Mafuta asina kuchena aripo semusanganiswa wechisikigo wakaomesesa wemahydrocarbons, uye kuumbwa kwawo kunosiyana zvichienderana nekwakabva, dura remamiriro ezvinhu, uye huwandu hweakasiyana makomisheni anowanikwa mukati mepasi pedhipoziti.
Kurongeka kwemafuta asina kuchena kunobatsira kutsanangura misiyano iyi nekuisa peturu maererano nemakemikari ekuumbwa, density, API gravity, viscosity, kabhoni kugovera, correlation index, uye humwe huyero hwemuviri nemakemikari maitiro anoshandiswa neindasitiri.
Kunzwisisa crude oil classification kwakakosha nekuti crude mhando dzinoita zvakasiyana panguva yekufambisa, kuchengetedza, kunatsa, nekugadzirisa, nepo zvimiro zvadzo zvichipesvedzera goho rechigadzirwa, zvinodiwa pakurapwa, mari yekushandisa, uye kukosha kwehupfumi.
Petroleum uye gasi rechisikigo zvinongoitika semusanganiswa wemahydrocarbon anogona kupatsanurwa kuita zvikamu zvaivepo mukati medhamu risati ranatswa kana dzimwe nzira dzekugadzirisa dzakaiswa.
Ichi chinyorwa chinotsanangura makirasi makuru emafuta asina kuchena, zvinoreva API giravhiti, uye zvakakosha zvivakwa zvinosanganisira density, munyu wemukati, sarufa yemukati, yekudurura poindi, madota, viscosity, uye trace simbi.
Crude Oil Classification
Crude oil classification inoshandisa akati wandei nekuti petroleum kubva kuminda yakasiyana haina zvakafanana zvikamu zvemahydrocarbon, tsvina, kana kuti zvimiro zvomuviri. Misiyano iyi inokanganisa kubata, kuchengetedza, kufambisa, kunatsa, uye kugadzirisa zvinodiwa.
Petroleum inogona kuiswa kubva kumamiriro ayo emuviri pamwe chete mamwe mafuta efossil, asi kuumbwa kwemakemikari kunopa hwaro hwakadzama hwekusiyanisa marudzi emafuta asina kukora uye kufanotaura maitiro avo panguva yekugadziriswa nekunatswa.
Mapoka makuru ekuumbwa anotsanangurwa petroleum anosanganisira paraffinic, naphthenic, uye anonhuwirira crude oiri. Mamwe maoiri asina kuchena anoratidzawo maitiro akavhengana, achibatanidza zvikamu zvakakosha zveanopfuura imwechete hydrocarbon group mukati medhipoziti imwe.
Mafuta asina kuchena anogona zvakare kugamuchira tsananguro yemusika seyakareruka kana kurema zvinoenderana nedensity uye API giravhiti, nepo zvinotapira kana kuvava tsananguro dzinowanzo ratidza mutsauko mune zvesarufa zvemukati panguva yekuongorora kutengeserana.
Idzi nzira dzekuronga dzinopindirana pane kukwikwidza masisitimu. Oiri imwe chete isina kuchena inogona kuve yechikamu chemakemikari ekuumbwa uku ichigamuchirawo density chikamu uye sarufa-yakavakirwa musika tsananguro.
Nekuti kupatsanurwa kunoenderana nekuyerwa maitiro, vaongorori vanogona kuenzanisa mafuta asina kuchena kubva mumatsime akasiyana vachishandisa izwi rinoenderana. Iyi nzira inotsigira kutaurirana kunoshanda pakati pevagadziri, vatengesi, vatakuri, uye vanonatsa vanoshanda.
Chemical classification inotarisa kumhuri dzehydrocarbon, nepo density uye API giravhiti inosimbisa huremu hwemuviri. Sulfur yemukati inowedzera imwe dhigirii inoshanda, ichibvumira mafuta asina kuchena kuti agamuchire tsananguro yakafara yekutengeserana mumisika yepetroleum.
Verenga zvakare: Nzira dzeKutama kwePetroleum uye Kuitika kwePetroleum
Hydrocarbon Kuumbwa Makirasi
1. Paraffinic: Paraffinic crude oils ine mahombe akazara akatwasuka-cheni kana branched-chain hydrocarbons uye zvidiki zvidiki zvezvimiro zvemhete mukati mekuumbwa kwavo kwese uye kugoverwa kwemamorekuru mudziva.
2. Naphthenic: Naphthenic crude oils ine high saturated cyclic hydrocarbons ine ringi rimwechete kana kupfuura, dzimwe nguva inotakura cheni dzeparafini pazvimiro zvemhete nemamorekuru mukati meiyo crude.
3. Zvinonhuhwirira: Mafuta anonhuhwirira ane mahydrocarbon akawanda ane nuclei anonhuhwirira, anosanganisira zvimiro zvinoenderana nebenzene, naphthalene, uye phenanthrene ring system mukati memukuro wakaoma wemolecular uye kugovera.
4. Makirasi Akasanganiswa: Mafuta asina kuchena anogona kusanganisa paraffinic, naphthenic, uye anonhuwirira, achigadzira zvikamu zvakasanganiswa izvo zvikamu zvinosiyana zvakanyanya. Aya masanganiswa anotsanangura kuti nei mafuta asina kuchena kubva munzvimbo dzakasiyana achiratidza zvimiro zvakasiyana.
5. Paraffinic-Naphthenic: Iyi kirasi yakasanganiswa isina kuchena ine yakakura parafini uye naphthene zvikamu, zvichigadzira epakati kemikari hunhu hwakasiyana kubva kune yakasimba paraffinic kana yakasimba naphthenic petroleum makirasi anowanikwa mumadhamu mazhinji.
6. Paraffinic-Naphthenic-Aromatic: Iri kirasi yakasanganiswa ine zviyereso zvine musoro zveese matatu emhuri dzehydrocarbon, zvichiratidza kuti kuumbwa kwemafuta asina kuchena kunogona kusanganisa akati wandei maitiro mukati memusanganiswa wepetroleum kubva kune imwe minda inogadzirwa.
| Crude Oiri | Parafini | Naphthene | Zvinonhuhwirira | Wax | Asphalt | |
| Classification | (% | (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | |
| Paraffinic | 46 – 61 | 22 – 32 | 12 – 25 | <10 | <6 | |
| Paraffinic – Naphthenic | 42 – 45 | 38 – 39 | 16 – 20 | <6 | <6 | |
| Naphthenic | 15 – 26 | 61 – 76 | 8 – 13 | 0 | <6 | |
| Zvinonhuhwirira | <8 | 57 – 78 | 20 – 25 | <0.5 | <20 | |
| Paraffinic- Naphthenic- Inonhuhwirira | 27 – 35 | 36 – 47 | 26 – 33 | <1 | <10 |
API Gravity uye Density Classification
Density inopa imwe hwaro inogamuchirwa nevakawanda yekuisa crude oil classification. Inomiririra huremu pavhoriyamu yeyuniti, nepo giravhiti chaiyo ichienzanisa kuwanda kwemafuta nekuwanda kwechinhu chinorehwa.
API giravhiti inopa petroleum indasitiri chiyero chinobva kune chaiyo giravhiti. Yepamusoro API simba rinokwevera rinowanzo ratidza kureruka, nepo yakaderera API giravhiti inoratidza huremu husina kuchena hune density yakakura uye akasiyana mabatiro maitiro.
Kukosha kwegiravhiti kwemafuta asina kuchena anogona kubva pa0.82 kune akareruka crudes kusvika pamusoro pe1.0 kune zvinorema. Vanonatsa vanoshandisa iyi misiyano pavanenge vachiongorora crude feedstocks uye inotarisirwa kugadzirisa maitiro.
Zvinoenderana neiyo sosi kupatsanurwa, mafuta asina kuchena ane API simba rinokwevera pamusoro pe30.0 inowira mukati meparafini-yakavakirwa chikamu, nepo kukosha kubva 20.1 kusvika 29.9 inoratidza epakati maitiro pakati peparafini nenaphthene marudzi.
API giravhiti pazasi 20 inoratidza naphthene-yakavakirwa inorema crude pasi peiyo sosi classification. Chaiyo giravhiti makoshero anopa anofambirana density maonero, kubatsira vashandisi kududzira kuti crude ikareruka kana kurema panguva. ongororo yezvokutengeserana.
Iyo API sisitimu haitsanangure hunhu hwese husina kuchena pachahwo. Vanonatsa vachiri kuongorora sarufa, munyu, viscosity, poindi yekudira, simbi, uye kuumbwa vasati vasarudza yakakodzera mamiriro ekugadzirisa uye michina yekunatsa.
Chaiyo giravhiti uye API simba rinokwevera saka shanda sezviratidziro zvinoshanda pane kutsanangura zvakakwana zvehutsvina mhando. Yakadzama yekuyedza marabhoritari inoramba ichidikanwa kana vanonatsa vachienzanisa feedstocks kana kuronga kugadzirisa mashandiro.
Hukama huri pakati pehuwandu uye goho rechigadzirwa hunoita kuti zviyero izvi zvive zvakakosha panguva yekutenga zvisina kuchena uye kuronga kwekunatsa. Nekudaro, vashandisi vanofanirwa kududzira hunhu pamwe chete nekuumbwa uye mazinga ekusvibiswa.
Key Crude Oiri Properties
Crude oiri zvivakwa zvinosiyana zvichienderana nekwakabva uye chiyero chezvikamu mumusanganiswa wega wega. Aya maitiro anoyerwa anopa ruzivo rwekutanga-ruvoko nezve crude quality, kugadzirisa zvinodiwa, kubata kuoma, uye kukosha kwehupfumi.
1. Viscosity: Viscosity inotsanangura kuramba kuyerera uye kunokanganisa zvakanyanya kupomba, kutakura, kuchengetedza, uye kugadzirisa. Kuwedzera viscous crude kazhinji kunoda simba guru rekupomba uye kunyatsobata nemapaipi nemidziyo.
2. Kugovera Carbon: Kugovera Carbon kunotsanangura kuti maatomu ekabhoni anoitika sei pamamorekuru ehydrocarbon uye zvikamu. Kugovera kunobatsira kusiyanisa hunhu husina kuchena uye inoratidza kuti akasiyana ma hydrocarbon zvimiro zvinobatsira sei kugadzirisa maitiro.
3. Correlation Index: Correlation index inopa chiyero chekuenzanisa chinoshandiswa nemamwe maitiro asina kunaka. Inobatsira nyanzvi dzepetroleum kurondedzera kuumbwa kwemakemikari uye hydrocarbon chimiro pakuongorora uye kuenzanisa mafuta asina kuchena akasiyana.
4. Hydrocarbon Kuumbwa: Kuumbwa kweHydrocarbon kunotaridza kuvepo kweparafini, naphthenic, uye zvinonhuwira. Izvo zvikamu zvinobatsira kurongedza zvisina kunaka uye nekupa zvinongedzo nezve zvinotarisirwa zvigadzirwa zvikamu mushure petroleum refining.
5. Crude Assay: A crude assay inounza akati wandei zviyero zvemunhu pamwechete kutsanangura feedstock zvizere. Kuedza kunoenderana inovandudza kuenzanisa, inotsigira kuronga kwemaitiro, uye inobatsira kuona shanduko muhutsvina mhando.
Munyu neSulfuri Zviri Munyu
1. Munyu Munyu: Munyu wemunyu unoratidzwa mumamirigiramu e sodium chloride parita yemafuta kana, neimwe nzira, mumapaundi padhiramu. Inoratidza munyu wakanyungudutswa mukati mvura emulsified nemafuta asina kuchena panguva yekugadzira.
2. Refinery Corrosion: Munyu wakawandisa unopa zvakakomba njodzi dzekuora panguva yekucheneswa uye inogona kubatsira kuplugging heat exchangers uye heater pombi. Nzvimbo yacho inokurudzira kubviswa munyu kana munyu wakadarika makirogiramu gumi pamadhiramu 1,000.
3. Sulfur Content: Mishonga yesarufa inopesvedzera kurapwa kunodiwa panguva yekunatsa, saka vanonatsa vanoyera sarufa vasati vasarudza nzira dzakakodzera dzekugadzirisa nekurapa. Higher sulfur levels inogona kuwedzera kurapwa zvinodiwa uye mari yekushandisa.
4. Sulfur Testing: Kunobva kunotsanangura kupisa akayerwa crude sample in an mhepo rwizi kuita oxidize sulfur compounds, zvichiteverwa nekunyungudutsa sulfur trioxide mumvura uye titrating iyo inoguma asidhi.
Durura Poindi Uye Kuyerera Kuzvibata
Pour point ndiyo tembiricha yakadzikira painocherechedzwa oiri isina kukora kana chimwe chezvigadzirwa zvayo ichiyerera pasi yakatarwa bvunzo mamiriro. Inoratidza kukosha kwakaderera-kuyerera kuyerera maitiro mukubata petroleum.
Pour point inopa chiratidzo che petroleum wax, kunyanya ma hydrocarbons akareba, aripo mumafuta asina kukora. Paraffinic crude kazhinji ine wakisi yakawanda kupfuura mamwe marudzi asina kuchena anotsanangurwa muchikamu chino.
Yakakwira wakisi yemukati inogona kuunza matambudziko ekubata nekuti ma hydrocarbon marefu-cheni anogona kupenya kana kunaya sezvo tembiricha inosvika kumamiriro ekunze. Maitiro aya anogona kudzora kuyerera kuburikidza nekuchengetedza masisitimu, pombi, uye mapaipi.
Kutakura kunowedzera kuoma kana tembiricha isina kukora yadzika pasi penzvimbo yayo yekudira. Saka maoperators angangoda akakodzera kudziyisa maitiro kana kemikari yekudira point depressants kuchengetedza inogamuchirika kuyerera mamiriro panguva yekufamba.
Iyo sosi inozivisa refu-cheni n-parafini ine angangoita gumi nematanhatu kusvika 60 kabhoni maatomu seanobatsira kune pedyo-ambient kunaya kunogona kuderedza kuyerera uye pakupedzisira kumisa kuyerera kwemafuta asina kuchena zvachose pasi pemamwe mamiriro.
Kudzikira-tembiricha maitiro anofanirwa kutariswa zvakanyanya kana crude ichifamba nzendo refu kana kuramba ichichengetwa kwenguva yakareba. Mamiriro ekubata akakodzera anobatsira vafambisi kuchengetedza mafambiro kuburikidza nemapaipi nemichina yakabatana.
Matambudziko ekuyerera ane wakisi anogonawo kukanganisa kushanda zvakanaka nekuti kudzorwa kufamba kunogona kuwedzera kudiwa kwekupomba uye kunetsa kubata. Kuedza nzvimbo yekudira kunobatsira kuziva izvi zvinogona kunetsa zvisati zvaitika.
Verenga zvakare: Mabasa eVagadziri uye Makambani muKutarisira Marara
Madota Zvemukati uye Trace Metals
Zvemukati zvemadota zvinobatsira kuona huwandu hwezvinhu zvesimbi zviripo mumafuta asina kuchena. Madota anosanganisira zvakanyanya inorganic zvinhu zvinosara mushure mezvinobvira zvinopisa zvinopisa pakupisa kwakanyanya panguva yekuongorora.
Munguva yeashing process, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, uye sulfur-ine zvikamu zvinopinda oxidation sezvo crude inotsva zvachose. Izvo zvakasara zvinoumba yakagadzikana simbi munyu, simbi oxides, uye silicon oxide masara.
Madota asara anogona kuenderera mberi ongororo yekutanga kushandisa atomic absorption spectroscopic matekiniki. Iyi yekuwedzera ongororo inobatsira kuona masimbi ega ega anoitika mukati meiyo crude oiri sampu mushure mekupisa kwakazara.
Nickel uye vanadium zviyero zvinogona kutsigira mamwe mhedzisiro yerabhoritari apo nyanzvi dzinoongorora kusarudzika kwakashata. Huwandu hwavo hwehukama hunogona kuratidza mutsauko wezvinobva, mamiriro ekuchengetedza, petroleum-inogadzira nharaunda, uye geological nhoroondo.
Mafuta asina kuchena anowanzo aine makirasi akafanana emakomponi, asi zvikamu zvawo zvinosiyana kubva patsime kuenda kune tsime uye munda nemunda. Misiyano iyoyo inotsanangura kuti sei macrudes akasiyana achida nzira dzakasiyana dzekugadzirisa.
Kunyangwe madota achimiririra inorganic residue yasara mushure mekupiswa, mhedzisiro inobatsirawo kuratidza kuvepo kwezvinhu zvinonetsa zvesimbi. Ruzivo rwakadaro runova rwakakosha kana uchiongorora yakaoma kana inorema crude feedstocks.
Nei Hurude Oiri Zvivakwa Zvine Basa
Crude oiri zvivakwa zvine mhedzisiro yakanangana nekunatsa hupfumi nekuti ivo vanopesvedzera mhando dzezvigadzirwa zvinogona kuwanikwa nevanochenesa, marapirwo anodiwa, uye kuoma kwekugadzirisa chikafu chega chega.
1. Product Goho: Mafuta asina kuchena anogona kupa huwandu hwakakura hwechiedza uye chepakati distillates se peturu, iyo inogona kuraira hunhu hwepamusoro uye kuvandudza kukwezva kwehupfumi hwehutsvina.
2. Mutengo Wokugadzirisa: Crude ine sarufa yakawanda, nitrogen, munyu, kana simbi zvingada kumwe kurapwa. Izvi zvinosvibisa zvinogona kukanganisa zvinokonzeresa, zvishandiso, mapaipi, uye yakazara yekunatsa yekushandisa mari panguva yekugadzira peturu.
3. Zvekufambisa: Density, viscosity, wax yemukati, uye yekudurura poindi inopesvedzera mafambiro kuburikidza nemapaipi uye ekuchengetedza masisitimu. Kunzwisisa zvivakwa izvi kunobatsira vashandisi kusarudza akakodzera mabatiro mamiriro ekufambisa kwakachengeteka uye kwakanaka.
4. Crude Valuation: Vatengi uye vanonatsa vanoshandisa zvakayerwa zvivakwa kuenzanisa crude feedstocks. Hunhu, kuumbwa, mazinga ekusachena, uye chinotarisirwa goho rechigadzirwa pamwe chete zvinopesvedzera kudiwa, kugadzirisa sarudzo, uye kukosha kwekutengesa mumusika.
5. Ongororo Yese: Pamwe chete zvinhu izvi zvinotsanangura kuti nei mafuta asina kuchena achigona kuve nawo tsika dzekutengeserana, nepo goho rechigadzirwa, kurapwa kwetsvina, maitiro ekufambisa, zvinodiwa zvemidziyo, njodzi kwezvakatipoteredza uye mhinduro, uye sarudzo dzekugadzirisa dzinopesvedzera kukosha.
Pfupiso pane Crude Oiri Classification uye Crude Oiri Zvivakwa
| Aspect | Summary |
|---|---|
| Classification Basics | Kemikari yakagadzirwa, density, API simba rinokwevera, viscosity, kabhoni kugovera, uye correlation index. |
| Paraffinic Crude | Yakapfuma mune yakatwasuka-cheni kana branched saturated hydrocarbons ine mashoma mashoma mhete zvimiro. |
| Naphthenic Crude | Yakapfuma mune yakazara saturated cyclic hydrocarbons ine ringi rimwechete kana anopfuura. |
| Aromatic Crude | Ine matinji makuru eanonhuwirira hydrocarbon nuclei senge benzene uye ane hukama masisitimu. |
| API Gravity | Hwaro hwepamusoro hunoratidza hukasha hwakareruka, ukuwo hutsika hushoma hunoratidza kurema. |
| Zvinhu Zvinokosha | Density, salt content, sulfur content, duru point, ash content, viscosity, uye trace metals. |
| Kukosha Kweupfumi | Zvivakwa zvinopesvedzera goho rechigadzirwa, zvinodikanwa zvekurapwa, zvekufambisa, mutengo wekugadzirisa, uye kukosha kwakashata. |
Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa Nezve Crude Oiri Classification uye Key Properties Zvinotsanangurwa
1. Chii chinonzi crude oil classification?
Crude oiri kupatsanura mapoka petroleum zvinoenderana nemakemikari ekuumbwa, density, API simba rinokwevera zvinhu, uye humwe huyero hunogona kuyerwa.
2. Ndeapi makirasi makuru emakemikari emafuta asina kuchena?
Iwo makirasi makuru ndeeparafini, naphthenic, anonhuwirira, uye akasanganiswa crude marudzi ane musanganiswa weidzi mhuri dzehydrocarbon.
3. Chii chinoratidza simba re API?
API gravity inoratidza crude density pane petroleum scale; yakakwirira API tsika kazhinji inomiririra yakareruka crude, nepo yakaderera maitiro anoratidza kurema crude.
4. Nei munyu uchikosha muoiri isina kukora?
Yakakwira munyu yemukati inogona kukurudzira kuora uye plugging mumidziyo yekunatsa, saka crude ingangoda desalting isati yaenderera mberi kugadzirisa.
5. Sei zvesarufa zvine basa?
Sulfur yemukati inokanganisa kurapwa kunodiwa panguva yekunatswa uye inogona kuwedzera kugadzirisa zvinodiwa uye mari yekushandisa.
6. Chii chinonzi kudira poindi?
Dururira ndiyo tembiricha yakaderera painocherechedzwa oiri isina kukora kana chigadzirwa ichiyerera pasi pemamiriro ebvunzo akatsanangurwa.
7. Madota anoyera chii?
Madota emukati anoratidza inorganic uye simbi zvisaririra zvinosara mushure memafuta asina kuchena achipisa zvachose pakupisa kwakanyanya.
8. Nei oiri isina mafuta ichikosha mune zveupfumi?
Ivo vanopesvedzera goho rechigadzirwa, zvinodikanwa zvekurapwa, kuoma kwekufambisa, mitengo yekunatsa, uye kukosha kwekutengesa kwemafuta asina kuchena.
Iwe une chero mibvunzo, mazano, kana mipiro? Kana zvirizvo, ndapota inzwa wakasununguka kushandisa bhokisi rekutaura pazasi kugovera pfungwa dzako. Tinokukurudzirawo kuti ugoverane nomutsa mashoko aya nevamwe vangabatsirwa nawo. Sezvo tisingakwanisi kusvika munhu wose panguva imwe chete, tinoonga zvechokwadi rubatsiro rwenyu mukuparadzira shoko. Ndinokutendai zvikuru nerutsigiro rwenyu uye nokugoverana!
Verenga zvakare: Kurimwa, Kugadzira, uye Kugadziriswa kweOiri Palm