Mmalite nke mmanụ crude, akụrụngwa akụrụngwa na Nkume Isi Iyi

Petroleum, nke a na-akpọkarị mmanụ crude, nwetara aha ya site na okwu Latịn petra na oleum. Petra pụtara nkume, ebe oleum pụtara mmanụ, na-enye mmanụ ala nkọwa ya n’ezie dị ka mmanụ nkume.

Mmanụ crude ka bụ ihe dị mkpa sitere n’okike n’ihi na ọ na-enye ike maka njem njem, ihe omume ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ikpo ọkụ, ọgbọ ọkụ, na imepụta ọtụtụ ngwaahịa mmanụ ala bara uru n’ụwa niile.

A na-akpọkarị mmanụ ala “ọlaedo ojii” n’ihi na mmanụ cru na-adịkarị ka mmiri na-acha aja aja ma ọ bụ oji na-enwu ọkụ, n’agbanyeghị na ọdịdị ya, viscosity, njupụta na kemịkal mejupụtara ya dị iche n’etiti nkwụnye ego.

Mkpa mmanụ ala na-eme ka mmalite nke mmanụ crude isiokwu dị mkpa na Geology, sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi, ọmụmụ ike, na nchọpụta mmanụ ala n’ihi na nguzobe ya chọrọ kpọmkwem ọnọdụ ndu na ala.

Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị atụpụtala nkọwa dị iche iche maka nhazi mmanụ ala, ọ bụ ezie na ozizi biogenic na-enweta nnabata ka ukwuu n’ihi na ihe gbasara ala, kemịkalụ, na ihe ndị dị ndụ na-ejikọta mmanụ crude a na-emekarị na ihe organic oge ochie.

Echiche mmalite nke mmanụ crude

Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị atụpụtala echiche abụọ bụ́ isi gbasara nke a mmalite nke mmanụ crude: theory biogenic na echiche abiogenic. Ozizi ọ bụla na-enye nkọwa dị iche iche maka nhazi hydrocarbon.

Mmanụ crude sitere na mpaghara ala dị iche iche na-adịkarị iche na njupụta, ọdịnaya sọlfọ, ọdịnaya wax, viscosity, na nkesa hydrocarbon, na-egosi na ihe mejupụtara mmanụ ala na-adabere n’ọtụtụ ihe gbasara ala.

Esemokwu ndị a na-egosi na mmanụ cru dị iche iche sitere na ihe dị iche iche na-enweta ma nwee ahụmahụ dị iche iche olili, ntozu oke, mbugharị, nchịkọta, na mgbanwe akụkọ ihe mere eme n’ime usoro mmanụ ala.

Ịghọta echiche mmanụ ala na-achọkwa ihe ọmụma banyere ya akụrụngwa sitere n’okike na-adịghị emeghari ohuru, ebe ọ bụ na mmanụ crude na-etolite site na usoro geoloji nke na-arụ ọrụ nwayọ karịa oriri mmadụ na mmịpụta.

Ya mere, echiche ndị a na-enye aka kọwaa ebe mmanụ ala si abịa, ka hydrocarbons si etolite, ihe kpatara mmanụ cru dị iche, na ihe kpatara nkwụnye mmanụ mmanụ ji eme tumadi n’ime obere mmiri mmiri.

1. Ozizi Biogenic: Ozizi a na-ekwu na mmanụ ala a na-emekarị na-emepụta tumadi site na ihe ndị dị ndụ n’oge ochie a na-edebe n’ime sedimenti wee gbanwee site na olili, okpomọkụ, nrụgide, na oge ala.

2. Ozizi Abiogenic: Ozizi a na-atụ aro na hydrocarbons nwere ike ịmalite site na ogige carbon inorganic site na mmeghachi omume geological miri emi wee mesịa kwaga n’elu site na mgbaji na ụzọ ndị ọzọ dị n’okpuru ala.

3. Ihe akaebe sayensị: Nleba anya na mbara ala, ihe ndị na-ahụ maka biomarkers, organic geochemistry, mmekọrịta isi-okwute, na ụkpụrụ maturation mmanụ ala na-enye nkwado siri ike maka nkọwa biogenic nke nhazi mmanụ ala.

4. Sistemu mmanụ: Geology mmanụ ala ọgbara ọhụrụ na-enyocha okwute isi iyi, ụzọ mbata, okwute mmiri mmiri, akara, ọnyà, na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ala ọnụ karịa ịgwọ nguzobe mmanụ dị ka ihe dịpụrụ adịpụ.

Gụkwuo: Mgbati gburugburu ebe obibi na nsogbu nke ime gburugburu ebe obibi

Biogenic Mmalite nke Crude Mmanụ

Ozizi biogenic na-akọwa mmanụ crude dị ka ngwaahịa sitere na ihe foduru ndu oge ochie bụ nke na-akwakọba na gburugburu sedimentary wee bụrụ nke echekwara tupu ire ere zuru oke nwere ike ibibi ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ.

Mmiri plankton na algae na-enye ihe dị mkpa mmanụ ala n’ihi na ihe ndị dị ndụ ha nwere ike ịgbakọta ngwa ngwa n’ime sediments, karịsịa ebe ọkwa oxygen na-adị ala iji kwalite nchekwa.

Osisi terrestrial, microorganisms, na nnukwu ihe ndị dị n’ime mmiri nwekwara ike inye aka n’ihe ndị dị ndụ. Oke ha na-emetụta njirimara kemịkalụ nke mmanụ ala na-emesị mepụta n’ime nkume isi iyi.

Nhazi mmanụ ọkụ na-agụnye ogologo oge geoloji dị ogologo n’oge nke ihe ndị dị ndụ e liri na-enwe mgbanwe kemịkalụ na-aga n’ihu. Usoro a na-eme ka mmanụ ala dị iche na akụrụngwa ike emejupụtara ngwa ngwa.

Mmekọrịta dị n’etiti ihe ndị dị ndụ n’oge ochie na hydrocarbons na-atụlekwa site na nhazi nke mmanụ ụgbọala hydrocarbon, gụnyere mmanụ crude, gas, na ihe ndị ọzọ sitere na carbon ume.

Ka olili na-aga n’ihu, okpomọkụ na nrụgide na-abawanye, na-ebute mgbanwe kemịkalụ n’ime ihe ndị echekwara echekwa. Mgbanwe ndị a na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-emepụta kerogen na emesịa mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ gaseous hydrocarbons n’okpuru ọnọdụ ntozu okè.

Ndị na-ahụ maka biomarkers na-enyekwu ihe akaebe n’ihi na ogige molekụla ndị a dị mgbagwoju anya na-ejigide njirimara metụtara ihe mmalite ndu ma na-enyere ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị aka ịmalite mmekọrịta n’etiti mmanụ ala na nkume isi iyi ya.

Usoro mbara ala sara mbara site na ihe ndị e liri n’ala ruo na mmanụ ala tozuru etozu na-akọwakwa ihe kpatara mmanụ ọkụ ọkụ chọrọ ọtụtụ nde afọ iji tolite na enweghị ike dochie ngwa ngwa ewepụtara.

Usoro Abiogenic na oke ya

Ozizi abiogenic na-atụ aro na ụfọdụ hydrocarbons sitere na ogige carbon inorganic nke dị n’ime ụwa karịa kpọmkwem site na osisi, anụmanụ, algae, na microorganisms oge ochie.

Atụmatụ akụkọ ihe mere eme tụrụ aro ọtụtụ usoro inorganic. Berthelot tụpụtara acetylene ka ọ bụrụ ihe mmalite, ebe Mendelejeff jikọtara ọgbọ mmanụ ala yana mmeghachi omume metụtara carbides dara na mmiri ma ọ bụ acid.

Ndị na-akwado nkọwa abiogenic na-arụ ụka na ụwa nwere nnukwu carbon na na ọnọdụ ala ala dị omimi nwere ike ịmepụta hydrocarbons nke mechara kwaga n’ụdị na-emighị emi.

Mgbaji dị omimi, mmejọ, na ụzọ geological ndị ọzọ nwere ike inye ụzọ maka mmegharị hydrocarbon na-arị elu n’okpuru ihe nlereanya a, na-ekwe ka hydrocarbons emepụtara na omimi ruo ọnyà kwesịrị ekwesị.

Agbanyeghị, sayensị mmanụ ala ọgbara ọhụrụ na-achọta ihe akaebe siri ike maka ihe ndị sitere n’okike, ọkachasị n’ebe nchekwa mmanụ ọdịnala jikọtara ya na okwute sedimentary bara ụba nke organic yana mbinye aka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ndụ.

Ihe isi ike na-edo anya karị mgbe ị na-atụle ihe guzosiri ike usoro mgbanwe mmanụ ala, nke na-ejikọta ihe ndị dị ndụ na-eli ozu, nhazi kerogen, maturation thermal, ọgbọ hydrocarbon, na njem na-esote.

Nkọwa Abiogenic na-echekwa ihe ịma aka sitere na ọmụmụ thermodynamic na-egosi na ọtụtụ ogige mmanụ ala anaghị etolite ngwa ngwa site na methane n’okpuru nrụgide sedimentary-rock nkịtị na okpomọkụ.

N’ihi ya, usoro abiogenic nwere ike ịkọwapụta oke ikuku hydrocarbon n’okpuru ọnọdụ dị omimi nke ụwa, mana ha anaghị enye nkọwa kachasị maka mkpokọta mmanụ ala.

1. Carbon inorganic: Ụdị Abiogenic na-amalite site na ogige carbon karịa irighiri ihe ndị dị ndụ ma kwuo na mmeghachi omume ala dị omimi nwere ike ịmepụta hydrocarbons site na ihe inorganic n’okpuru ọnọdụ kwesịrị ekwesị.

2. Usoro nke acetylene: Nkọwa nke mbụ lere acetylene dị ka ihe dị mkpa na-ebute ụzọ sitere na carbide inorganic, ọ bụ ezie na usoro akụkọ ihe mere eme ndị a anaghị akọwa nke ọma ọtụtụ nchịkọta mmanụ ala.

3. Mbugharị miri emi: Ozizi a na-ekwusi ike na mmegharị hydrocarbon dị elu site na mgbaji na mmejọ, na-atụ aro na hydrocarbons nke miri emi nwere ike iru n’ụdị ala ala na-emighị emi ma nwee ike ịgbakọta ebe ahụ.

4. Oke oke: Ihe akaebe Geological na geochemical ugboro ugboro na-ejikọta mmanụ ala azụmahịa na okwute sedimentary bara ụba nke organic, ndị na-ahụ maka biomarkers, okpomọkụ okpomọkụ, na mmekọrịta nke sistemu mmanụ ala nwere ike ịmata.

Akụrụngwa nke mmanụ crude

Akụrụngwa ndị a na-etinye n’ichepụta mmanụ a na-emekarị na-abụkarị ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ nke a na-etinye n’ime sedimenti. Ihe dị ndụ nke mbụ na-emetụta njiri mara mmanụ ala emepụtara n’oge ntozu oke.

Marine plankton na-enyekarị ihe mmalite mmanụ ala n’ihi na ihe ndị dị na microscopic nwere ike ịgbakọta n’ọtụtụ buru ibu n’ime sedimenti mmiri n’okpuru ọnọdụ nchekwa dị mma.

Algae mmiri, nje bacteria, nnukwu ihe ndị dị n’ime mmiri, na ihe ọkụkụ nke ụwa nwekwara ike inye aka n’ihe ndị dị ndụ. Uru nke ha nwere na-adabere na gburugburu ebe obibi na ọnọdụ sedimentary.

Ihe ndị dị n’okike bara ụba na lipids na-enyekarị ihe dị mma maka ọgbọ mmanụ ala mmiri, ebe akụkụ osisi na terrestrial organic nwere ike inyekwu ihe ndị na-enwekarị gas n’oge ntozu oke.

Mmekọrịta dị n’etiti isi iyi na mmanụ ala emechara na-edo anya karịa mgbe a na-enyocha ya mejupụtara mmanụ crude, nke na-adịgasị iche dabere n’akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịdị ala.

Ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi n’oge nkwụnye ego na-ekpebikwa ole ihe organic na-adị ndụ. Ozu ozu ngwa ngwa na ọnọdụ adịghị mma oxygen nwere ike ichebe ihe ndị dị ndụ site na ire ere buru ibu tupu olili miri emi emee.

Ihe ndị a na-emepụta ihe na-emesị tinye n’ime nkume sedimentary ebe mgbanwe kemịkal na-aga n’ihu. Ngwakọta mbụ ha na-emetụta ụdị na ọnụọgụ nke hydrocarbons ndị a na-emepụta n’oge ntozu oke okpomọkụ.

1. Marine Plankton: Plankton mmiri na-etolite ihe dị mkpa mmanụ ala n’ihi na ihe ndị dị na microscopic nwere ike ịgbakọta na sedimenti wee chekwaa ya mgbe ọnọdụ nkwụnye ego na-egbochi oke oxidation na ire ere.

2. Mmiri mmiri: Algae nwere ogige organic nke nwere ike inye aka nke ukwuu na ọgbọ mmanụ ala, ọkachasị ebe ikuku oxygen na-adịghị na-echekwa nnukwu algal dị n’ime sedimenti dị mma.

3. Osisi terrestrial: Osisi ndị dị elu nwere ike inye aka irighiri ihe nke mmiri, idei mmiri, mbuze, na usoro dị n’ụsọ osimiri na-ebute, na-emetụta njirimara mmanụ ala na gburugburu ebe obibi na-enweta nnukwu ntinye sedimenti nke ụwa.

4. Microorganisms: Ntule microbial na-enye aka biomass ma nwee ike gbanwee ihe organic etinyebere site na ọrụ ndu, na-emetụta ichekwa na njirimara kemịkalụ nke precursors mmanụ ala.

Njirimara Nkume na Ogo Isi Iyi

Nkume isi iyi bụ usoro mbara ala nwere ihe dị ndụ dabara adaba iji mepụta hydrocarbons mgbe ọ nwechara olili kwesịrị ekwesị, ọnọdụ okpomọkụ, nrụgide, oge ala ala, na ntozu oke ọkụ.

Shale bara ụba nke Organic na-arụkarị ọrụ dị ka nkume isi iyi n’ihi na sedimenti dị mma nwere ike ichekwa oke ihe ndị dị ndụ, ọkachasị n’okpuru ikuku oxygen nwere oke.

Ndị ọkà mmụta banyere mbara ala na-enyocha ogo isi iyi-nkume site na iji akụrụngwa dị ka mkpokọta carbon organic, ụdị kerogen, ntozu oke ọkụ, ọkpụrụkpụ, na ike imepụta mmanụ n’oge mmemme nyocha mmanụ.

Oke ikpo ọkụ nke nkume isi iyi na-ekpebi ma ọ nwere ike ịmepụta mmanụ ala. Nkume na-eto eto na-emepụta obere hydrocarbons, nkume ndị toro eto nwere ike ịmepụta mmanụ, ebe ikpo ọkụ ka ukwuu na-amasị ọgbọ gas.

Isi iyi-rock mineral nwekwara ike imetụta ichekwa ihe organic na ọgbọ hydrocarbon. Mineral ụrọ na ihe ndị ọzọ nwere ike imetụta mgbasa ozi, mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ, na nchụpụ hydrocarbon.

Ịghọta ihe gbasara ala na-eritekwa uru site n’ịmụ ihe njikwa akụ nke ala na ịnweta, ọ bụ ezie na okwute isi iyi na ala na-arụ ọrụ dị iche iche geological na gburugburu ebe obibi.

Ya mere, nkume na-emepụta ihe ga-enwerịrị ihe ndị dị ndụ na-adaba n’ụba na ntozu oke. Ọgaranya organic naanị anaghị ekwe nkwa na mmanụ ala dị mkpa n’ahịa ga-etolite.

Nkume isi iyi dị iche na okwute mmiri n’ihi na okwute isi iyi na-emepụta hydrocarbons, ebe okwute mmiri na-enye ohere nchekwa na ụzọ ejikọrọ nke mmanụ ala si akwaga nwere ike ịgbakọta.

1. Ọgaranya Organic: Nkume isi iyi dị mma nwere carbon organic zuru oke iji mepụta ọnụọgụ hydrocarbons bara uru mgbe e liri ya, ntozu oke, yana ngbanwe nke ala.

2. Ụdị Kerogen: Ụdị kerogen na-ekpebi ma ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-eme ka ọ na-emepụta mmanụ, gas, ma ọ bụ ngwakọta nke hydrocarbons n’oge okpomọkụ na-aga n’ihu.

3. Oke okpomọkụ: Ikpughe okpomọkụ kwesịrị ekwesị na-agbanwe kerogen ka ọ bụrụ mmanụ ala, ebe ikpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ nwere ike ime ka ihe dị na ya gafere n’isi mmalite nke ọgbọ mmanụ.

4. Nchekwa: Nchekwa nke ọma na-echebe ihe ndị sitere n’okike pụọ na ire ere zuru oke ma na-abawanye ụbara ihe dị maka ọgbọ mmanụ ala n’ime sedimenti e liri.

Nchekwa na mgbanwe Organic ihe

Ihe ndị dị ndụ na-aghaghị ịlanarị mmebi ihe ndị dị ndụ na kemịkalụ tupu ya enwee ike itinye aka nke ukwuu n’ịkpụpụta mmanụ ala. Ozu ozu ngwa ngwa na-echebe ihe echekwara site na nnukwu ikuku oxygen na ire ere.

Gburugburu ebe ikuku oxygen na-adịghị na-akwado nchekwa n’ihi na mbelata ikuku oxygen na-egbochi oxidation ma na-ebelata mbibi zuru oke nke ogige organic site na microorganisms na usoro okike ndị ọzọ.

Ka olili na-aga n’ihu, sediments na-ejikọta ọnụ ka okpomọkụ na nrụgide na-abawanye. A na-achụpụ mmiri, mmeghachi omume kemịkal na-aga n’ihu, na ihe ndị dị ndụ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-etolite ghọọ ihe ndị na-ahụ maka mbara ala na-esiwanye ike.

N’oge olili ozu mbụ, a na-enweta ihe ndị dị ndụ na-enweta digenesis, na-emepụta ihe ndị dị mgbagwoju anya gụnyere kerogen. Site na ikpo ọkụ ka ukwuu na olili ozu, catagenesis na-emepụta mmanụ ala mmiri mmiri na hydrocarbons gaseous.

Igwe ọkụ ọzọ nwere ike ịkpata metagenesis, ebe ihe ndị fọdụrụ na-agbanwe agbanwe nke ukwuu ma na-enwewanye mmasị gas karịa ọgbọ mmanụ mmanụ.

Usoro mgbanwe a na-akọwa ihe kpatara ya mmanụ ọkụ na-anọchi anya ike kemịkalụ echekwara echekwabara site na usoro ala kama ịbụ akụrụngwa emepụtara n’ime obere oge mmadụ.

Okpomọkụ, omimi olili, oge, ihe mejupụtara ya na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ala na-emetụta ma nkume isi iyi na-emepụta mmanụ, gas, ma hydrocarbons, ma ọ bụ obere mmanụ ala bara uru.

Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ewughachi akụkọ ihe mere eme ndị a site na nlele geochemical na nyocha geochemical, na-enye ha ohere ịtụle ma mmiri mmiri sedimentary nwere okwute ndị toro eto nwere ike ịkwado ọgbọ mmanụ ala.

Ọgbọ Crude Mmanụ na Mbugharị

Mgbe nkume isi iyi ruru ntozu oke ọkụ, mmeghachi omume kemịkal na-agbanwe kerogen ka ọ bụrụ hydrocarbons. Ịba ụba nke hydrocarbon na nrụgide mmiri nwere ike ịgba mmanụ ala ume ịhapụ isi mmalite.

Mbugharị nke mbụ na-akọwa mmegharị hydrocarbon si na nkume tozuru etozu banye n’ụdị ụgbọ mmiri dị nso ma ọ bụ ụzọ ala ala ndị ọzọ ebe mmanụ ala nwere ike ịga n’ihu njem dị n’okpuru ala ya.

Mbugharị nke abụọ na-eme mgbe mmanụ ala batara n’oké okwute ndị nwere ike ịgbasa. Mbugharị, esemokwu nrụgide, ọnọdụ hydrodynamic, mgbaji, na mmejọ nwere ike iduzi hydrocarbons gaa na saịtị mkpokọta kwesịrị ekwesị.

Nkọwa nke Mbugharị mmanụ ala na ihe omume dị mkpa n’ihi na mmanụ ala ga-esi n’ebe ọ dị tupu ya enwee ike ịgbakọba n’ime ụlọ nchekwa nchekwa dị mkpa maka azụmahịa.

Nkume mmiri mmiri na-achọ porosity zuru oke na permeability. Porosity na-enye ohere nchekwa, ebe permeability na-enye ohere ka mmiri na-ebugharị site na pores ejikọrọ, mgbaji, oghere, ma ọ bụ oghere ndị ọzọ.

Mmanụ ala nwere ike ịgbakọ n’okpuru akara nke na-egbochi mmegharị ọzọ. Ọnyà nhazi, stratigraphic, ma ọ bụ ngwakọta nwere ike ịmepụta ọnọdụ dabara adaba maka nchịkọta mmanụ ala n’okpuru ala.

Mkpa azụmahịa nke mmanụ ala mgbe ewepụtara ya na-edo anya site na ya ụmụ irighiri mmanụ ala, nke na-egosi otú e si ekewa mmanụ crude n’ime iyi na ngwaahịa ndị na-emepụta ihe bara uru.

Mbugharị anaghị ekpuchi ebe dị anya mgbe niile n’ihi na okwute isi iyi na mmiri mmiri nwere ike ime nso ọnụ. N’ebe ndị ọzọ gbasara mbara ala, hydrocarbons nwere ike ịga nke ọma tupu ha erute ọnyà kwesịrị ekwesị.

1. Ọgbọ Hydrocarbon: Nkume ndị tozuru etozu na-emepụta mmanụ ala mgbe ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na-agbanwe kerogen ka ọ bụrụ mmiri mmiri na ikuku hydrocarbons site na mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ na-aga n’ihu.

2. Mbugharị nke mbụ: Mmanụ ala emepụtara na-ahapụ isi iyi site na mmegharị nke nrụgide, mgbaji, microfractures, na ụzọ pore jikọtara ọnụ nke na-enye ụzọ banye n’ụdị ụgbọ.

3. Mbugharị nke abụọ: Hydrocarbons na-aga n’ihu n’ụdị ọdịdị ala na-agafe agafe n’okpuru mmetụta nke ebili mmiri, gradients nrụgide, ike hydrodynamic, na ụzọ nhazi.

4. Mkpokọta mmanụ ala: Mmanụ na gas na-agbakọta mgbe mmiri mmiri, akara, na ọnyà ala jikọtara ọnụ nke ọma iji gbochie ịkwaga mba ọzọ ma chekwaa mkpokọta hydrocarbon n’okpuru ala.

Gụkwuo: Ọrụ nke ndị nrụpụta na ụlọ ọrụ na njikwa mkpofu

Ihe mere ihe mejupụtara mmanụ aṅụ ji dị iche

Mmanụ crude enweghị otu ngwakọta zuru ụwa ọnụ n’ihi na sistemụ mmanụ ala na-etolite n’okpuru usoro ndu dị iche iche, geological, kemịkalụ, thermal, depositional, mbugharị na ọnọdụ nchekwa mmiri.

Ihe mbụ organic na-emetụta kemịkalụ mmanụ ala. Ihe dị iche iche nke mmiri, algae, microorganisms, na terrestrial osisi na-eme ka ogige dị iche iche na-eme mgbanwe dị iche iche n’oge ntozu ala.

Chemistry Source-rock na-emetụtakwa mmanụ ala n’ihi na mineral, gburugburu ebe nchekwa, na ọnọdụ kemịkal na-emetụta ọgbọ hydrocarbon, ntinye sọlfọ, na nkesa nke ogige mmanụ ala dị iche iche.

ntozu oke okpomọkụ na-agbanwe mmanụ cru dị ka okpomọkụ na-abawanye na-agbaji ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị dị mgbagwoju anya n’ime obere ogige. Ịga n’ihu ikpo ọkụ nwere ike mechaa mebie hydrocarbons mmiri mmiri ma kwado ọgbọ gas.

Mbugharị mmanụ ala nwere ike gbanwee nhazi n’ihi na ogige dị iche iche na-akpa àgwà dị iche iche mgbe ha na-agafe na nkume, na-emekọrịta ihe na mineral, mmiri ịmepụta, na ihe ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka mbara ala n’okporo ụzọ njem.

Ọnọdụ nchekwa mmiri nwekwara ike gbanwee mmanụ ala site na biodegradation, ịsacha mmiri, evaporation, na mmekọrịta nke mmiri na-emepụta mgbe hydrocarbons chịkọbara.

Usoro ndị a na-enyere aka ịkọwa ihe kpatara njirimara mmanụ cru dị iche n’etiti olulu mmiri, ọbụlagodi mgbe olulu mmiri ndị ahụ na-eme n’ime mpaghara ala dị nso ma ọ bụ ihe yiri ya.

Nsonaazụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmepe mmanụ ala na-adaberekwa na akụrụngwa mmanụ, na-eme nchọpụta mmetọ mmanụ na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi ya dị mkpa maka njikwa mmanụ ala.

Njirimara mmanụ na-emetụta nnụcha chọrọ, njem, nchekwa, mkpụrụ ngwaahịa, na omume gburugburu ebe obibi. Njupụta, viscosity, sulfur itinye uche na nkesa hydrocarbon niile na-emetụta njikwa na nhazi mmanụ ala.

Ịghọta ọdịiche ndị a na-enye ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ohere ijikọta mmanụ cru na okwute nwere ike ime ma na-enyere ndị injinia aka ịchọpụta ka mmanụ ala ga-esi na-akpa n’oge mmịpụta, njem na nchacha.

Ya mere nchọgharị mmanụ ala na-ejikọta nlebanya ala ala na nyocha kemịkalụ iji guzobe njikọ n’etiti ihe ndị sitere na isi mmalite, ntozu oke isi iyi, akụkọ mbata, ọnọdụ mmiri mmiri na ihe mejupụtara mmanụ ala.

1. Isi mmalite Ihe: Ihe ndị dị ndụ na-abanye n’ime sedimenti na-enwe mmetụta siri ike na njirimara molikula nke mmanụ ala a na-emepụta mgbe e liri ya na ikpo ọkụ.

2. Gburugburu ebe obibi: Ọkwa oxygen, ọnụ ọgụgụ sedimentation, kemistri mmiri, ihe omume ndụ, na ụdị sedimenti na-emetụta nchekwa na n’ikpeazụ kemịkalụ nke hydrocarbons emepụtara.

3. Akụkọ okpomọkụ: Okpomọkụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme olili ozu na-ekpebi ntozu oke nke ihe ndị dị ndụ ma na-emetụta ma nkume isi iyi na-esite na mmanụ, gas, ma ọ bụ mmanụ ọkụ gbanwere.

4. Mgbanwe Ọgbọ Ọgbọ: Mbugharị, biodegradation, ịsacha mmiri, evaporation, na mkparịta ụka mmiri nwere ike gbanwee mmanụ ala mgbe ọgbọ gachara wee mepụta ọdịiche dị n’etiti mmanụ crude.

Mwepụta mmanụ ala nwere ike ịmepụta ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi mgbe ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri, njem, nchekwa na nhazi ntọhapụ hydrocarbons. A na-atụle nchegbu ndị a na Ịgbapụta mmanụ na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi.

Ihe omume ụlọ ọrụ jikọtara ya na mmanụ ala nwekwara ike ịmepụta ihe mkpofu na ikuku, na-eme mmetụta mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ dị mkpa mgbe ị na-enyocha nsonaazụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmepụta mmanụ.

Ịghọta nzaghachi gburugburu ebe obibi maka ọrụ mmanụ ala na-eritekwa uru site n’ịmụ akwụkwọ nzaghachi ọha na eze na mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi, karịsịa ebe ndị obodo na-adabere kpamkpam na ala na mmiri mmiri metụtara.

N’otu aka ahụ, njirimara ndu nke mmiri emetọru nyere aka kọwaa otú hydrocarbons na ihe ndị ọzọ na-emerụ emerụ nwere ike isi metụta gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri mgbe ahapụchara ya na mberede.

Nnukwu ihe mberede mmanụ ala na-egosipụtakwa nsonaazụ nke njikwa ezughị oke, ebe nnukwu mmetụta mwụfu mmanụ gosi na mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi na akụ na ụba jikọtara ya na nnukwu mwepụta.

Ijikwa nke ọma ihe fọdụrụ na mmanụ ala chọrọ nlebara anya na njikwa mkpofu n’ihi na ihe sitere na mmanụ ọkụ nwere ike ịnwe ihe ndị chọrọ ọgwụgwọ a na-achịkwa, nchekwa, mkpofu ma ọ bụ mgbake.

N’ikpeazụ, ịghọta okwu njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi site na usoro ikpebi ihe mkpofu nwere ike ịkwado nhazi na njikwa nke ihe mkpofu mmanụ ala dị ize ndụ karị.

Nchịkọta maka Mmanụ Crude, Akụrụngwa Raw na Nkume Isi Iyi

Ajuju a na-ajụkarị gbasara mmalite mmanụ ala: Akụrụngwa Raw na Rock Source

1. Kedu ka mmanụ crude si abịa?

Mmanụ crude a na-emekarị na-esite na ihe anụ ahụ oge ochie e liri n’ime sedimenti wee gbanwee site na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ, nrụgide, mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ, na ogologo oge nke oge ala.

2. Kedu echiche kacha akọwa isi mmalite mmanụ crude?

Theory biogenic nwere nkwado sayensị kacha sie ike n’ihi na ndị na-ahụ maka biomarkers, mmekọrịta iyi-rock, organic geochemistry, na thermal maturation na-ejikọta mmanụ ala ochie na ihe ndụ oge ochie.

3. Kedu ihe bụ isi akụrụngwa nke mmanụ crude?

Mmiri plankton, algae, microorganisms, nnukwu mmiri ntule, na terrestrial osisi nwere ike na-atụnye organic okwu na-emecha ghọọ mmanụ ụgbọala n’okpuru mma geological ọnọdụ.

4. Gịnị bụ isi iyi mmanụ ala nkume?

Nkume isi iyi bụ usoro mbara ala bara ụba nke nwere ike imepụta hydrocarbons mgbe e liri ya kwesịrị ekwesị, ntozu oke ọkụ, nrụgide, na oge ala.

5. Gịnị mere ihe mejupụtara mmanụ aṅụ ji dị iche?

Mmanụ ala dị iche iche na-adịgasị iche n’ihi na ihe ndị dị na isi mmalite, gburugburu ebe nchekwa, kemịkalụ isi-nkume, ntozu oke ọkụ, ụzọ mbata, ọnọdụ mmiri mmiri, na mgbanwe ọgbọ gachara dị iche n’etiti sistemu mmanụ ala.

6. Gịnị bụ abiogenic tiori nke mmanụ ala si?

Echiche abiogenic na-egosi na hydrocarbons nwere ike ịmalite site na ogige carbon inorganic site na mmeghachi omume geological miri emi tupu ịkwaga n’elu site na mgbaji na ụzọ ndị ọzọ dị n’okpuru ala.

7. Kedu ka mmanụ cru na-esi esi na nkume ndị na-emepụta akwa akwaga?

Mmanụ crude nwere ike ịkwaga site na oghere oghere, mgbaji, mmejọ, akwa ndị na-ebu ibu, na ụzọ ala ala ndị ọzọ jikọtara n’okpuru mmetụta nke nrụgide, ihe na-akpali akpali, na ike hydrodynamic.

8. Gịnị na-eme ezigbo isi iyi nkume?

Nkume dị mma nwere ihe dị mma dabara adaba, njirimara kerogen dị mma, nchekwa zuru oke, yana ntozu oke ọkụ iji mepụta hydrocarbons dị mkpa maka azụmahịa.

9. Kedu usoro nhazi mmanụ crude?

Usoro ndị bụ isi na-agụnye ichekwa ihe ndị dị ndụ, digenesis, catagenesis, na mgbanwe okpomọkụ. Hydrocarbon ndị a na-emepụta nwere ike ịkwaga ma gbakọta n’ime mmiri mmiri dị n’okpuru ala dabara adaba.

10. Gịnị mere ịghọta otú mmanụ si esi dị mkpa?

Ịghọta ihe sitere na mmanụ ala na-enyere ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị aka ịmata okwute isi, nyochaa usoro mmanụ ụgbọala, chọta ebe nchekwa mmiri nwere ike, kọwaa ihe mejupụtara mmanụ crude, na nyochaa mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmịpụta mmanụ ala.

Ị nwere ajụjụ, ntụnye ma ọ bụ onyinye ọ bụla? Ọ bụrụ otu a, biko nweere onwe gị iji igbe nkọwa n’okpuru kesaa echiche gị. Anyị na-agbakwa gị ume ka ị jiri obiọma kesaa ozi a n’etiti ndị ọzọ nwere ike irite uru na ya. Ebe ọ bụ na anyị enweghị ike ịgakwuru onye ọ bụla ozugbo, anyị nwere ekele maka enyemaka gị n’ịgbasa okwu ahụ. Daalụ nke ukwuu maka nkwado gị na maka ịkekọrịta!

Gụkwuo: Ntụle nke mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi na ọrụ ugbo