Nkpado mmanụ na-enye usoro sayensị maka ịmata ọdịiche dị na mmanụ ala mgbe ọtụtụ mmanụ mgbịrịgwụ ma ọ bụ mpụta mmanụ na-eme n’ime otu gburugburu mgbe mwụfu, ntapu, mwepu, ihe mberede ụgbọ njem, ma ọ bụ mmemme ụlọ ọrụ.
Ndị na-ahụ maka biomarkers na-eme ka ntụnyere isi mmalite kwe omume n’ihi na ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ maka mmanụ ala na-ejigide ihe owuwu molekụla pụrụ iche mgbe e lirisịrị ya na ọgbọ mmanụ mmanụ, na-echekwa ozi kemịkalụ gbasara ihe ndị na-ebute ụzọ ndụ, okwute isi iyi, ọnọdụ ntọhapụ, na akụkọ ọkụ ọkụ.
Fossils molekụla ndị a na-enyere ndị nyocha aka iji ihe atụ gburugburu ebe obibi emetọọ na mmanụ a na-enyo enyo, chọpụta mmekọrịta dị n’etiti ihe fọdụrụnụ, wee nyochaa ka mmanụ ala si gbanwee mgbe ọ na-agafe na mmiri, ala, sedimenti na sistemu ndu.
N’ihi ya, mkpado mmanụ na-ejikọta nleba anya gburugburu ebe obibi, geochemistry petroleum, chromatography, nkọwa biomarker, na ozi saịtị iji mee ka nyocha mmetọ sie ike ebe nha nkịtị enweghị ike ịmata ọdịiche dị na isi mmalite mmanụ ala.
Ndị na-ahụ maka biomarkers bụ ogige organic mgbagwoju anya na-eme na mmanụ crude, okwute isi iyi, sedimenti, na ihe ndị ọzọ gbasara ala. Ihe owuwu ha nwere ike ijigide mmekọrịta ndị a na-amata na ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị dị ndụ n’agbanyeghị mgbanwe ọdịdị ala.
N’oge digenesis na mgbe e mesịrị ọgbọ mmanụ ala, ụfọdụ ihe owuwu biomarker ka na-echekwa nke ọma maka iji nyocha, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị onye ọ bụla na-emepụta ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ihu igwe, biodegradation, ntozu oke na usoro ndị ọzọ nwere ike gbanwee nkesa.
Ya mere, ndị nchọpụta na-akọwa ọtụtụ ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe ndị bara uru dị ka fossils n’ihi na usoro carbon ha na-echekwa ihe ngosi gbasara ntinye ihe ndụ oge ochie na ọnọdụ ala nke dị adị tupu mmanụ ala akwakọba n’ime mmiri mmiri.
Ihe akaebe biomarker nwere ike ikpughe njirimara isi mmalite, gburugburu ebe ntọhapụ, ntozu oke, na mgbanwe n’ọgbọ. Agbanyeghị, ndị nyocha kwesịrị ịkọwa ụkpụrụ n’otu n’otu n’ihi na otu ngwakọta anaghị enye ihe akaebe zuru oke maka njiri obi ike sitere na isi mmanụ.
Ịghọta mkpado mmanụ na biomarkers
Nkpado mmanụ na-ezo aka njiri mara mmanụ ala site n’iji njirimara kemịkalụ na-enye ndị nyocha ohere iji mpụta mmanụ amabeghị na ebe ama ama ma ọ bụ nke a na-enyo enyo.
Ụzọ a ga-aba uru karịsịa mgbe ọtụtụ olulu mmiri, pipeline, ebe nchekwa, ụgbọ mmiri, ihe nrụpụta, ma ọ bụ ihe ndị na-esi n’okike nwere ike itinye aka na hydrocarbons n’otu ebe mmetọ.
Mmanụ crude dị iche na nhazi ya n’ihi na ihe mmalite ndụ ha, okwute isi iyi, ntọala ntọala, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ala, na ogo ogo ntozu oke dị iche site n’otu sistemu mmanụ ala gaa na nke ọzọ.
Nke Geological si malite mmanụ crude na-enyere aka ịkọwa ihe kpatara ngwakọta mmanụ ala ji dị iche n’etiti ubi, ebe ọ bụ na ihe ndị sitere na isi mmalite na ọnọdụ ala na-emetụta hydrocarbons na-emecha emepụta.
Ndị na-ahụ maka biomarkers bara uru karịsịa n’ihi na ihe owuwu ha nwere ike ịlanarị ọtụtụ mmeghachi omume na-emepụta mmanụ ala karịa ọtụtụ hydrocarbons dị ọkụ nke na-ekpochapụ ngwa ngwa, gbazee, ma ọ bụ na-emebi gburugburu ebe obibi.
Nke akụkụ dị iche iche nke mmanụ ala na akụkụ hydrocarbon nye ndabere bara uru n’ihi na mmanụ ala nwere ogige nwere àgwà anụ ahụ na kemịkalụ dị iche iche n’oge nchacha na mwepụta gburugburu ebe obibi.
Ya mere mkpado mmanụ ọgbara ọhụrụ na-ele anya karịa agba, isi, ma ọ bụ mkpokọta hydrocarbon n’ozuzu ma na-enyocha akara mkpịsị aka molekụla nke na-enye ihe akaebe siri ike gbasara njirimara mmanụ ala yana ebe enwere ike.
Mgbe ndị nyocha jikọtara akara mkpisiaka kemịkalụ na ozi ubi a pụrụ ịdabere na ya, nkpado mmanụ na-aghọ ngwa nyocha bara uru maka ntule gburugburu ebe obibi, nchụso mmetọ, nzaghachi mwụfu, na isi mmalite.
Gụkwuo: Nleba anya na njikwa mmetọ mmanụ
Ihe kpatara ndị na-ahụ maka biomarkers ji dị mkpa maka njirimara isi mmalite mmanụ
Ihe ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ bụ n’ihi na ha na-echekwa ozi ụmụ irighiri ihe na nha ndị dị ka mkpokọta mmanụ ala hydrocarbons nwere ike ọ gaghị ewepụta mgbe ọtụtụ isi mmalite mmanụ ala metọọla otu gburugburu.
Hopanes na-esitekarị na hopanoid precursors metụtara microorganisms, ebe sterane na-enweta site na sterols na ogige ndu ndị metụtara ya. Ịnọgidesi ike n’ihe ha na-akwado ntụle nyocha nke ihe fọdụrụ mmanụ ala.
Nnyocha e mere n’oge na-adịbeghị anya na-akwado na usoro chromatographic nke hopane na sterane nwere ike ịnọgide na-eguzosi ike nke ọma na mmiri na sedimenti iji kwado njirimara mmanụ, n’agbanyeghị na ụfọdụ ogige nwere ike ịgbanwe n’ime matrices ndu.
Nchọpụta isi mmalite na-esiwanye ike mgbe ọtụtụ ogige na-egosipụta mmekọrịta dabara adaba n’ihi na usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa zuru oke anaghị enwe ike ibili onwe ya n’ụdị mmanụ ala enweghị njikọ.
Nke usoro na-achịkwa mbugharị mmanụ ala na ihe omume dịkwa mkpa n’ihi na mmegharị site na nhazi ala nwere ike imetụta njirimara kemịkalụ nke ndị nyocha mechara hụ.
Ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị na-ahụ maka ndụ nwekwara ike igosi gburugburu ebe nchekwa site na ịtụgharị uche na ntinye aka sitere na ihe ndị dị n’ime mmiri, osisi terrestrial, sistemu mmiri dị ọcha, ma ọ bụ microorganisms jikọtara ya na ntọala ala.
Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Oleanane nwere ike igosi ntinye ihe ọkụkụ dị elu ma na-enye ọnọdụ ala ala bara uru na ụfọdụ sistemu mmanụ ala, ọkachasị mgbe a tụgharịrị ya n’akụkụ njirimara biomarker ndị ọzọ na ihe ngosi ntozu oke.
Ya mere, nkọwa kacha sie ike sitere na nkesa biomarker, ọnụọgụ nyocha, ihe mejupụtara mmanụ ala, ozi ala, na ihe akaebe saịtị tụlere ọnụ karịa site na otu ogige dịpụrụ adịpụ.
Mkpado mmanụ na nlekota mmetọ mmanụ ala
1. ntụnyere isi mmalite: Mkpado mmanụ na-atụnyere profaịlụ biomarker sitere na ala emetọtọ, sedimenti, mmiri, ma ọ bụ ihe fọdụrụ na mmanụ ntụaka anakọtara site na isi mmanụ mmanụ a na-enyo enyo na nso gburugburu ebe nsogbu metụtara.
2. Ngosipụta mpụta: Ndị na-eme nchọpụta nwere ike ikpebi ma mmanụ ala enwetara site na ebe mmetọ ọ dị ka mmanụ sitere n’otu ubi, olulu mmiri, ebe nchekwa, pipeline, ụgbọ mmiri, ma ọ bụ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.
3. Ndepụta mmetọ: Ụkpụrụ biomarker nwere ike inye aka chọpụta njem mmanụ ala n’ofe akụkụ gburugburu ebe obibi jikọtara ya na ịmata ọdịiche dị na isi mmalite site na mgbanwe ndị emepụtara n’oge njem.
4. Ntụle ihu igwe: Ogige biomarker kwụsiri ike nwere ike ịnọgide na-achọpụta mgbe ụfọdụ hydrocarbons dị ọkụ ga-apụ n’anya, na-enye ndị nyocha ohere iji mmanụ ala nwere ihu igwe tụnyere isi mmalite mbụ enwere ike.
5. Akụkọ mmetọ: mbinye aka biomarker na-adịgide adịgide nwere ike ịkwado nyocha ndị metụtara mpụta mmanụ ala ochie ebe ihe akaebe a na-ahụ anya na-apụ n’anya yana hydrocarbons na-aga n’ihu enweelarị ihu igwe dị ukwuu.
6. Nkwado nlekota oru: Mkpado mmanụ na-emeju nha gburugburu ebe obibi ọdịnala site na ịnye ozi metụtara isi mmalite na-enyere ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị aka ịkọwa usoro mmetọ yana chepụta mmemme nleba anya dị irè karị.
Nke akara aka na gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmetọ mmanụ ala nye ọnọdụ dị mkpa n’ihi na mmanụ a tọhapụrụ nwere ike ịgafe n’etiti ala, mmiri, sediments, na usoro ndu.
N’otu aka ahụ, ụzọ nlekota mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi gosi ihe kpatara nha ụlọ nyocha na nhazi usoro ji bụrụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke nyocha mmetọ zuru oke.
Mkpado mmanụ anaghị edochi nha dịka mkpokọta mmanụ ala hydrocarbons, mmanụ na griiz, ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ gburugburu ebe obibi. Kama, ọ na-enye ozi akọwapụtara nke ọma na nha ndị a nwere ike enweghị.
Usoro a jikọtara ọnụ na-enye ndị nyocha ohere inyocha ma oke mmetọ yana ebe enwere ike ibute mmanụ ala na-akpata nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi.
A na-eji ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-eme ihe na mkpado mmanụ
Ọtụtụ ezinụlọ biomarker na-enye aka na mkpado mmanụ n’ihi na otu ọ bụla na-enye ozi dị iche iche gbasara ihe ndị dị ndụ, ọnọdụ ntinye, ntozu oke, na mgbanwe mmanụ ala.
1. Squalene: Squalene bụ triterpenoid precursor jikọtara ya na usoro ndu ma nwee ike ịme mgbanwe geological ka ọ bụrụ ngwaahịa molekụla kwụsiri ike nke na-emecha nyere ndị nyocha aka ịkọwapụta njirimara isi mmalite mmanụ.
2. Ndị isi: Hopanes bụ ogige pentacyclic sitere na hopanoid precursors ma na-eji ya eme ihe n’ihi na ọtụtụ ndị òtù ezinụlọ a na-eguzogide mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi karịa ọtụtụ mmanụ ala hydrocarbons.
3. Ihe ngosi isi mmalite: Ngwakọta biomarker achọpụtara n’ime nlele gburugburu ebe obibi emetọọ nwere ike igosi ma mmanụ ala ahụ ọ yitere otu ebe ntụaka ma nwee ike ikpughe mmetụta nke mgbanwe biochemical na-esote.
4. Oleanane: Ejikọtara Oleanane na ntinye osisi dị elu ma nwee ike ịnye ozi bara uru gbasara isi mmalite na afọ geological mgbe ndị nyocha na-akọwa ụbara ya na ndị ọzọ biomarkers.
5. Steranes: Steranes na-etolite n’ọtụtụ ebe na mmanụ ala na mmanụ ala, ebe nkesa ha nwere ike inye ozi gbasara onyinye ndị dị ndụ dị ka mmiri algal na ntinye organic ndị ọzọ.
6. Dinosterane: Dinosterane nwere ike igosi onyinye metụtara dinoflaglatetes, na-eme ka nkesa ha baa uru mgbe ndị nyocha na-enyocha njirimara isi iyi ndu n’ime sistemu mmanụ ala.
7. Propylcholestania: Ụfọdụ sterane ndị nọchiri anya propyl nwere ike ịnyekwu ihe akaebe gbasara ntinye aka-ngalaba na gburugburu ebe ntọhapụ, ọkachasị mgbe ndị nyocha na-enyocha nkesa biomarker zuru oke karịa ogige ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ.
Nke nhazi na nkesa nke ogige mmanụ ala nyere ndị nyocha aka ịghọta ihe kpatara ụmụ irighiri ihe dị arọ na nke na-adịgide adịgide nwere ike ịnọrọ mgbe ihe ndị mejupụtara mmanụ ala dị nfe gafechara site na gburugburu ebe mmetọ.
Ezinụlọ ndị a na-ahụ maka biomarker ekwesịghị ịnata nkọwa yiri nke ahụ na sistemu mmanụ ala ọ bụla n’ihi na uru ha na-adabere na geology isi mmalite, ntozu oke, mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi, na ogo nlele ntụle.
Ratios Biomarker maka izi ezi ịkpado mmanụ
Ọnụọgụ biomarker na-atụnyere ụbara ogige ndị ahọpụtara ma na-enyekarị ozi siri ike karịa ịdekọ ma otu biomarker pụtara n’ime ihe nlele mmanụ.
Mmekọrịta Hopane na sterane nwere ike inye aka ịmata ezinaụlọ mmanụ ala n’ihi na nkesa ha na-egosipụta ọdịiche dị n’ụdị isi iyi na ntọala ntinye n’ofe sistemu mmanụ ala dị iche iche.
Mmekọrịta Oleanane-to-hopane nwere ike ịnye ozi gbasara ntinye aka osisi dị elu, ebe nkesa sterane ahọpụtara nwere ike inye aka n’ịkọwa ihe ntinye isi iyi ndu na gburugburu ntọhapụ.
Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-ejikwa oke metụtara ntozu oke n’ihi na ikpo ọkụ ala nwere ike ime ka mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ nwere ike ịkọ ma na-ejigide ozi nhazi zuru oke maka ntụnyere n’etiti mmanụ.
Nnyocha e mere n’oge na-adịbeghị anya egosila na ọtụtụ ọnụọgụ nyocha nke hopane na sterane nwere ike ịnọgide na-aba uru n’oge mkpughe mmiri dị mkpirikpi, ọ bụ ezie na matrices ndu nwere ike iwebata mgbanwe n’otu ogige.
Nke ije na njikwa nke mmetọ mmiri dị n’ime ala dị mkpa n’ihi na ihe ndị gbazere mmanụ nwere ike ịpụ n’ebe ntọhapụ ha wee gbanwee nkesa oghere nke mmetọ.
Nkọwa oke chọrọ ịkpachara anya mgbe ọtụtụ isi mmalite mmanụ ala agwakọtara n’ihi na ụkpụrụ molikula na-esi na ya pụta nwere ike ịnọchite anya ntinye jikọtara ọnụ karịa otu isi mmalite mmanụ.
N’ihi nke a, ndị nyocha kwesịrị iji ọtụtụ ọnụọgụ nyocha n’akụkụ mkpịsị aka chromatographic, nha mmanụ ala, ozi ala, na nleba anya gburugburu ebe obibi.
Nlereanya na nyocha ụlọ nyocha maka mkpado mmanụ
Mkpado mmanụ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya na-amalite site na nlele nnọchite anya n’ihi na ngwa ụlọ nyocha enweghị ike idozi nkwubi okwu ndị ahọpụtara nke ọma, emetọọ, ezughi oke ma ọ bụ echekwara ezighi ezi.
1. Atụmatụ nlele: Ndị nyocha kwesịrị ịkọwapụta ebumnuche nlele, isi mmalite ndị a na-enyo enyo, ngalaba gburugburu ebe obibi, ebe nlele, nọmba nlele, na ihe nyocha chọrọ tupu nnakọta ubi amalite.
2. Nlereanya ndị nnọchi anya: Ihe nlele kwesịrị ịnọchite anya mmetọ a na-enyocha, ma ihe ọmụmụ a metụtara mmiri dị n’elu, mmiri ala, ala, sedimenti, mmanụ isi iyi, ahịhịa, ma ọ bụ usoro gburugburu ebe obibi ọzọ.
3. Ngwa dị ọcha: Ngwa nlele na arịa kwesịrị ịdị na-enwere onwe ya pụọ na mpụta mmanụ ala na mmetọ ndị ọzọ nwere ike iwebata akara kemịkalụ ụgha na nyocha ụlọ nyocha.
4. Nchekwa nlele: Akpa kwesịrị ekwesị, njikwa, nchekwa, nchekwa, ịde aha, njem, na akwụkwọ na-echebe iguzosi ike n’ezi ihe n’etiti nchịkọta na nkwadebe ụlọ nyocha.
5. Nyocha ụlọ nyocha: Gas chromatography na gas chromatography-mass spectrometry nwere ike ịnye profaịlụ mmanụ ala zuru ezu wee chọpụta nkesa biomarker ejiri maka ntụle nyocha.
6. Nkwenye mma: Oghere oghere, oyiri, ndenye nlegharị anya, njikwa nlere edekọ, yana njikwa ụlọ nyocha na-eme ka ntụkwasị obi dị na nsonaazụ nyocha na-ewusi nkwubi okwu teknụzụ ike.
Nke ụkpụrụ nke nnọchite anya gburugburu ebe obibi mesie ike na nhọrọ nlele na-ekwesịghị ekwesị nwere ike iwebata njehie nke nyocha ụlọ nyocha na-enweghị ike wepụ ya.
Nke ụzọ isi iyi mmetọ dị iche iche na-enyekwara ndị nyocha aka ikpebi ebe ha ga-elele mgbe mmetọ nwere ike isi na isi mmalite ma ọ bụ na-agbasa njem gburugburu ebe obibi.
Ya mere, atụmatụ mpaghara ụda kwesịrị ịnakọta ma ihe ndị a na-enyo enyo na ihe atụ gburugburu ebe obibi emetụtara mgbe ọ bụla enwere ike, n’ihi na ntụnyere chọrọ ntụaka dabara adaba maka ịkọwa akara mkpịsị aka molekụla.
Akwụkwọ nlezianya na-edekọkwa ọnọdụ nlele, ụbọchị, ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi, ụdị nlele, usoro njikwa, na ihe ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịkọwapụta nsonaazụ nyocha pụrụ iche.
Ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na-emetụta ihe akaebe biomarker
Mmanụ ala anaghị adịgide na kemịkalụ mgbe ọ banyere na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ụgbọ njem anụ ahụ, evaporation, mgbasa, biodegradation, mmeghachi omume fotochemical, na mmekọrịta sedimenti nwere ike ịgbanwe ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ ka oge na-aga.
Hydrocarbons dị ọkụ na-apụkarị ngwa ngwa karịa ogige molekụla buru ibu ma na-adịgide adịgide, na-eme ka ihe fọdụrụ na mmanụ ala dị iche na mmanụ mbụ ewepụtara.
Ọrụ microbial nwere ike họrọ iweda ụfọdụ ogige, ebe ikuku oxygen, ọnọdụ okpomọkụ, njirimara sedimenti, na kemịl mmiri na-emetụta ọnụego na ntụzịaka nke mgbanwe mmanụ ala.
Nke njirimara ndu nke gburugburu mmiri emetọru gosi otú ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi na kemịkalụ nwere ike isi metụta omume mmetọ mgbe ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe batara n’usoro mmiri.
Mmanụ nwekwara ike jikọta nke ọma na sedimenti dị mma na ihe ndị dị ndụ, na-emepụta ebe nchekwa nchekwa na-adịgide adịgide nke nwere ike ịdịgide na gburugburu ebe obibi ogologo oge ka mwụfu mbụ ahụ gasịrị.
Nke mmekọrịta dị n’etiti akụrụngwa ala na mmetọ mmanụ ala dị mkpa n’ihi na ihe ndị dị n’ime ala nwere ike imetụta njide mmetọ, mmegharị ahụ, nnọgidesi ike na ikpughe.
N’otu aka ahụ, nhazi na omume nke mmetọ ala wepụta ọnọdụ bara uru mgbe mfu mmanụ ala na-agbakọta n’ime gburugburu ụwa.
N’ihi na ihu igwe na-agbanwe ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ, ndị nyocha kwesịrị iji usoro nyocha nke biomarker kama ịtụ anya itinye uche ọ bụla n’ime nlele emetọọ ka ọ dabara na mmanụ sitere na mbụ.
Ọrụ nnwale na nso nso a na-akwado ịkpachara anya a n’ihi na mkpịsị aka biomarker gosipụtara nkwụsi ike siri ike na mmiri na sedimenti, ebe mgbanwe ụfọdụ mere n’ime osisi na azụ n’oge mkpughe.
Gụkwuo: Ọrụ nke ndị nrụpụta na ụlọ ọrụ na njikwa mkpofu
Ngwa na oke nke mkpado mmanụ
1. Nchọpụta Isi iyi Mwụfu: Mkpado mmanụ nwere ike ịkwado nyocha nyocha site n’ịtụle ihe fọdụrụ gburugburu na ihe nlele mmanụ ala sitere na ebe a na-enyo enyo na ịchọpụta mmekọrịta molekụla kacha nso.
2. Nyochaa pipeline: Mkpịsị aka biomarker nwere ike inye aka nyocha nke mmiri iyi ọkpọkọ a na-enyo enyo site na atụnyere ihe fọdụrụ mmanụ ala anakọtara n’ebe dị iche iche n’akụkụ ebe o metụtara.
3. Mmetọ ụlọ ọrụ: Ụlọ nnụcha, akụrụngwa mmanụ ala, ebe nchekwa, na ọrụ mmanụ ala ndị ọzọ nwere ike irite uru site na njirimara isi mmalite mgbe ọtụtụ ntinye hydrocarbon na-eme gburugburu saịtị mmepụta ihe.
4. Nhazi mmezi: Ozi isi mmalite nwere ike inyere ndị njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi aka ịghọta usoro mmetọ yana chepụta mmemme nlekota nke na-elekwasị anya na mpaghara chọrọ nyocha ma ọ bụ nhichapụ.
5. Nnyocha gbasara iwu: Ihe akaebe biomarker ejiri nlezianya wepụta nwere ike itinye aka na esemokwu gburugburu ebe obibi, nyocha ụgwọ ọrụ, ikpe nkwụghachi ụgwọ, na nyocha usoro mgbe ozi nyocha sara mbara kwadoro.
6. Nleba anya ogologo oge: Ndị na-ahụ maka biomarkers na-adịgide adịgide nwere ike ịkwado nlebanya nleba anya site n’igosi ma ihe fọdụrụ mmanụ ala ka na-ejikọta kemịkalụ na isi mmalite ndị amataburu mgbe mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi gasịrị.
Nke mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi jikọtara ya na mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ nye ndabere dị mkpa n’ihi na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala nwere ike iwepụta ọtụtụ iyi na-emerụ emerụ karịa mmanụ n’onwe ya.
Nke nnukwu mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke mkpofu mkpofu gosikwara ihe kpatara nyocha mmetọ kwesịrị iji nyochaa mmetụta n’ofe mmiri, ala, gburugburu ebe obibi na ọrụ mmadụ.
Agbanyeghị, mkpado mmanụ nwere oke n’ihi na isi mmalite mmanụ ala dị iche iche nwere ike kekọrịta njirimara biomarker yiri nke ahụ, ebe ihu igwe na ịgwakọta nwere ike gbanwee usoro ndị nyocha na-ahụ.
Nke nhazi na isi mmalite nke ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ na-eme ka ọ dị mkpa ịtụle ngwakọta ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na mmetọ ndị metụtara ya kama ịkọwapụta biomarkers mmanụ ala na-enweghị ọnọdụ saịtị sara mbara.
Na mgbakwunye, nlele ntụaka ezughị ezu nwere ike imebi njirimara, ọkachasị mgbe ndị nyocha enweghị mmanụ isi iyi nnọchite anya sitere na akụrụngwa ọ bụla, ubi, pipeline, ma ọ bụ mwepụta akụkọ ihe mere eme.
Nke isi echiche nke mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi na-akwado nkọwa sara mbara nke nchoputa kemịkalụ nọgidere na-ejikọta na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe omume na-ebute mmetọ.
Ya mere mkpado mmanụ na-arụ ọrụ kacha mma dị ka otu akụkụ nke nyocha agbakwunyere karịa ka ule dịpụrụ adịpụ ejiri na-enweghị ihe akaebe gburugburu ebe obibi, geological, nyocha na akụkọ ihe mere eme.
Nkpado mmanụ na mkpebi njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi
Mkpado mmanụ nwere ike imetụta njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi site n’inyere ndị na-eme mkpebi aka ịmata isi mmalite mmetọ, na-ebute ebe nleba anya, nyochaa ụzọ mmetọ, wee họrọ nyocha nleba anya kwesịrị ekwesị.
Maka saịtị ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, njiri mara isi mmalite nwere ike mejupụta nleba anya oge niile site n’igosi ma mpụta mmanụ ala achọpụtara ọ dị ka arụrụ ọrụ ugbu a, mmetọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, ma ọ bụ ntinye ndabere na-enweghị njikọ.
Nke ụkpụrụ nke usoro nlekọta gburugburu ebe obibi gosi ka nleba anya, akwụkwọ, imezi ihe na nkwalite na-aga n’ihu nwere ike isi rụọ ọrụ ọnụ n’ime mmemme gburugburu ebe obibi ahaziri ahazi.
Ebe mmetọ mmanụ ala na-abanye na iyi mmiri na-ekpofu mmiri, njirimara isi mmalite nwere ike ịkwado nlekota ọgwụgwọ site na ikewa ozi sitere na mmanụ ala na ihe ngosi izugbe dịka mmanụ, griiz na ibu organic.
Nke usoro ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ dị mkpa n’ihi na mmanụ ala na ụlọ ọrụ petrochemical nwere ike ijikwa mmiri mkpofu nwere mmanụ, griiz, ogige organic na ihe ndị ọzọ na-emerụ emerụ.
Nke usoro eji maka ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ nyekwuo ọnọdụ maka ijikwa ihe mkpofu emetọọ tupu ahapụ ya, imegharị ya, ma ọ bụ ụzọ njikwa ndị ọzọ akwadoro.
Ọgwụgwọ na nlekota kwesịrị ịnọgide na-ejikọta ya n’ihi na ịchọta ebe mmetọ na-enweghị ịchịkwa ntọhapụ adịghị enye ngwọta nlekọta gburugburu ebe obibi zuru oke.
N’otu aka ahụ, ụzọ ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu dị gosi na nhọrọ ọgwụgwọ na-adabere na njirimara mmetọ, ihe ndị na-asọ oyi chọrọ, ihe mgbochi teknụzụ, na ihe e bu n’obi na mmiri ikpeazụ.
Ebe mmetọ mmanụ ala na-emetụta mpaghara mmiri mmiri sara mbara, ndị ọrụ nyocha nwere ike ịchọ nleba anya nlebanya na nlele ugboro ugboro n’ihi na mmegharị mmiri nwere ike ibu ihe fọdụrụ karịa ebe ewepụtara mbụ.
Nke njikwa mmetọ n’ofe mmiri mmiri na-akọwa ihe kpatara njirimara isi mmalite, nleba anya mgbe niile na usoro nchịkwa mmetọ ga-eji rụọ ọrụ ọnụ n’ime usoro gburugburu ebe obibi jikọtara ọnụ.
Ọgwụgwọ nke ndu nwekwara ike itinye aka na njikwa mkpofu mmanụ ala n’ọnọdụ kwesịrị ekwesị, ọ bụ ezie na arụmọrụ ọgwụgwọ dabere na ogige ndị dị na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-akwado ọrụ microbial.
Nke ojiji nke biotechnology na mkpofu na-enye nkọwa ndị ọzọ maka usoro ndu nke nwere ike itinye aka na ndakpọ ihe mkpofu nwere hydrocarbon ahọpụtara.
Ya mere, njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi dị irè na-ejikọta njirimara isi mmalite, mgbochi mmetọ, nlekota oru, ọgwụgwọ, nhazigharị, akwụkwọ, na nyocha ogologo oge karịa ịdabere na otu usoro nyocha naanị.
R=H; CH3; C2H5; C3H7
Nkpado mmanụ bụ ihe a pụrụ ịdabere na ya mgbe ndị nyocha na-akọwa usoro nyocha biomarker n’akụkụ kemịkalụ mmanụ ala, nleba anya gburugburu ebe obibi, ozi gbasara ala, nleba anya, na ihe ntụaka dabara adaba.
Uru ya dabere n’inyere aka jikọọ ihe fọdụrụ mmanụ ala na isi mmalite ndị nwere ike ime ka ọ na-aza ajụjụ maka mgbanwe ndị na-eme mgbe mmanụ batara na sistemụ gburugburu ebe obibi.
N’ihi na ọ nweghị otu biomarker na-egosi mmekọrịta ọ bụla na isi mmalite, nkọwa ndị ọkachamara kwesịrị iji ọtụtụ ihe ngosi molekụla wee kweta na ejighị n’aka mgbe ọ bụla njirimara isi mmalite na-agafe.
Mgbe etinyere ya nke ọma, akara mkpịsị aka biomarker na-enye ntọala sayensị bara uru maka nlekota mmetọ mmanụ, nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi, nhazi nhazi, na nghọta ka mma nke mmetọ mmanụ ala.
Nchịkọta na mkpado mmanụ na ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe maka nlekota mmetọ mmanụ
| Akụkụ | Isi Isi |
|---|---|
| Mkpado mmanụ | Ụzọ nyocha nke na-atụnyere kemịkalụ mmanụ ala iji chọpụta isi mmalite nke mmetọ. |
| Biomarkers | Ngwakọta molekụla na-adịgide adịgide nke na-ejigide ozi bara uru gbasara ihe ndị sitere na mmanụ ala na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ala. |
| Hopanes | Pentacyclic biomarkers sitere na hopanoid precursors na bara uru nke ukwuu maka mkpisi aka mmanụ ala. |
| Steranes | Biomarkers sitere na sterols nke na-enye ozi gbasara ntinye isi iyi ndu yana mmekọrịta mmanụ ala. |
| Oleanane | Ihe biomarker jikọtara ya na ntinye osisi dị elu ma bara uru maka isi mmalite na nkọwa ala. |
| Ratios nchoputa | Ọganihu molekụla dịtụ nke na-ewusi isi iyi ike, mgbakwasa-gburugburu, na nkọwa ntozu oke. |
| Nlele anya | Ihe nnochite anya, dị ọcha, nke echekwara nke ọma dị mkpa maka nsonaazụ mmado mmanụ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya. |
| Mgbanwe gburugburu | Ihu igwe, biodegradation, evaporation, mgbasa, mbugharị, na mmekọrịta sedimenti nwere ike gbanwee mbinye aka mmanụ ala. |
| Oke | Isi mmalite ndị yiri ya, mmetọ agwakọta, ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe, na data ntụaka ezughị ezu nwere ike ibelata ntụkwasị obi njiri mara. |
| Omume kacha mma | Gwakọta mkpisiaka biomarker na kemistri mmanụ ala, ozi saịtị, ihe akaebe ala, na nlere anya njikwa mma. |
Ajụjụ ndị a na-ajụkarị gbasara mkpado mmanụ na ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe maka nlekota mmetọ mmanụ
1. Gịnị bụ mkpado mmanụ?
Mkpado mmanụ bụ ntụnyere akara mkpisiaka kemịkalụ mmanụ ala iji chọpụta ma ihe fọdụrụ mmanụ gburugburu ọ̀ metụtara ebe amaara ma ọ bụ nke a na-enyo enyo.
2. Gịnị mere biomarkers ji baa uru na mkpado mmanụ?
Ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ maka biomarkers na-anọgide na-adịgide adịgide ma na-ejigide ụkpụrụ molekụla nke nwere ike inye aka ịmata ọdịiche dị na mmanụ ala mgbe ihu igwe na gburugburu ebe obibi na mgbanwe ndị ọzọ.
3. Kedu ihe biomarkers na-ejikarị eme ihe maka njirimara mmanụ?
Ndị na-ahụ maka mmanụ ala ndị a na-ahụkarị gụnyere hopanes, sterane, oleanane, na ogige ndị emetụtara ejikọtara ọnụ iji nyochaa njirimara isi mmalite yana mmekọrịta molekụla.
4. Ịkpado mmanụ nwere ike ịmata isi iyi na-asọpụta mmanụ?
Ọ nwere ike inye aka chọpụta ebe enwere ike ma ọ bụrụ na ihe nlere emeru emeru dakọtara na mmanụ ntụaka dabara adaba n’ofe ọtụtụ usoro biomarker yana ihe akaebe kemịkal na-akwado.
5. ihu igwe ọ na-emetụta ndị na-ahụ maka ndụ?
Ee. Ihu igwe, biodegradation, mgbasa, evaporation, na ọrụ ndu nwere ike ịgbanwe ụfọdụ mkpokọta biomarker na oke, yabụ ndị nyocha ga-eji nlezianya kọwaa nsonaazụ ya.
6. Gịnị kpatara ndị nyocha ji eji ọnụọgụ biomarker?
Ratios na-atụnyere ogige ndị metụtara ma nwee ike ikpughe isi mmalite, nkwuputa, ma ọ bụ ntozu oke nke nwere ike ọ gaghị apụta ìhè site na ọnụnọ nke otu ngwakọta naanị.
7. Kedu ihe nlele ndị nyocha nwere ike nyochaa?
Ndị nyocha nwere ike nyochaa mmanụ isi iyi na ihe gburugburu ebe obibi emetọọ dịka ala, sedimenti, mmiri, na ihe nlere nje ndị ahọpụtara, dabere n’ebumnobi ọmụmụ.
8. Otu biomarker ezuru iji gosi isi iyi mmanụ?
Mba. Nkwenye ntụkwasị obi na-achọkarị ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndụ ndụ, oke nyocha, usoro chromatographic, ihe nleba anya, na ihe akaebe gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ nke ala.
9. Gịnị mere nlere anya ihe nnọchiteanya ji dị mkpa?
Nlele ahọrọghị nke ọma ma ọ bụ metọọ nwere ike rụpụta nsonaazụ na-eduhie eduhie, yana nyocha ụlọ nyocha enweghị ike idozi njehie ewepụtara kpamkpam n’oge nlele ubi.
10. Gịnị bụ isi uru nke mkpado mmanụ?
Isi uru ya bụ na ọ nwere ike ịnye ozi metụtara isi mmalite nke nha mkpokọta mmanụ ala enweghị ike inye mgbe mmanụ dị iche iche na-emerụ otu gburugburu.
Ị nwere ajụjụ, ntụnye ma ọ bụ onyinye ọ bụla? Ọ bụrụ otu a, biko nweere onwe gị iji igbe nkọwa n’okpuru kesaa echiche gị. Anyị na-agbakwa gị ume ka ị jiri obiọma kesaa ozi a n’etiti ndị ọzọ nwere ike irite uru na ya. Ebe ọ bụ na anyị enweghị ike ịgakwuru onye ọ bụla ozugbo, anyị nwere ekele maka enyemaka gị n’ịgbasa okwu ahụ. Daalụ nke ukwuu maka nkwado gị na maka ịkekọrịta!
Gụkwuo: Mmiri na Mmetọ ala na Agriculture