Izinto Ezithinta Ukuhamba Kokunye Okunobuthi Emhlabathini

Ukufakwa kukamanyolo omkhulu kungasekela ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo, kodwa ukusetshenziswa okuphindaphindiwe kungase kwethule izakhi zokulandelela futhi kuguqule izimo zomhlabathi. Lezi zinguquko zingaba nomthelela ekutheni izinto ezinobuthi zihlala kanjani, zincibilike, zinyakaze, noma zitholakale kanjani.

Inhlabathi yezolimo ingase iqongelele i-cadmium, i-lead, i-zinc, ithusi, i-fluorine, nokunye ukungcola ngomanyolo, imfucuza, ukukhishwa kwezimboni, izimayini, ukuchelela, kanye nemisebenzi ehlobene phakathi nenkathi eyengeziwe.

Ukuhamba kubalulekile ngoba i-toxicant ehlala inamathele ngokuqinile enhlabathini iziphatha ngendlela ehlukile kunaleyo encibilikisiwe emanzini ompore. Ukungcola kwamaselula kungafudukela phansi, emaceleni, noma kumasistimu wamanzi angaphansi komhlaba.

Ukuhamba kwamanye ama-toxicants enhlabathini kuncike ekusebenzelaneni phakathi kwezinhlayiya eziqinile, amanzi enhlabathi, izinto ezincibilikisiwe, ama-microorganisms, kanye nezimo zemvelo. Ayikho into eyodwa elawula konke ukungcola ngokungaguquki.

I-pH yomhlabathi, i-chemical speciation, i-organic matter, umanyolo, izichibiyelo, amandla e-redox, okuqukethwe kobumba, ukwakheka, umswakama, kanye nokukhipha amanzi kunganquma ngokuhlangene ukunyakaza okungcolile kanye nobungozi bokuchayeka kwemvelo.

Ukuqonda lezi zici kusiza abalimi, abaphathi bezemvelo, abacwaningi, nabalawuli behlise izingozi zokungcola kuyilapho kuvikela ikhwalithi yomhlabathi, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, izitshalo, imfuyo, kanye nemvelo ezungezile ekuchayekeni okuyingozi.

Umhlabathi pH Kanye Nokuhamba Okunobuthi

1. I-pH yomhlabathi: I-pH yomhlabathi ithonya kakhulu ukunyibilika, ukukhangiswa, ukuna, kanye nokuthuthwa kwezinto eziningi zokulandela umkhondo. Izimo ezine-asidi zingenza buthaka ukugcinwa kwezinye izinsimbi ze-cationic, zivumele ukunyakaza okukhulu enhlabathini.

2. Ukusabela Kwensimbi Namaminerali: Izinguquko ku-pH zishintsha i-metal hydroxide, i-carbonate, i-phosphate, i-oxide, nokusabela kwamaminerali. Lezi zinguquko zinquma ukuthi ukungcola kuhlala kuncibilikile, kukhangisiwe, kunemvula, noma kukhishelwe emanzini enhlabathini.

3. Izimpendulo Ezihlukile Zezinto: Ama-trace elements awaphenduli ngokufanayo ekushintsheni kwe-pH. I-Cadmium, i-lead, i-zinc, i-arsenic, i-chromium, i-selenium, ne-uranium ingabonisa amaphethini okuhamba ahlukene ngoba amafomu azo amakhemikhali ayahluka.

4. Imithelela Yesixazululo Somhlabathi: Ukwenyuka kwe-pH kunganciphisa umsebenzi oncibilikisiwe wezinye izinsimbi ze-cationic ngokwandisa i-adsorption. Kodwa-ke, izinhlobo ezithile ze-anionic, okuhlanganisa amafomu e-arsenate kanye ne-chromate, zingase zihambe kakhulu.

5. Ukubaluleka Kokuqapha: Ukuhlolwa kwe-pH yenhlabathi okuvamile kusiza ukukhomba izimo ezingase zikhulise ukukhishwa kokungcola. Abaphathi bangakwazi-ke ukukhetha izichibiyelo nezinqubo ezifanele kuyilapho begwema izinguquko zamakhemikhali ezingadingekile ezikhuphula ukuhamba.

Funda Futhi: Ukonakaliswa Kwemvelo kanye Nesinxephezelo

Ukucaciswa Kwekhemikhali Nokuhamba Komhlaba

1. Ifomu Lekhemikhali: I-Chemical speciation ichaza izinhlobo ezahlukene lapho i-toxicant yenzeka khona emanzini nasenhlabathini. Lawa mafomu athonya kakhulu ukuncibilika, ukukhangiswa, ukutholakala kwezinto eziphilayo, ubuthi, nokunyakaza.

2. Izinhlangano ze-Ligand: Ama-ion ensimbi angahlotshaniswa ne-hydroxyl, i-carbonate, i-sulfate, i-nitrate, i-chloride, i-organic matter encibilikisiwe, nezinto ezi-chelating. Lezi zinhlangano zingase zizinzise ukungcola ngaphakathi kwenhlabathi noma zikuthwale ngamanzi ambotshana.

3. Ukwakheka Okuyinkimbinkimbi: Amapheya e-ion ancibilikayo, ama-metal-organic complexes, nama-chelates angakha esixazululweni senhlabathi. Izakhiwo eziqinile zingahambisa ukungcola kude, ikakhulukazi uma izinto eziphilayo ezincibilikisiwe zigcina izakhiwo zimisiwe futhi zihamba.

4. Ithonya Lekhabhonithi: Emhlabathini one-calcareous, amaminerali e-carbonate angakhawulela ukunyakaza okuthile kwe-trace element ngokusebenzisa i-chemisorption noma imvula. Lokhu kugcinwa kunciphisa ukugxila okuncibilikisiwe futhi kungase kwehlise ukuthutha okusheshayo emanzini asenhlabathini.

5. I-pH Nokuqina: Ukuzinza kwezakhiwo zensimbi-organic kushintsha nge-pH. Ithusi, i-lead, ne-chromium kungakha izinhlangano ezizinzile, kuyilapho ezinye izakhiwo ziba buthaka ngaphansi kwezimo ezine-asidi futhi zikhulule ukungcola kwazo okuhlobene.

Ngakho-ke i-soil chemistry inquma ukuthi ukungcola kuhlala kunamathele ezinhlayiyeni noma kuhamba namanzi. Ukuqonda amakhemikhali enhlabathi kanye nobudlelwano bokungcola kusiza ukuchaza lezi zinguquko.

Lokhu kusabela kwamakhemikhali kubaluleke kakhulu lapho inhlabathi engcolile ihlangana namanzi agelezayo, izimpande, umanyolo, nezimo ezishintshayo zomswakama ngoba inqubo ngayinye ingagudluza i-speciation engcolile kanye nokuthutha.

Imvelo yamakhemikhali yesingcolisi siphinde sibe nomthelela ekutheni ihlala isikhathi esingakanani itholakalela ukunyakaza. Ngakho-ke abaphathi kufanele bacabangele izinhlobo zezilwane, hhayi ukugxilisana okuphelele kuphela, ngesikhathi sokuhlola ukungcoliswa komhlabathi.

I-Organic Matter Nokuhamba Okunobuthi

I-organic matter inganciphisa noma ikhuphule ukuhamba kwezakhi zokulandelela, kuye ngokwakheka kwayo, ukugxilisa ingqondo, usayizi wamangqamuzana, kanye nokusebenzisana namaminerali enhlabathi nama-ion ancibilikisiwe akhona.

Izinhlayiya zezinto eziphilayo zivame ukuhlinzeka amasayithi amaningi akhokhiswayo akhangisa izinsimbi ngokushintshaniswa kwe-cation nokunye ukusabela. Ukugcinwa okuqinile kunganciphisa ukugxila okuncibilikisiwe futhi kukhawule ukunyakaza emanzini asenhlabathini.

Izinto ezi-Humic zingase zikhulise ukugcinwa kwe-cadmium kumaminerali obumba, kuyilapho izakhiwo ze-organo-metallic ezizinzile zinganciphisa ukuhamba kwethusi, umthofu, i-nickel, i-zinc, ne-cadmium emhlabathini.

Kodwa-ke, izinto eziphilayo ezincibilikisiwe nazo zingahambisa ukungcola. Izinhlanganisela ezinesisindo esiphansi, okuhlanganisa izinto ezi-fulvic, zingase zihlale kusisombululo senhlabathi futhi zenze izingxube ezincibilikayo ezandisa ukunyakaza okuya phansi noma okubheke eceleni.

Ngakho-ke umphumela wezinto eziphilayo uncike ebhalansi phakathi kokugcinwa kwesigaba esiqinile kanye nezokuthutha ezincibilikisiwe. Ukuhlushwa kwe-calcium, i-pH yenhlabathi, kanye nezinhlanganisela ezithile eziphilayo ezikhona zingashintsha umphumela.

Ukugcina izinto eziphilayo ezizinzile kusekela ukwakheka kwenhlabathi kanye nokugcinwa kokungcola, kodwa abaphathi kufanele bakugweme ukucabanga ukuthi zonke izichibiyelo zemvelo zivimbela ubuthi. Ukuhlola kubalulekile lapho inhlabathi engcolile idinga ukulawulwa ngokucophelela.

Ngoba izakhiwo zomhlabathi zinethonya kakhulu ukunyakaza okungcolile, izinto eziphilayo kufanele zihlale zithola ukunakwa eceleni kokuthungwa, umswakama, i-pH, ukwakheka, nezinye izici ezisebenzisanayo.

Izichibiyelo zemvelo zinganikeza izinzuzo zemvelo, nokho imiphumela yazo incike ekuvuthweni, ekubunjweni, ekusetshenzisweni kwesilinganiso, kanye namakhemikhali enhlabathini. Ukukhetha ngokucophelela kunciphisa amathuba okwandisa ezokuthutha ezingcolile ezincibilikisiwe.

Umanyolo kanye nezichibiyelo zomhlabathi

1. Okokufaka Umanyolo: Umanyolo ungethula izinto zokulandela umkhondo emhlabathini wezolimo, ikakhulukazi izinto ze-phosphate ezitholakala emithonjeni yamaminerali. Izinhlelo zokusebenza eziphindaphindiwe zingakhuphula kancane kancane ukugxila kokungcola lapho okokufaka kudlula amazinga okususwa.

2. Izinguquko Zekhemistry Yomhlabathi: Ukufakwa kukamanyolo kungashintsha namakhemikhali enhlabathini. I-ammoniacal nitrogen ingase yehlise i-pH ye-rhizosphere, engase iguqule ukutholakala nokuhamba kwe-zinc, ithusi, i-manganese, i-cadmium, nezinye izakhi.

3. Ukuchibiyela Umhlabathi Ongcolile: Izichibiyelo ze-limestone ne-alkaline zingakhuphula i-pH yenhlabathi futhi zikhuthaze imvula, ukushintshanisa i-ion, noma ezinye izindlela zokulondoloza. Lezi zindlela zokwelapha zinganciphisa ukuhamba lapho zikhethiwe futhi zisetshenziswa ngendlela efanele.

Umanyolo we-Phosphate ufanelwe ukunakwa okukhethekile ngoba idwala le-phosphate lingaqukatha i-arsenic, i-cadmium, i-chromium, ithusi, i-lead, ne-zinc. Izinhlelo zokusebenza eziphindaphindiwe zinganikela kancane kancane ekulandeleni ukunqwabelana kwezinto.

Ucwaningo kanye nesiqondiso sokuphatha ukungcoliswa kwezinsimbi ezinzima emhlabathini wezolimo bonisa ukuthi kungani imithombo kamanyolo kanye nomlando wokusetshenziswa kubalulekile lapho kuhlolwa izingozi zokungcola.

Ukuphathwa kukamanyolo kufanele kuhambisane nezidingo zezitshalo kanye nemiphumela yokuhlolwa kwenhlabathi kunokuthembela ekufakweni ngokweqile. Ukuhlelwa okufanele kwezakhi kunganciphisa okokufaka okungadingekile futhi kukhawule izengezo ezihambisana nokungcola.

Lapho umhlaba ongcolile udinga ukulungiswa, izichibiyelo ze-alkaline zingase zenze ezinye izinsimbi zinganyakazi ngenxa yemvula kanye nokukhangisa okunamandla. Kodwa-ke, ukwelashwa kufanele kubonise ukungcola okuqondile nezimo zesayithi ezihilelekile.

I-Redox Potential And Toxicant Mobility

Amandla e-Redox achaza ukuthambekela kwezimo zenhlabathi ukusekela ukusabela kwe-oxidation noma ukunciphisa. Lokhu kusabela kungashintsha amafomu amakhemikhali, ukunyibilika, ukukhangiswa, nokuhamba kwezinto ezimbalwa ezinobuthi ezikhona.

Ama-microorganisms angalamula ukusabela okuningi kwe-redox emhlabathini. Umsebenzi wabo ungase uguqule izimo ze-oxidation, ukhuthaze i-methylation noma i-demethylation, futhi uguqule indlela ukungcola okuhlangana ngayo namaminerali, izinto eziphilayo, namanzi enhlabathi.

I-Arsenic ibonisa ukuthi kungani isimo se-oxidation sibalulekile. Amafomu ayo ahlukene amakhemikhali abonisa ukuziphatha okuphambene, futhi izinguquko kukhemistri yenhlabathi zingashintsha ibhalansi phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezinezici ezihlukene zokukhangisa kanye nezici zokuthutha.

I-Chromium iphinda ibonise umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezimo ze-oxidation. I-chromium e-trivalent ngokuvamile inokuncibilika okuphansi kanye nokuhlotshaniswa okuqinile nezindawo zamaminerali, kuyilapho i-chromium ene-hexavalent ivamise ukuvela njengefomu le-anionic leselula.

IManganese inikeza esinye isibonelo esibalulekile. I-manganese ene-oxidized ingakha ama-oxide angancibiliki, kuyilapho ukunciphisa kungancibilikisa lawo mamineral futhi kukhulule izakhi ezihambisanayo ezifana nomthofu, i-zinc, ithusi, ne-nickel.

Ukulawula ukugcwala kwamanzi, ukugeleza kwamanzi, nezinye izimo ezishintsha ukutholakala komoyampilo ngakho-ke kungaba nomthelela ekuhambeni okunobuthi. Ukuhlolwa kwesayithi kufanele kucabangele izinguquko zesizini ngoba izimo ze-redox zingashintsha ngokushesha ngemva kokugcwala noma ukomiswa.

Ukuqonda izinto eziyingozi kanye nemiphumela yazo emhlabathini futhi kusiza abaphathi bezemvelo ukuthi bahlole ukuthi ukushintsha kwamakhemikhali enhlabathi kungathonya kanjani ubuthi, ukutholakala, ukuphikelela, kanye nokuthuthwa okungcolile.

Ukungcola okuzwela i-Redox kudinga ukunakwa ngokukhethekile ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi, ezindaweni ezigcwele izikhukhula, enhlabathini engakhanyi kahle, nasezindaweni ezihlangabezana nokugcwala kwezikhathi ezithile ngenxa yokuthi izimo zamakhemikhali zingashintsha kakhulu ngezikhathi ezimanzi nezomile.

Okuqukethwe Kobumba kanye Nesakhiwo Somhlabathi

1. Okuqukethwe Kobumba: Inhlabathi enothe ngodaka ivamise ukugcina izakhi eziningi zokulandela umkhondo ngoba amaminerali obumba ahlinzeka indawo enkulu kanye nezindawo ezishajwayo. Umhlabathi oyisihlabathi ngokuvamile unikeza amasayithi ambalwa okukhangisa futhi angavumela ukunyakaza okuncibilike ngokushesha.

2. Uhlobo lwamaminerali obumba: Amaminerali obumba ahlukene anamandla ahlukene kanye nokukhetha kokukhangiswa okungcolile. I-Vermiculite, i-montmorillonite, i-illite, namaminerali ahlobene awagcini yonke insimbi ngamandla alinganayo.

3. Ukwakheka Kwenhlabathi: Isakhiwo silawula ukuhlelwa kwezimbotshana, ukunyakaza kwamanzi, nokuxhumana phakathi kokungcola nezindawo ezisebenzayo. Ama-aggregate azinzile angabambezela ezinye izindlela zokuhamba, kuyilapho imifantu nezimbotshana ezithandwayo zingasheshisa ukunyakaza.

Amaminerali obumba angagcina umthofu nethusi ngamandla kakhulu kunezinye izinsimbi, nakuba i-adsorption ihlukahluka ngokuya ngohlobo lwamaminerali kanye nezakhiwo zamakhemikhali zokungcola okuhilelekile.

Ulwazi luvuliwe izingxenye zomhlabathi kanye nokuhamba kwamanzi kusiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani ukwakheka kwezimbotshana, indawo yamaminerali, izinto eziphilayo, namanzi kusebenzisana ukuze kulawulwe ukuthuthwa okungcolile.

Ukwakheka kwenhlabathi nakho kunquma ukuthi amanzi ahamba kancane ku-matrix yomhlabathi noma ngokushesha ngama-macropores. Imifantu, imigudu yezimpande, imigudu yezikelemu, kanye nokuhlanganisa okungazinzile kungakha izindlela ezithandwayo.

Izinqubo zokulondoloza ezigcina izilinganiso ezizinzile nezimila zingasiza ukuguguleka okusesilinganisweni nokunyakaza okungalawuleki. Esimeme ukuphathwa kwemithombo yomhlabathi namaminerali ngakho-ke isekela izinhloso ezibanzi zokulawula ukungcoliswa.

Ukunyakaza Kwamanzi Nezimo Zesayithi

Ukutholakala kwamanzi kuthinta kakhulu ezokuthutha ezinobuthi ngoba ukungcola okuncibilikisiwe kuhamba namanzi acwebile. Imvula enkulu, ukuchelela ngokweqile, nezimo ezigcwele amanzi kungakhuphula ukunyakaza okuya phansi lapho ukugcinwa kwenhlabathi kuhlala kubuthakathaka.

Ukuthungwa komhlabathi, ukungeneka, ukugeleza kwamanzi, nokujula kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kunomthelela ekutheni ukungcola okuhambayo kuya ngokushesha kangakanani emanzini. Inhlabathi emagebhugebhu ivamise ukudlulisa amanzi ngokushesha, kuyilapho inhlabathi ecolekileyo ingabambezela ukunyakaza ngezimbotshana ezincane kanye nokungena okuqinile.

Ama-macropores adalwe izimpande, izikelemu zomhlaba, ukuncipha, noma ukuqhekeka kwesakhiwo kungadala izindlela ezithandwayo. Lezi ziteshi zingavumela ukungcola okuncibilikisiwe nokuhambisana nezinhlayiyana ukuthi kudlule ukugeleza kwe-matrix okunensayo futhi kufinyelele izendlalelo ezijulile.

Ukugeleza kwamanzi kungaphinda kusabalalise ukungcola eceleni. Izinhlayiya zenhlabathi ezithwele izinsimbi ezikhangisiwe zingase zihlukane phakathi nokuguguleka, zihambe phansi, futhi zinqwabelane kwenye indawo, zenze izindawo ezintsha zokungcola kude nomthombo wangempela.

Ukuba sengozini kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kuyakhuphuka lapho ukungcola kuhlala kuncibilika futhi itafula lamanzi liseduze nenhlabathi engcolile. Ukuqapha imithombo, ukubhekwa kokugeleza kwamanzi, nokuhlolwa kwenhlabathi kungasiza ekuboneni izindlela ezingase zibe khona ngaphambi kokusabalala kokungcola.

Isiqondiso sivuliwe ukungcoliswa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kanye nezindlela ezingcolisayo igcizelela ukubaluleka kohlobo lwenhlabathi, izici ezingcolisayo, ukugeleza, ukungena ngaphakathi, kanye nebanga lokuya emanzini angaphansi komhlaba.

Ukuziphatha kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ngokwawo kuthinta ukuphikelela kokungcola ngoba amanzi angaphansi komhlaba avame ukuhamba kancane. Uma ukungcola sekungene emanzini, ukukususa kungase kube nzima ngokobuchwepheshe, kubize kakhulu, futhi kuphazamise imvelo.

Ingemuva elingaphezulu livuliwe imithombo yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kanye nezinkinga zabo iqinisa ukuthi kungani ukuvimbela ukufuduka okungcolile ngokusebenzisa umhlabathi kuhlala kungcono kunokulawula ukungcola ngemva kokungena kwe-aquifer.

Isimo sezulu kanye nokusetshenziswa komhlaba kungashintsha lezi zindlela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Imvula enamandla, isomiso esithatha isikhathi eside, izinguquko zokunisela, ukucinana, ukuguguleka kwezitshalo, nokulahlekelwa kwezitshalo kungashintsha ukungena nokunyakaza okunobuthi.

Ukuna kwemvula kungase futhi kube nomthelela kwezokuthutha ezingcolile ngokusebenzisa imifudlana namanethiwekhi okukhipha amanzi, okwenza izindlela zokungcoliswa kwamanzi kanye nezigaba kuyafaneleka lapho kuhlolwa ukunyakaza kokungcola ngale kwemikhakha yezolimo.

Funda Futhi: Izindlela Zokuphatha Ezithinta Ukuhamba Kwezibulala-zinambuzane Emhlabathini

Ukuphatha Ukuhamba Okunobuthi Emhlabathini

Ukuphatha okuphumelelayo kuqala ngokuhlonza imithombo yokungcola, ukuhlola inhlabathi ethintekile, nokuqonda izici ezilawula ukuhamba. Izinqumo kufanele zicabangele ukugxilisa ingqondo, isimo samakhemikhali, uhlobo lwenhlabathi, ukugeleza kwamanzi, ukusetshenziswa komhlaba, nezindlela zokuchayeka.

Ukuphathwa kokuvimbela kunciphisa okokufaka okusha ngokulawula udoti ongcolile, ukukhishwa kwezimboni, ukufakwa kukamanyolo ongafanele, udaka lwendle, ukuchithwa, neminye imithombo. Ukwehliswa kwemithombo kuhlala kulula futhi kushibhile kunokulungisa okwandile ngemva kokungcola.

Lapho ukungcola sekukhona kakade, abaphathi bangakhetha ukunganyakazi, ukunqanda, ukukhipha, i-phytoremediation, noma ezinye izindlela ezifanele. Ukukhetha kufanele kuhambisane namakhemikhali angcolile, izimo zendawo, ukusetshenziswa komhlaba, izinhloso zokwelashwa, kanye nezidingo zokuqapha zesikhathi eside.

Ukuhlolwa kwenhlabathi okujwayelekile kungaveza izinguquko ku-pH, izinto eziphilayo, usawoti, isimo sezakhi, kanye nokugxila kokungcola. Ukuhlanganisa lezi zilinganiso kunikeza isithombe esicacile sokuthi ingabe izinto ezinobuthi ziya ngokuya zihamba.

Ukuphatha umhlabathi okusimeme futhi kuvikela ukwakheka komzimba, ukumboza izimila, ukungena ngaphakathi, kanye nokusebenza kwebhayoloji. Le mikhuba inganciphisa ukuguguleka nokuhamba kwamanzi okungalawuleki kuyilapho isekela inhlabathi enempilo ekwazi ukumelana nokuphazamiseka.

Isiqondiso sivuliwe ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi kanye nezici zayo zokulawula kuyasiza ngoba ukuguguleka kungasabalalisa kabusha ukungcola okuboshwe yizinhlayiyana futhi kudale izindawo ezingcolile kuwo wonke amapulazi nezindawo.

Ukulawula ukungcola kufanele futhi kubhekane nokudalwa nokuphathwa kukadoti. Kufanelekile izindlela zokuphatha udoti ukunciphisa amathuba okuthi izinto eziyingozi zingene enhlabathini ngokulahlwa okungalawuleki, ukuchitheka, noma izinhlelo zokulahla ezingalawulwa kahle.

Amanzi angcolile adinga ukunakwa okufanayo ngoba ukukhishwa okungakahlanzwa kungase kuthwale izinsimbi, imisoco, amakhemikhali, nezinto eziqinile ezilengisiwe zikuyise enhlabathini. Kuyafaneleka ukuphathwa nokuphathwa kwamanzi angcolile inganciphisa lezi zindlela zokungcola.

Ukuqonda izici zamanzi angcolile nakho kubalulekile ngoba ukugxila kokungcola, amazinga okugeleza, nemithwalo engcolisayo kungahluka kakhulu. Lokhu kwenza izici zamanzi angcolile kanye namazinga okugeleza kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukungcola.

Izindawo zokulahla udoti zingase futhi zidale imithombo engcolisayo yesikhathi eside lapho i-leachate ibalekela enhlabathini ezungezile. Kufanelekile ukuphathwa kwemvelo yokulahla imfucuza isiza ekunciphiseni izingozi enhlabathini, emanzini angaphansi komhlaba, emanzini angaphezulu, nasezinhlelweni zemvelo eziseduze.

Ngokunjalo, izindawo zokulahla ezifanele kufanele zibhekane ne-geology, i-hydrology, isimo sezulu, i-ecology, nezinsiza ezizungezile. Izici zezindawo zokulahla imvelo inganquma ukuthi ukungcola kuhlala kuqukethwe noma kusabalale.

Ukucekelwa phansi komhlaba kungakhuphula ukuthuthwa okungcolile ngokushintsha ukwakheka kwenhlabathi, ukumboza kwezitshalo, ukugeleza kwamanzi kanye namaphethini okuguguleka. Ulwazi luvuliwe izinsiza zomhlaba kanye nezingcindezi zokuwohloka isekela ukuphathwa kwesayithi okudidiyelwe.

Imithombo eyengeziwe yokungcola ingase ihlanganise ukukhishwa kwezimboni, izimayini, ukuchithwa kukawoyela, indle, izibulala-zinambuzane, nezinto ezingcolile. Iyabuyekeza ukungcoliswa komhlaba kanye nokwakheka kwakho isiza ukukhomba izindlela ezingaba ukungcola.

Ukungcola kwezimboni nezolimo kungadala imiphumela ebanzi yezemvelo lapho zisuka emhlabathini ziye emanzini. Ukuhlola imiphumela yemfucuza eqinile endaweni ezungezile isiza ukuveza lezi zingozi ezixhunyiwe.

Izindawo ezingcolile zingadinga ukwelashwa okukhethekile kuye ngohlobo lokungcola nokugxilisa ingqondo. I-Biotechnology yokulungiswa komhlaba ongcolile inikeza izinketho ezifana nokwelashwa kwebhayoloji kanye ne-phytoremediation kumasayithi afanelekile.

Ukungcola okuqhubekayo kungase futhi kudale imiphumela yezomnotho ngokuncipha kokukhiqiza, ukulimala kwe-ecosystem, kanye nezindleko eziphakeme zokuhlanza. Ubufakazi buvuliwe ukulahlekelwa kwezomnotho okubangelwa ukungcola igqamisa ukubaluleka kokuvimbela.

Imfucumfucu yasezimbonini, indle, izinsalela zezimayini namakhemikhali ezolimo kungase kungcolise umhlaba lapho ukulawula kungaphumeleli. Kufanelekile ukuphathwa kwemithombo kadoti kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo ngakho-ke ihlala ibalulekile ekunciphiseni okokufaka okungcolile.

Okokugcina, inhlabathi engcolile ingasongela izitshalo, izilwane, ama-microorganisms, kanye nabantu lapho ubuthi buhamba noma butholakala nge-bioavailable. Ngakho-ke ukuphatha okuphumelelayo kufanele kuvikele kokubili ukusebenza kwenhlabathi kanye nezinsiza ezixhumene nemvelo.

Isifinyezo Sezinto Ezithinta Ukuhamba Kokunye Okunobuthi Emhlabathini

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Mayelana Nezinto Ezithinta Ukuhamba Kokunye Okunobuthi Emhlabathini

1. Kuyini ukuhamba kwezinto ezinobuthi emhlabathini?

Kuyikhono lokungcola okuhamba enhlabathini, okungaba kuncibilikiswe emanzini, okunamathiselwe ezinhlayiyeni, noma kuthuthwe ngezindlela ezikhethwayo.

2. Isiphi isici esibaluleke kakhulu esithinta ukuhamba okunobuthi?

I-pH yomhlabathi ithonya kakhulu ukungcola okuningi, nakuba i-chemical speciation, izinto eziphilayo, ukunyakaza kwamanzi, izimo ze-redox, nobumba lobumba nakho kunomthelela omkhulu.

3. I-pH yomhlabathi ithinta kanjani ukunyakaza okunobuthi?

Izinguquko ku-pH zinganyusa noma zehlise ukunyibilika, ukukhangisa, imvula, nokusabela kwamakhemikhali, okubangela ukungcola okuhlukile ukuthi kuhambe kakhulu noma kugcinwe ngokuqinile.

4. Ingabe izinto eziphilayo zingakhuphula ukuhamba okunobuthi?

Yebo. Izinto eziphilayo ezizinzile zingagcina izinsimbi, kuyilapho izinhlanganisela eziphilayo ezincibilikisiwe zingase zakhe izakhiwo ezincibilikayo ezihambisa okunye ukungcola ngamanzi asenhlabathini.

5. Kungani i-redox ibalulekile?

Izimo ze-Redox zingashintsha izimo ze-oxidation nokuzinza kwamaminerali, ziguqule ukunyibilika nokuhamba kwezinto ezifana ne-arsenic, i-chromium, i-manganese, i-selenium, ne-mercury.

6. Ingabe inhlabathi yobumba ihlale ivimbela ukunyakaza okunobuthi?

Cha. Ubumba luvame ukwandisa ukukhanya, kodwa ukuqhekeka, ama-macropores, uhlobo lwamaminerali obumba, ama-ion aqhudelanayo, nezimo zamakhemikhali ezishintshayo kusengavumela ukuthutha okungcolile.

7. Ingabe umanyolo ungathinta ukuhamba okunobuthi?

Yebo. Izivundisi zingase zethule izakhi zokulandelela futhi ziguqule i-pH yenhlabathi noma ukusabela kwamaminerali, okungase kwandise noma kunciphise ukutholakala nokunyakaza kokungcola.

8. Ukuhamba okunobuthi kungancishiswa kanjani?

Izinyathelo eziwusizo zihlanganisa ukulawulwa kwemithombo, ukuhlolwa kwenhlabathi, izichibiyelo ezifanele, ukuncishiswa kokuguguleka kwamanzi, ukulawulwa kwamanzi, ukuqukatha ukungcola, i-phytoremediation, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokwelapha obufanele.

Ingabe unayo imibuzo, iziphakamiso, noma iminikelo? Uma kunjalo, sicela ukhululeke ukusebenzisa ibhokisi lokuphawula elingezansi ukuze wabelane ngemicabango yakho. Futhi sikukhuthaza ukuba wabelane ngomusa lokhu kwaziswa nabanye abangase bazuze kukho. Njengoba singakwazi ukufinyelela wonke umuntu ngesikhathi esisodwa, silwazisa kakhulu usizo lwakho ekusakazeni izwi. Siyabonga kakhulu ngokusekela kwakho nokwabelana!

Funda Futhi: Incazelo kanye Nokubaluleka Kokuphathwa Kwenhlabathi Kwezolimo