eziphelele zekhwalithi engcolile. Ukuhlolwa kwaselabhorethri okuningiliziwe kuhlala kudingekile lapho abacwengi beqhathanisa imfuyo noma imisebenzi yokucubungula uhlelo.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kokuminyana kanye nesivuno somkhiqizo kwenza lezi zilinganiso zibe yigugu ngesikhathi sokuthenga okungenamsoco nokuhlela ukuhluzwa. Nokho, ama-opharetha kufanele ahumushe amanani kanye namazinga okwakheka kanye nokungcola.
Izici Eziyinhloko Zamafutha Angahluziwe
Izakhiwo zikawoyela ongahluziwe ziyehluka ngokuya ngemvelaphi kanye nesilinganiso sezingxenye engxubeni ngayinye. Lezi zici ezilinganisekayo zinikeza ulwazi lokuqala mayelana nekhwalithi engcolile, izimfuno zokucubungula, ubunzima bokusingatha, kanye nenani lezomnotho.
1. I-Viscosity: I-Viscosity ichaza ukumelana nokugeleza futhi ithinta kakhulu ukupompa, ukuthutha, ukugcinwa, nokucubungula. I-viscous crude eyengeziwe ngokuvamile idinga umzamo omkhulu wokumpompa kanye nokuphatha ngokucophelela ngamapayipi nezinto zokusebenza.
2. Ukusabalalisa Ikhabhoni: Ukusatshalaliswa kwekhabhoni kuchaza ukuthi ama-athomu ekhabhoni avela kanjani kuwo wonke ama-molecule e-hydrocarbon nezingxenyana. Ukusabalalisa kusiza ukuhlukanisa izici ezingcolile futhi kukhombisa ukuthi izakhiwo ze-hydrocarbon ezihlukene zinesandla kanjani ekucutshungulweni kokuziphatha.
3. Inkomba Yokuxhumanisa: Inkomba yokuhlobana ihlinzeka ngesilinganiso sokuqhathanisa esisetshenziswa nezinye izici ezingcolile. Isiza ochwepheshe be-petroleum bahlobanise ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kanye nesakhiwo se-hydrocarbon lapho behlola futhi beqhathanisa uwoyela ongahluziwe ohlukile.
4. Ukwakhiwa kweHydrocarbon: Ukwakheka kwe-Hydrocarbon kukhomba ubukhona obuhlobene bezinhlanganisela zepharafini, i-naphthenic, kanye nephunga elimnandi. Lezo zilinganiso zisiza ukuhlukanisa oluhlaza futhi zinikeze imikhondo mayelana namafrakshini omkhiqizo alindelekile ngemva kwalokho ukucwengisiswa kwe-petroleum.
5. I-Crude Assay: Isivivinyo esingahluziwe sihlanganisa izilinganiso eziningana ukuze kuchazwe isitokwe esiphakelayo ngokugcwele. Ukuhlola okungaguquki kuthuthukisa ukuqhathanisa, kusekela ukuhlelwa kwenqubo, futhi kusize ukukhomba izinguquko kwikhwalithi engcolile.
Okuqukethwe Usawoti Nesibabule
1. Okuqukethwe Usawoti: Okuqukethwe kukasawoti ivezwa ngamamiligremu e-sodium chloride ilitha lamafutha noma, ngokunye, ngamaphawundi ngomphongolo. Kubonisa usawoti oncibilikisiwe amanzi emulsified ngamafutha ongahluziwe ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza.
2. Ukugqwala kwendawo yokuhlanza: Okuqukethwe kukasawoti omningi kuveza ubungozi izingozi zokugqwala ngesikhathi sokucwengwa futhi kungaba nomthelela ekuxhumeni izishintshisi zokushisa namapayipi we-heater. Umthombo uncoma ukukhishwa kukasawoti emanzini lapho usawoti udlula amakhilogremu ayishumi emiphongolweni eyinkulungwane.
3. Okuqukethwe kwesibabule: Izinhlanganisela zesibabule zinethonya ekwelapheni okudingekayo ngesikhathi sokucwengwa, ngakho abacwengi balinganisa isibabule ngaphambi kokukhetha amasu afanele okucubungula nokwelapha. Amazinga aphezulu esibabule angakhuphula izidingo zokwelashwa kanye nezindleko zokusebenza.
4. Ukuhlolwa kwesibabule: Umthombo uchaza ukushisa isampula elingahluziwe elikaliwe endaweni umfudlana womoya ukwenza i-oxidize izinhlanganisela zesulfure, kulandele ukuncibilikisa i-sulphur trioxide emanzini kanye nokukhipha i-asidi ewumphumela.
Thela Iphuzu Nokuziphatha Okugelezayo
Iphuzu lokuthela izinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu lapho uwoyela ongahluziwe noma omunye wemikhiqizo yawo ubonwa ugeleza ngaphansi kwawo izimo zokuhlola ezishiwo. Ibonisa ukuziphatha okubalulekile kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi ekuphathweni kwe-petroleum.
Iphuzu lokuthela linikeza inkomba ye-petroleum wax, ikakhulukazi ama-hydrocarbon amaketanga amade, akhona kuwoyela ongahluziwe. I-paraffinic crude ngokuvamile iqukethe i-wax eminingi kunezinye izinhlobo ezingahluziwe ezichazwe kulolu hlelo lokuhlukanisa.
Okuqukethwe kwe-wax ephezulu kungadala izinselele zokusingatha ngoba ama-hydrocarbon amaketanga amade angase acwebezele noma ahle njengoba amazinga okushisa esondela ezimeni zendawo. Lokhu kuziphatha kungakhawulela ukugeleza ngamasistimu okugcina, amaphampu, namapayipi.
Ukuhamba kuba nzima kakhulu lapho izinga lokushisa elingahluziwe lehla ngaphansi kwendawo yokuthela. Ngakho-ke ama-opharetha angase adinge izindlela zokushisisa ezifanele noma izinciphisi zamakhemikhali zokuthulula ukuze zigcine izimo zokugeleza ezamukelekayo ngesikhathi sokunyakaza.
Umthombo uhlonza ama-n-parafini anochungechunge olude aqukethe cishe ama-athomu ekhabhoni angu-16 kuya kwangu-60 njengabahlanganyeli emvuleni eseduze enganciphisa uketshezi futhi ekugcineni imise ukugeleza kukawoyela ongahluziwe ngokuphelele ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.
Ukuziphatha kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi kufanele kunakwe ngokukhethekile lapho i-crude ihamba amabanga amade noma ihlala igcinwe isikhathi eside. Izimo ezifanele zokuphatha zisiza abaqhubi ukuthi bagcine ukunyakaza ngamapayipi kanye nemishini ehlobene.
Izinkinga zokugeleza okuhlobene ne-wax zingaphinda zibe nomthelela ekusebenzeni kahle kokusebenza ngoba ukunyakaza okukhawulelwe kungase kwenyuse izimfuno zokumpompa futhi kube nzima ukuphatha okujwayelekile. Ukuhlola indawo yokuthela kusiza ukukhomba lobu bunzima obungaba khona kusengaphambili.
Funda Futhi: Izindima Zabakhiqizi Nezinkampani Ekulawuleni Udoti
Okuqukethwe Umlotha kanye Nezinsimbi Zokulandelela
Okuqukethwe komlotha kusiza ukunquma inani lezinto zensimbi ezitholakala kuwoyela ongahluziwe. Umlotha uqukethe ingxenye enkulu yezinto ezingaphili ezisala ngemva kokuba izingxenye ezivuthayo zishe ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu ngesikhathi sokuhlaziya.
Phakathi nenqubo yomlotha, i-carbon, i-hydrogen, i-nitrogen, i-oxygen, ne-sulphur-containing izingxenye eziqukethe i-oxidation njengoba i-crude ivutha ngokuphelele. Izinto ezisele zakha usawoti wensimbi ozinzile, ama-oxide ensimbi, nezinsalela ze-silicon oxide.
Umlotha osele ungaqhubeka ukuhlaziya okuyisisekelo usebenzisa amasu e-athomu yokumuncwa kwe-spectroscopic. Lokhu kuhlaziya okwengeziwe kusiza ukuhlonza izingxenye zensimbi ngazinye ezenzeka kusampula kawoyela ongahluziwe ngemva kokusha okuphelele.
Izilinganiso ze-nickel ne-vanadium zingaphelelisa eminye imiphumela yaselabhorethri lapho ochwepheshe bephenya ngokuhlukahluka okungekho emthethweni. Amazinga azo ahlobene angase embule umehluko ezintweni eziwumthombo, izimo zedamu, izindawo ezakha i-petroleum, kanye nomlando wokuma kwezwe.
Amafutha angahluziwe ngokuvamile aqukethe izigaba ezifanayo zezinhlanganisela, kodwa amaphesenti awo ayahluka ukusuka emthonjeni kuya emthonjeni kanye nenkambu ngenkambu. Lokho kuhlukahluka kuchaza ukuthi kungani ama-crude ahlukene edinga izindlela ezihlukene zokucubungula.
Nakuba umlotha umele insalela ye-inorganic esele ngemva kokusha, umphumela usiza futhi ukukhombisa ukuba khona kwezinto ezisansimbi eziyinkathazo. Ulwazi olunjalo luba lusizo lapho kuhlolwa ukudla okungahluziwe okuyinkimbinkimbi noma okusindayo.
Kungani Izakhiwo Zikawoyela Ongahluziwe Zibalulekile
Izakhiwo zikawoyela ongahluziwe zinemiphumela eqondile kwezomnotho zokuhluza ngoba zinomthelela ezinhlotsheni zemikhiqizo indawo yokucwenga engayithola, ukwelashwa okudingekayo, kanye nobunzima bokucubungula isitoko ngasinye.
1. Isivuno Somkhiqizo: Amafutha angahluziwe anganikeza izilinganiso ezinkulu zama-distillates alula naphakathi afana nophethiloli, angase alawule amanani aphezulu futhi athuthukise ukukhanga kwezomnotho kokungahluziwe.
2. Izindleko Zokucubungula: Okungahluziwe okuqukethe isulfure eningi, i-nitrogen, usawoti, noma izinsimbi kungase kudinge ukwelashwa okwengeziwe. Lokhu kungcola kungathinta ama-catalyst, okokusebenza, amapayipi, kanye nezindleko zokusebenza zokucwenga zizonke ngesikhathi sokucutshungulwa kwe-petroleum.
3. Ezokuthutha: Ukuminyana, i-viscosity, okuqukethwe kwe-wax, nephoyinti lokuthulula kuthonya ukunyakaza ngamapayipi namasistimu okugcina. Ukuqonda lezi zakhiwo kusiza opharetha ukuba bakhethe izimo zokuphatha ezifanele zokuthutha okuphephile nokusebenza kahle.
4. Ukulinganisa Okungahluzeki: Abathengi nabacolisi basebenzisa izakhiwo ezilinganisiwe ukuze baqhathanise imfuyo engahluziwe. Ikhwalithi, ukwakheka, amazinga okungcola, nesivuno somkhiqizo okulindelekile kuthonya isidingo, izinqumo zokucubungula, kanye nenani lezentengiselwano endaweni yemakethe.
5. Ukuhlola Sekukonke: Ngokuhlangene lezi zakhiwo zichaza ukuthi kungani uwoyela ongahluziwe ungaba nawo amanani okuhweba, ngenkathi isivuno somkhiqizo, ukwelashwa kokungcola, ukuziphatha kwezokuthutha, izidingo zemishini, ubungozi bemvelo kanye nezimpendulo, futhi ukukhetha kokucubungula kuthonya inani.
Isifinyezo Sokuhlukaniswa Kwamafutha Angahluziwe kanye Nezakhiwo zikawoyela ongahluziwe
| Isici | Isifinyezo |
|---|---|
| Isisekelo Sokuhlukanisa | Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, ukuminyana, amandla adonsela phansi e-API, i-viscosity, ukusatshalaliswa kwekhabhoni, kanye nenkomba yokuhlanganisa. |
| I-Paraffinic Crude | Inothe ngochungechunge oluqondile noma ama-hydrocarbon agcwele amagatsha anezakhiwo ezimbalwa zamandandatho. |
| I-Naphthenic Crude | Inothile ngama-hydrocarbon e-cyclic agcwele aqukethe iringi eyodwa noma ngaphezulu. |
| Iphunga Eliluhlaza | Iqukethe izingxenye ezinkulu zama-nuclei e-hydrocarbon anephunga elimnandi njenge-benzene namasistimu endandatho ahlobene. |
| I-API Gravity | Amanani aphakeme abonisa ukungabi nalutho olulula, kuyilapho amanani aphansi ebonisa ukuluhlaza okusindayo. |
| Izakhiwo Ezibalulekile | Ukuminyana, okuqukethwe kukasawoti, isibabule, indawo yokuthela, okuqukethwe komlotha, i-viscosity, nezinsimbi zokulandelela. |
| Ukubaluleka Kwezomnotho | Izakhiwo zithonya isivuno somkhiqizo, izidingo zokwelashwa, ezokuthutha, izindleko zokucubungula, kanye nenani elingahluziwe. |
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Mayelana Nokuhlukaniswa Kwamafutha Angahluziwe kanye Nezindawo Eziyinhloko Ezichaziwe
1. Kuyini ukuhlukaniswa kukawoyela ongahluziwe?
Amaqembu ahlukanisa uwoyela ongahluziwe ngokwezigaba zamakhemikhali, ukuminyana, amandla adonsela phansi e-API, nezinye izici ezilinganisekayo.
2. Yiziphi izigaba zamakhemikhali eziyinhloko zikawoyela ongahluziwe?
Izigaba eziyinhloko ziyizinhlobo zepharafini, i-naphthenic, iphunga elimnandi, kanye nezinhlobo ezingahluziwe ezixubile eziqukethe inhlanganisela yale mindeni yama-hydrocarbon.
3. I-API gravity ibonisani?
I-API gravity ibonisa ukuminyana ongahluziwe esikalini se-petroleum; amanani aphezulu e-API ngokuvamile amelela ukuhlambalaza okulula, kuyilapho amanani aphansi ebonisa ukuluhlaza okusindayo.
4. Kungani usawoti ubalulekile kuwoyela ongahluziwe?
Okuqukethwe kukasawoti omningi kungakhuthaza ukugqwala nokuxhunywa kumishini yokuhluza, ngakho-ke ongahluziwe ungase udinge ukugawula usawoti ngaphambi kokuqhubeka nokucutshungulwa.
5. Kungani okuqukethwe kwesibabule kubalulekile?
Okuqukethwe kwesibabule kuthinta ukwelashwa okudingekayo ngesikhathi sokucwengwa futhi kungakhuphula izimfuno zokucubungula kanye nezindleko zokusebenza.
6. Liyini iphuzu lokuthulula?
Iphuzu lokuthela izinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu lapho uwoyela ongahluziwe noma umkhiqizo ubonwa ugeleza ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zokuhlola.
7. Okuqukethwe komlotha kulinganisani?
Okuqukethwe komlotha kubonisa izinsalela ze-inorganic kanye nensimbi ezisala ngemva kokuba uwoyela ongahluziwe ushiswe ngokuphelele ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu.
8. Kungani izakhiwo zikawoyela ongahluziwe zibalulekile kwezomnotho?
Zinomthelela ekuvuthweni kwemikhiqizo, izidingo zokwelashwa, ubunzima bezokuthutha, izindleko zokuhluza, kanye nenani lentengiso le-feedstocks.
Ingabe unayo imibuzo, iziphakamiso, noma iminikelo? Uma kunjalo, sicela ukhululeke ukusebenzisa ibhokisi lokuphawula elingezansi ukuze wabelane ngemicabango yakho. Futhi sikukhuthaza ukuba wabelane ngomusa lokhu kwaziswa nabanye abangase bazuze kukho. Njengoba singakwazi ukufinyelela wonke umuntu ngesikhathi esisodwa, silwazisa ngempela usizo lwakho ekusakazeni izwi. Siyabonga kakhulu ngokusekela kwakho nokwabelana!
Funda Futhi: Ukutshala, Ukukhiqiza, kanye Nokucubungula Kwesundu Lamafutha