Imingcele eminingana yezemvelo ingadalula izinga lokungcola ezindaweni ezithintekile ngokuchitheka kukawoyela, isize abaphenyi baqonde amazinga okungcola futhi bahlole izinguquko ezenzeka emanzini angcolile, inhlabathi, nenhlabathi.
Ngakho-ke ukuqapha ukungcoliswa kukawoyela kuhilela ukuqoqa amasampula emvelo nokulinganisa izinkomba ezibonakalayo, zamakhemikhali, nezebhayoloji eziveza ubukhona nokugcwala kokungcola okutholakala ku-petroleum.
Lezi zilinganiso zinikeza ubufakazi obuwusizo bokunquma ubunzima bokungcoliswa komhlaba, ukuhlonza izinguquko zemvelo, ukusekela izinqumo zokulawula, kanye nokuhlola ukuthi ingabe imisebenzi yokuhlanza iyakunciphisa ngempela ukungcoliswa ezindaweni ezithintekile.
Izimiso zokuphathwa kwemvelo zigcizelela ukuvimbela nokulawula okunomthwalo wemfanelo ngoba ukuvimbela ukungcola ngokuvamile kunciphisa umthwalo wemvelo kanye nezezimali ohambisana nokwelashwa okubanzi kanye nokubuyiselwa kamuva.
Lesi sihloko sichaza imingcele ebalulekile yokuqapha ukungcoliswa kukawoyela, ukubaluleka kwayo kokuhlaziya, izindlela ezinkulu zokuhlola, nezindlela ezingokoqobo zokuvimbela, ukuqukatha, ukubuyisela, kanye nokulungisa ukungcoliswa kwe-petroleum.
Amapharamitha Abalulekile Wokuqapha Ukungcola Kawoyela
Ukuqapha ukungcoliswa kukawoyela kungahlola izakhi ze-gross organic, inhlanganisela ye-petroleum ngayinye, izinto ezidinga umoya-mpilo, izinto ezikhishwayo, ama-hydrocarbon e-petroleum, izakhi ezisebenza nge-ultraviolet, izinsimbi, nezinhlanganisela ezikhipha imisebe ngaphakathi kwemithombo yezemvelo ethintekile.
1. Isidingo Sekhabhoni Ye-Organic Ne-Oxygen: Ingqikithi yekhabhoni ephilayo, isidingo somoya-mpilo wamakhemikhali, isidingo somoya-mpilo wamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo, kanye nezindlela ezihlobene nazo zilinganisela inani noma izidingo zomoya-mpilo wezinto eziphilayo ezikhona emanzini angcolile, inhlabathi, noma inhlabathi.
2. Amafutha kanye Negrisi: Le pharamitha ikala izinto ezikhishwe yizincibilikisi ze-organic nonpolar ezifanele, ezinikeza inkomba ewusizo yezinto eziphathelene ne-petroleum nezinye izinhlanganisela ezincibilikayo ezitholakala ngaphakathi kwamasampula emvelo.
3. Ingqikithi Ye-Petroleum Hydrocarbons: I-TPH ihlinzeka ngesilinganiso esibanzi sokungcoliswa kwe-petroleum ngokulinganisa izingxube ze-hydrocarbon compounds ngaphakathi kwenhlabathi ethintekile, intlenga, namanzi, esekela ukuhlela ukuhlanza kanye nezinqumo zokulungisa.
4. Izingxenye zokumunca i-Ultraviolet: Izithako ezinephunga elimnandi kuwoyela ongahluziwe zimunca imisebe ye-ultraviolet, okwenza ukumunca kwe-UV kube usizo njengenkomba yokuthatha indawo yokungcoliswa kwemvelo lapho ukungcoliswa kwe-petroleum kuthinta amasampula emvelo.
5. Izinsimbi kanye nama-Radioactive Compounds: Uwoyela ongahluziwe kanye nemfucumfucu ye-petroleum ingaba nezinsimbi zokulandelela kanye nezakhi ezikhipha imisebe ehambisana nezinto ze-geological, okwenza ukuzimisela kwakho kubaluleke ngesikhathi sezinhlelo ezibanzi zokuqapha imvelo.
Lezi zinkomba zihambisana ngokubanzi izinhlelo zokuqapha imvelo ngoba uphenyo olusebenzayo luncike ekukhetheni izilinganiso ezihambisana nendawo nenjongo yezemvelo.
Funda Futhi: Ukungcoliswa Kawoyela Emvelweni: Ubukhulu, Imithelela, Imithombo kanye Nesiphetho
Ukuqapha Ukungcola Kawoyela Ngesidingo Somoya-mpilo
Ukufunwa komoyampilo kwamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo kuwukuhlola okunamandla okulinganisa ukusetshenziswa komoyampilo okubangelwa amagciwane amancane kuyilapho wonakalisa izinto eziphilayo ezingabolayo emanzini angcolile, emanzini angcolile, namasampula emvelo ahlobene.
I-BOD ingasiza abaphenyi baqonde ingxenye ye-biodegradable ye-organic pollution, nakuba izingxube ze-petroleum zihluka kakhulu ngokwakheka kanye nokubola kwe-biodegradability, ngakho imiphumela idinga ukuhunyushwa ngokuhambisana nezinye imingcele yokuqapha.
Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwe-BOD, amasampula ahlanjululwe alungiswa ngamanzi ahlanzekile afanelekile futhi angathola imbewu ye-microbial lapho izinto eziphilayo ezenzeka ngokwemvelo zingakwazi ukusekela ngokwanele ukuwohloka ngesikhathi sokufukamela.
Amasampula alungisiwe ahlala emabhodleleni angangeni moya ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo zokufukamela izinsuku ezinhlanu, kuyilapho izilinganiso ze-oxygen encibilikisiwe ezithathwe ngaphambi nangemva kokufukamela zinikeza isisekelo sokubala isidingo se-oxygen.
Lapho ukungcola kudala isidingo somoya-mpilo esikhulu kunomoya-mpilo otholakalayo oncibilikisiwe, abaphenyi bahlanza isampula ngamanzi afakwe umoya futhi bangase bengeze izinto eziphilayo zembewu ukuze bathuthukise ukuwohloka nokuthembeka kwesikali.
Abaphenyi bezemvelo bangaqhathanisa i-BOD nokusungulwa izinqubo zokuhlaziya izinga lamanzi ukubeka imiphumela yokudinga umoya-mpilo ngaphakathi kokuhlolwa okubanzi kwezimo zamakhemikhali nezebhayoloji.
Isidingo somoya-mpilo wekhemikhali siyahluka ngoba silinganisela okulingana komoyampilo okusetshenziswe ikhemikhali oxidant ethile, ngokuvamile i-potassium dichromate, ngaphansi kwezimo ezine-asidi eqinile kunokuthembela kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwamagciwane.
Ngakho-ke i-COD ihlinzeka ngesilinganiso esisheshayo esiphelele sokungcoliswa kwe-oxidiable futhi ingaqhathaniswa ne-BOD, i-TOC, kanye nenani eliphelele lesidingo somoya-mpilo ukuthuthukisa ukuqonda okubanzi kwezici zokungcoliswa kwemvelo.
Ukuqapha Ukungcola Kawoyela Ngezinyathelo Eziphilayo
Ingqikithi yekhabhoni ephilayo ihlinzeka ngesilinganiso esiqondile sekhabhoni esihlotshaniswa nezinto eziphilayo futhi inganqunywa emanzini, enhlabathini, namasampula enhlabathi aqoqwe ezindaweni ezithintekile ngenxa yokungcoliswa kwe-petroleum.
1. Ingqikithi Yekhabhoni Yemvelo: I-TOC ikala ikhabhoni ephilayo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isiphi isimo se-oxidation, iyenze ibe inkomba ekahle yokulayisha okuphelele kwe-organic; nokho, ayilinganisi yonke into ehlobene nezinhlanganisela eziphilayo.
2. Isidingo Se-Chemical Oxygen: I-COD ilinganisela okulingana komoya-mpilo wento e-oxidisable kusetshenziswa i-chemical oxidant, ihlinzeka ngesilinganiso esibanzi esihambisana ne-BOD ne-TOC lapho kuhlolwa amasampula emvelo angcolile.
3. Amafutha kanye Negrisi: Ukuhlaziya uwoyela namafutha kulinganisa izinto ezincibilikayo ezincibilikayo esikhundleni sento eyodwa ethile, okusho ukuthi umphumela ungase uhlanganise ama-hydrocarbon e-petroleum kanye nama-lipid emvelo nezinye izinhlanganisela ezikhiphekayo.
4. Ukuhunyushwa Kwekhabhoni Yemvelo: Imiphumela ye-TOC akufanele ingene esikhundleni se-BOD noma i-COD ngoba ipharamitha ngayinye inikeza ulwazi oluhlukile mayelana nezinto eziphilayo, izici ze-oxidation, isidingo komoyampilo, nokuziphatha okungcolile ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo ezingcolile.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-TOC kuvame ukusebenzisa i-catalytic oxidation ukuguqula ikhabhoni ibe yi-carbon dioxide, ngemva kwalokho umphumela we-carbon dioxide ungalinganiswa ngendlela enamandla kusetshenziswa izindlela ezifana nokutholwa kwe-infrared non-indispersive infrared.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-TOC okuthembekile kudinga amasampula amele, izikhala ezifanele, izindinganiso zokulinganisa, izimo zethuluzi ezizinzile, nezilinganiso eziphindaphindayo ezikwazi ukukhiqiza imiphumela yokuhlaziya ekwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha kulo lonke uhla lokuhlushwa olulindelekile.
Abafundi abahlola ubudlelwano obubanzi bokwelashwa kwamanzi nabo bangabuyekeza izimiso zokuphatha izinga lamanzi ukuqonda ukuthi kungani idatha yokuqapha kufanele iqondise izinqumo zokuvimbela, ukwelashwa, kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo.
Ukuqapha Ukungcola Kawoyela Ngokuthungathwa Kwe-Petroleum
Ukuhlaziya uwoyela namafutha kunikeza enye indlela yokuqapha ebalulekile ngoba ukungcoliswa kwe-petroleum kuvame ukukhiqiza izinto ezikhishwa yi-solvent ezinganqwabelana emanzini, enhlabathini, esenhlabathini, ezinhlelweni zokwelashwa, nasezindaweni zokwamukela.
Kumasampula awuketshezi, abaphenyi bavame ukudlulisa amavolumu akaliwe bawahlukanise amafaneli futhi bakhiphe into eqondiwe ngesixazululi esifanelekile ngaphambi kokuthola okukhishiwe kokunqunywa kwegravimetric.
Amasampula aqinile angakwazi ukukhipha i-solvent esebenzisa amasu afana ne-ultrasonic extraction noma i-Soxhlet extraction, kuye ngezici zesampula, inhloso yokuhlaziya, kanye nemishini yaselabhorethri etholakalayo.
Ngemva kokukhipha, i-solvent idlula endaweni yokomisa ukuze isuse amanzi, kuyilapho ukuhwamuka okulawulwayo kushiya izinsalela ezikhishwa abaphenyi abakala futhi bazisebenzisele izibalo zokuhlushwa.
Ingqikithi yama-petroleum hydrocarbons inweba indlela yokuqapha ngokukhomba izingxube zama-aliphatic kanye nama-aromakhakha atholakala ku-petroleum atholakala kuwo wonke amanzi angcolile, inhlabathi, nenhlabathi.
Izindlela zokuhlaziya zifaka i-infrared spectroscopy, i-Raman spectroscopy, izindlela ze-fluorescence, amasu e-gravimetric, i-immunoassay, i-chromatography yegesi enokutholwa kwe-ionization yomlilo, kanye ne-chromatography yegesi ehambisana ne-mass spectrometry.
Ngokunqunywa kwe-chromatographic, amalabhorethri akhipha ama-hydrocarbons emithonjeni yezemvelo, ahlanze ukukhishwa okuwumphumela, akugxilise lapho kudingekile, futhi akwethule ethuluzini lokuhlaziya lokulinganisa.
Amasu we-infrared anganikeza indlela eshesha ngokuqhathaniswa ngoba amaqembu asebenzayo e-hydrocarbon abonisa amabhande okumunca anezici abaphenyi abangaziqhathanisa namazinga okulinganisa alungiswe ngama-petroleum hydrocarbon.
Abafundi abanentshisekelo ezinhlelweni zokwelashwa bangaqhathanisa ukuqapha kwe-petroleum noku izinqubo zokuhlanza amanzi angcolile ezimbonini, ikakhulukazi lapho ukungcola kwezimboni kuqukethe uwoyela, amafutha, izinhlanganisela eziyingozi, nokunye ukungcola kwemvelo.
Ezinye Izinkomba Ekuqapheni Ukungcola Kawoyela
Ukuqapha ukungcoliswa kukawoyela akufanele kuncike kuma-hydrocarbon e-petroleum kuphela ngoba uwoyela ongahluziwe ungathonya izinkomba zamakhemikhali ezimbalwa futhi ungase wethule ukungcola okwengeziwe ezinhlelweni zemvelo ezizungezile.
1. Ukumuncwa kwe-Ultraviolet: Izithako ezinephunga elimnandi kuwoyela ongahluziwe zingamunca imisebe ye-ultraviolet, ngakho ukumunca kwe-UV okukalwa kungabonisa ukugxila okuhlanganisiwe kwezinto eziphilayo ezisebenza nge-UV ngaphakathi kwamasampula amanzi angcolile.
2. Izinsimbi: Imfucumfucu ehambisana nophethiloli ingase iqukathe izinsimbi zokulandela umkhondo, okugxilwe kwazo kudinga ukunqunywa kwelabhorethri kusetshenziswa amasu afana ne-atomic absorption spectrometry, izindlela ze-plasma ezihlanganisiwe ngokungenisa, i-photometry yomlilo, noma izinqubo zokuhlaziya ezihlobene.
3. Ama-Radioactive Compounds: Uphenyo lwendawo ezungezile lungase luhlole izakhi ezikhipha imisebe lapho izinto zejiyoloji ezihlobene nemisebenzi kawoyela ongahluziwe zidala ukukhathazeka okungenzeka, kusetshenziswa amathuluzi okubala afanelekile noma izindlela zokuhlaziya izinsimbi.
4. Isimo Sesampula Nekhwalithi: Ukuqoqwa kwamasampula okulungile, ukulondolozwa, ukulungiswa, ukulinganisa, ukuhlaziya okungenalutho, ukuphindaphinda, kanye nemibhalo kusabalulekile ngoba izinqubo zokuthatha amasampula ezingezinhle zingabukela phansi ukukalwa kwelabhorethri okunembe ngenye indlela.
Ukulinganisa kwe-UV kuvame ukusebenzisa i-spectrophotometer efakwe ama-quartz cuvettes, kuyilapho amasampuli adinga ukulungiswa okufanele, ukulungiswa okungenalutho, izimo ze-pH ezilawulwayo, kanye nezilinganiso zokumunca okuphindaphindayo.
Ukuqapha izinsimbi ngokuvamile kudinga ukugayeka kokudla ngaphambi kokunqunywa kwezinsimbi ngoba izinto eziphilayo nezinhlayiya zingaphazamisa ukuhlaziya noma zigcine izinsimbi okudingeka abaphenyi bazilethe ekuxazululeni.
Ukuhlola okuphelele okunjalo kuhambisana nokumisiwe izindlela zokuqapha izinga lamanzi, lapho ulwazi lwamakhemikhali, lwebhayoloji, nelomzimba lusekela ukuchazwa kwemvelo kanye nezinqumo zokuphatha.
Lawula Izinyathelo Zokungcoliswa Kwamafutha
Ukuqapha kubonisa izimo zokungcoliswa kwemvelo, kodwa ukuvikelwa kwemvelo okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuvimbela kanye nesinyathelo sokulungisa esinciphisa amathuba okuchitheka kuyilapho kunciphisa ukungcola lapho kwenzeka izigameko.
Izinyathelo zokuvimbela ngokuvamile zihlinzeka ngezinzuzo eziqinile zemvelo nezomnotho ngoba ukugwema ukuchitheka kwegazi kususa izindleko eziningi ezilandelanayo ezihlobene nokugcina, ukutakula, ukwelashwa, ukubuyisela, isinxephezelo, nokuqapha isikhathi eside.
Izinhlangano zingahlanganisa ukukhiqiza okuhlanzekile, ukunakekelwa kwemishini evamile, ukuqeqeshwa kwezisebenzi, ukulungela izimo eziphuthumayo, imithetho yemvelo, nokwengamela okuqinile kwesikhungo ukuze kuncishiswe amathuba okukhishwa kwe-petroleum ngengozi.
Ukuhlolwa kobungozi kufanele kuhlonze amathuluzi asengozini, amapayipi, amathangi, izindawo zokulayisha, kanye nemisebenzi yokusebenza, kuyilapho izehlakalo zangaphambili zingasiza abaphathi ukuthi babone ubuthakathaka obuqhubekayo futhi kuqinise nezinhlelo zokulungela izimo eziphuthumayo.
Inzwa yesilawuli kude nobunye ubuchwepheshe bokugada bungasekela ukuhlolwa kokufakwa kwe-petroleum namaphaseji, kusize izikhungo ezinomthwalo wemfanelo zithole izinguquko ezingajwayelekile futhi ziphendule ngaphambi kokuba izinkinga ezincane zibe ukukhishwa okukhulu.
Imikhumbi enamasondo amabili kanye nezinhlelo zokuqukatha ezinezendlalelo ezimbili zinganikeza ukuvikeleka okwengeziwe ngoba uphethiloli kufanele wephule izithiyo zokuvikela ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ngaphambi kokungena endaweni ezungezile.
Izinhlangano kufanele futhi zigcine okokusebenza njengenjwayelo, zihlole izinhlelo zokusabela ezimeni eziphuthumayo, ziqeqeshe, zinikeze izinsiza ezanele zokusabela ekuchithekeni, futhi ngokuqhubekayo zithuthukise ulwazi lwabasebenzi ngokuqeqeshwa okufanele kwezempilo, ukuphepha, kanye nemvelo.
Lezi zinyathelo zisekela kabanzi izinhlelo zesikhungo zokulawula ukunukubezeka, ikakhulukazi lapho ukuphoqelela okusebenzayo kanye nesenzo sikahulumeni esididiyelwe kudingekile ukuze kuvinjelwe ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo.
Izinqubo ezinhle zokuvikela amanzi ziphinde zigcizelele ukuvimbela ukungcola kunokuthembela ngokuphelele ekwelashweni kwakamuva, umgomo oboniswa amasu okulawula ukungcoliswa kwamanzi esetshenziselwa izinhlelo zasemanzini ezingcolile.
Funda Futhi: Izindima Zabakhiqizi Nezinkampani Ekulawuleni Udoti
Izinketho Zokulungisa Ngemva Kokungcoliswa Kwamafutha
Uma ukuvimbela kwehluleka futhi ukuchitheka kukawoyela kwenzeka, ukulungiswa kufanele kuhambisane nohlobo, umthamo, indawo, izimo zezulu, ukuzwela kwemvelo, kanye nezici zomzimba zempahla ye-petroleum ekhululiwe.
1. Ama-Chemical Dispersants: Ama-surfactants aqukethe izakhi ze-hydrophilic kanye ne-lipophilic ezisiza ukuphula ama-slicks angaphezulu abe amaconsi amancane, okuvumela imisinga nesenzo samagagasi ukuze sikuhlakaze phakathi kwekholomu yamanzi.
2. Ama-Mechanical Skimmers: Ama-Skimmers aphinde athole uwoyela ontantayo emanzini futhi eza ngemiklamo ehlukene, amakhono, kanye nokusebenza okufanelekile emanzini asogwini, izindawo ezingashoni, emifuleni nasezindaweni ezigudle ugu.
3. I-Sorbent Materials: Ama-sorbents athola uwoyela ngokumuncwa noma ngokukhanyiswa futhi angafaka izinsalela zezolimo, imikhiqizo yezinkuni, i-peat, ukhula lwasolwandle, ikhabhoni ecushiwe, ubumba, ama-zeolite, nezinto ezenziwe.
4. Ukuwohloka kwe-Microbial: Ama-microorganisms athile angehlisa isithunzi se-petroleum hydrocarbons ngokwemvelo noma ngokusizwa kwe-bioremediation, nakuba inqubo ingase iqhubeke kancane futhi incike kakhulu ezimweni zemvelo kanye nomsebenzi wamagciwane.
5. Ukushiswa Kwe-In-Situ Okulawulwayo: Ukushiswa kwe-in-situ kususa amanani amakhulu kawoyela ngokushesha ngokuvutha okulawulwayo, kodwa kucekela phansi i-petroleum ebuyisekayo futhi kungadala imikhiqizo evuthayo, edinga ukuhlolwa nokugunyazwa ngokucophelela okuqondene nendawo ethile.
Ukusetshenziswa kokusabalalisa kudinga ukuqapha okukhethekile ngoba uwoyela ohlakazayo awubhubhisi ukungcola; ishintsha ukusatshalaliswa kwayo ngokomzimba futhi ingadalula izinto eziphilayo zekholomu yamanzi ezingxenyeni ze-petroleum.
Ngakho-ke, iziphathimandla kufanele zihlole ubungozi bendawo ngaphambi kokugunyaza ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali, ikakhulukazi emanzini ahlanzekile noma ezindaweni zemvelo lapho ukuchayeka kwamakhemikhali okwengeziwe kungase kudale imithelela engamukeleki.
Ukusebenza kwe-Skimmer kungehla ngamagagasi anamandla, imisinga ephezulu, imfucumfucu, iqhwa, uwoyela we-viscous kakhulu, amabhola etiyela, nezinto ezigcotshwe ngamafutha ezithikameza amasistimu okuphuza noma okokusebenza kokutakula.
Amaqembu ezimpendulo angathuthukisa ukusebenza kwe-skimmer ngokugxilisa uwoyela antantayo nama-booms okuvimbela ngaphambi kokubeka okokusebenza kokutakula lapho okushelelayo kufinyelela ukushuba okwanele ukuze kuqoqwe kahle.
Ama-sorbents asebenza kahle kakhulu ekungcoleni okuyinsalela noma ukuchitheka okuncane, futhi abaphenduli bangakwazi ukuwasebenzisa njengamaphedi, amaroli, izingubo zokulala, imicamelo, amasokisi, izikhwama, ama-granules, izimpushana, amakhyubhu, noma ezinye izinhlobo ezingokoqobo.
Ukubuyekezwa okubanzi kwe izindlela eziqondile zokuhlanza ukungcola iphinde ibonise ukuthi kungani izindlela zokulungisa kufanele zifane nokungcola, izimo zesizinda, kanye nomphumela wemvelo ofisayo.
Ukulungiswa kwama-microbial kungabandakanya izinto ezilimazayo ze-petroleum njengamalungu esizukulwane I-Alcanivorax, I-Marinobacter, I-Pseudomonas, futhi I-Acinetobacteria, nakuba izilinganiso zokuwohloka zingahlala zihamba kancane uma kuqhathaniswa.
Ngakho-ke ukulungisa okuyimpumelelo kudinga ukuqapha okulandelwayo ngoba ukunyamalala okubonakalayo kokushelela kukawoyela akubonisi ukususwa okuphelele kokungcola emhlabathini, inzika, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, noma izinhlelo zebhayoloji.
Lapho umhlaba ongcolile udinga ukuphathwa okwengeziwe, imigomo okuxoxwe ngayo kuyo izakhiwo zomhlabathi nokuphathwa kwenhlabathi kungasiza ukuchaza ukuthi ukungcola kuhlangana kanjani nezindawo zomhlabathi futhi kudlule ezindaweni ezithintekile.
Ukuthi Ukuqapha Kusekela Kanjani Ukulawula Okungcono
Ukuqapha ukungcoliswa kukawoyela kudala ubufakazi obudingekayo ukuze kuqondwe amaphethini okungcola, kunqunywe ukusebenza kwezenzo zokulawula, futhi kusekele izinqumo mayelana nokwelashwa okuqhubekayo, ukubuyiselwa, nokuvikelwa kwemvelo.
Amasampula amanzi, inhlabathi, nenhlabathi kufanele amele indawo ethintekile ngokwanele, kuyilapho izinhlelo zokuqapha kufanele zicabangele imithombo yokungcola, izindlela zokuhamba, izinguquko zonyaka, ukuzwela kwemvelo, kanye nezinsiza ezitholakalayo zokuhlaziya.
Imiphumela yokuqapha iba usizo kakhulu lapho abaphenyi besungula izimo eziyisisekelo, beqoqa izilinganiso eziphindaphindiwe, izindawo zamasampuli amadokhumenti, begcina ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi yaselabhorethri, futhi beqhathanisa imiphumela kuzo zonke izikhawu zesikhathi ezingaguquki.
Izinqumo zokulawula ukungcoliswa kufanele zixhumanise ubufakazi bokuhlaziya nezinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokuphendula ukuze ukuqapha kwenze okungaphezu kokuchaza ukungcola futhi kunalokho kuqondise ukuvimbela, ukunqanda, ukwelashwa, ukubuyisela, kanye nokuhambisana.
Le ndlela ihambisana nemigomo ebanzi echazwe kuyo Ukwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile kanye namazinga omhlahlandlela, lapho izimo zemvelo ezilinganisiwe zisiza ekunqumeni ukuthi izinqubo zokwelapha kanye nokukhipha isisu ziyahlangabezana yini nezinjongo ezidingekayo.
Izikhungo zezimboni eziphethe imikhiqizo ye-petroleum kufanele zihlanganise ukuqapha ukungcoliswa kukawoyela nokubanzi izinqubo zokulawulwa kwemfucuza yezimboni ukunciphisa ubungozi bokungcola okuningi okukhishwe ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza nokucubungula imisebenzi.
Lapho amanzi angcolile ezimbonini ephethe izakhi ze-petroleum, amasistimu okwelapha angase adinge izinqubo zomzimba, zamakhemikhali, nezebhayoloji ezikhethwe kuye ngezici ezinethonya, izidingo zokukhishwa, kanye nezimo zemvelo.
Izinsiza zingabuyekezwa izinqubo zokuhlanza amanzi angcolile ezimbonini lapho ihlanganisa ukuqapha okungcolisayo nemisebenzi yokwelapha ebhekana nowoyela, amafutha, okuqinile okumisiwe, ukungcola okuyingozi, nezinye izakhi zamanzi angcolile ezimbonini.
Amasistimu athuthukisiwe angaphinda ahlanganise izinqubo zokwelashwa ezithuthukisiwe nobuchwepheshe bokuqapha kwedijithali, okusekela ukulawula okuphumelelayo lapho izindlela ezivamile zingakwazi ukunikeza ukuvikeleka okwanele ekungcoleni okuphikelelayo kwezinto eziphilayo.
Ubuchwepheshe bamanzi angcolile besimanje okuxoxwe ngakho ku ukuthuthukiswa kokwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile okuthuthukile khombisa ukuthi ukuqapha nokwelashwa kungasebenza kanjani ndawonye ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwemvelo nokuvikelwa kwezinsiza.
Ukuvimbela ukungcola kufanele kuhlale kuyinhloso eyinhloko ngoba ukulungisa kungase kube nzima ngokobuchwepheshe futhi kudinge ngokwezimali uma i-petroleum isisakazekela enhlabathini, inhlabathi, emanzini angaphansi komhlaba, amaxhaphozi, izindawo zezolimo, noma izindawo zokuhlala zasemanzini.
Ukungcoliswa komhlabathi kudinga ukunakwa ngokucophelela ngoba i-petroleum hydrocarbons ingasebenzisana ne-organic matter, indawo yamaminerali, nezimbotshana zomhlabathi, kube nomthelela ekugcinweni kokungcola, ukufuduka, ukusebenza kwebhayoloji, kanye nokusetshenziswa komhlaba esikhathini esizayo.
Ingxoxo ebanzi ye ukungcoliswa komhlaba kanye nokungcoliswa komhlabathi inikeza umongo owusizo wokuqonda ukuthi izinto ezingcolisayo zingalulaza kanjani izinsiza zomhlaba futhi zenze kube nzima ukubuyiselwa kwemvelo.
Ukulawulwa okusebenzayo kokungcoliswa kukawoyela kuncike futhi ekuqondeni izinto eziyingozi, ikakhulukazi lapho imfucumfucu ye-petroleum inamakhemikhali anobuthi, izinsimbi, noma ezinye izinto ezidinga ukuphathwa okukhethekile ngesikhathi sokwelashwa nokulahlwa.
Ngakho-ke abafundi bangahlola izinyathelo zokulawula imfucuza eyingozi kanye nokuqapha kwe-petroleum ukwazisa izibopho ezibanzi ezihilelekile ekugcineni okuphephile, ezokuthutha, ukwelashwa, kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo.
Isiqondiso sakamuva sokuphathwa kwemvelo siphinde sigqamise ukubaluleka kokuhlonza imithombo yemfucuza eyingozi kanye nezigaba, okusekela ukuhlolwa okunamandla kwengozi lapho imisebenzi ye-petroleum ikhiqiza izinto ezingcolile eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Ulwazi oluvela ku izigaba zemithombo yemfucuza eyingozi ingahambisana nokuqapha ukungcoliswa kukawoyela lapho izinsalela ezihlobene ne-petroleum ziqukethe izinto ezidinga ukulawulwa okulawulwayo ngenxa yezingozi ezingaba khona kwezemvelo.
Okokugcina, ubufakazi bokuqapha bungasekela izinqumo zezomnotho nezenqubomgomo ngokubonisa ukuthi ukutshalwa kwezimali okuvimbelayo, izinhlelo zokuphendula, kanye nemisebenzi yokulungisa inciphisa ukulinyazwa kwemvelo kanye nokulahlekelwa okuhlobene nezenhlalo noma kwezezimali.
Imiphumela yezomnotho yokungcola kuxoxwa ngayo ngokuqhubekayo ku ukuhlolwa kokulahlekelwa komnotho okuhlobene nokungcoliswa, okubonisa ukuthi kungani idatha ethembekile yezemvelo ihlala ibalulekile ezinqumweni zenqubomgomo nezokuphatha.
Ulwazi olwengeziwe lokwelapha izinga lamanzi lungaqinisa izinhlelo zokuqapha ngoba amasayithi angcolile ngokuvamile adinga amasampula ahlanganisiwe, ukwelashwa, ukulahlwa, nokuqinisekiswa kokulandelela ngaphambi kokuba iziphathimandla ezinomthwalo wemfanelo zicabangele imisebenzi yokubuyisela njengeqediwe.
Ukukhetha ukwelashwa okufanele kuncike ezicini ezingcolile, izimo zemvelo, izidingo zokulawula, umthamo wokwelapha, ubuchwepheshe obutholakalayo, kanye nesimo sokugcina esihlosiwe sendawo ethintekile.
Empeleni, ukulawulwa okuphumelelayo kokungcoliswa kukawoyela kuhlanganisa ukutholwa kusenesikhathi, ukukala okunembile, ukuvimbela okuqinile, ukusabela okusheshayo, ukulungisa okufanele, ukwengamela isikhungo, nokuqapha okuqhubekayo ngemva kokuphela kwemisebenzi yokuhlanza.
Izindlela Ezifingqiwe Nezinyathelo Zokuqapha Nokulawula Ukungcola Kawoyela
| Area | Key Points |
|---|---|
| Monitoring | Oil pollution monitoring uses measurements from water, soil, sediment, and other environmental media. |
| Organic Indicators | BOD, COD, TOC, oil and grease, and UV absorption provide different measures of organic contamination. |
| Petroleum Indicators | Total petroleum hydrocarbons help estimate petroleum contamination and guide remediation planning. |
| Additional Indicators | Metals and radioactive compounds may require investigation where petroleum-related wastes create additional contamination concerns. |
| Prevention | Maintenance, training, cleaner technology, risk assessment, regulation, surveillance, and emergency planning help prevent spills. |
| Remediation | Dispersants, skimmers, sorbents, microbial degradation, and controlled burning can assist oil spill response under suitable conditions. |
| Management | Continuous monitoring verifies pollution extent, supports treatment decisions, and evaluates remediation effectiveness. |
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Mayelana Nokuqapha Nokulawula Ukungcola Kawoyela: Izindlela Nezinyathelo
1. Kuyini ukuqapha ukungcoliswa kukawoyela?
Ukuqapha ukungcoliswa kukawoyela ukulinganisa okuhlelekile kwezinkomba zemvelo ezisetshenziselwa ukunquma ubukhona, ububanzi, ukugxilisa ingqondo, ukunyakaza, kanye nemiphumela yokungcoliswa kwe-petroleum.
2. Yimaphi amapharamitha avame ukusetshenziselwa ukuqapha ukungcoliswa kukawoyela?
Imingcele evamile ihlanganisa i-BOD, i-COD, i-TOC, uwoyela namafutha, ingqikithi ye-petroleum hydrocarbons, ukumuncwa kwe-ultraviolet, izinsimbi, nezinhlanganisela ezinomsakazo.
3. I-BOD ikala ini emanzini angcolile?
I-BOD ilinganisela umoya-mpilo osetshenziswa amagciwane ngenkathi yehlisa isithunzi sezinto eziphilayo ezibolayo kusampula ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zokuhlola.
4. Kungani ingqikithi ye-petroleum hydrocarbon ibalulekile?
I-TPH inikeza isilinganiso esibanzi sama-hydrocarbon atholakala ku-petroleum emanzini, enhlabathini, nasenhlabathini, isiza abaphenyi baqonde ukungcola futhi bahlele ukulungisa okufanele.
5. Ukungcoliswa kukawoyela kungavinjelwa kanjani?
Ukuvimbela kuhilela ukunakekela okujwayelekile, ukuqeqeshwa kwezisebenzi, ukuhlola ubungozi, ukukhiqiza okuhlanzekile, ukuhlela izimo eziphuthumayo, ukugadwa, imithetho eqinile, nezinhlelo ezithembekile zokusabela ukuchitheka.
6. Ingabe ama-chemical dispersants ahlala efanelekile ukuchitheka kukawoyela?
Cha. Ukufaneleka kwazo kuncike ezimweni zokuchitheka kanye nokuzwela kwemvelo ngoba ama-disperants asakaza kabusha uwoyela kunokuba awubhubhise ngokuphelele.
7. Bayini abashibiliki bakawoyela?
Ama-skimmers kawoyela ayimishini eyimishini ethola uwoyela ontantayo emanzini. Ukusebenza kwawo kuncike ekujikeni kukawoyela, isimo sezulu, amagagasi, imisinga, udoti, nokwakheka kwemishini.
8. Ingabe ama-microorganisms angasusa ukungcoliswa kukawoyela?
Yebo. Ama-microorganisms athile angehlisa izinga le-petroleum hydrocarbon, nakuba ukulungiswa kwamagciwane kungase kuqhubeke kancane futhi kuncike ezimweni ezifanele zemvelo kanye nomsebenzi wamagciwane.
9. Kungani ukuqapha kufanele kuqhubeke ngemva kokulungiswa?
Ukuqapha kokulandelela kuqinisekisa ukuthi amazinga okungcola ehlile futhi kusiza ekuboneni ukungcola okuyinsalela okungase kusale enhlabathini, inzika, amanzi, noma izinhlelo zebhayoloji ngemva kokunyamalala kukawoyela obonakalayo.
10. Kungani kubalulekile ukuqapha ukungcoliswa kukawoyela?
Inikeza ubufakazi bokuqonda ubukhulu bokungcoliswa komhlaba, ukukhetha izindlela zokulawula, ukuhlola ukulungisa, ukusekela ukulawulwa kwemvelo, nokuvikela imvelo nemisebenzi yabantu ekungcolisweni okuqhubekayo kwe-petroleum.
Ingabe unayo imibuzo, iziphakamiso, noma iminikelo? Uma kunjalo, sicela ukhululeke ukusebenzisa ibhokisi lokuphawula elingezansi ukuze wabelane ngemicabango yakho. Futhi sikukhuthaza ukuba wabelane ngomusa lokhu kwaziswa nabanye abangase bazuze kukho. Njengoba singakwazi ukufinyelela wonke umuntu ngesikhathi esisodwa, silwazisa kakhulu usizo lwakho ekusakazeni izwi. Siyabonga kakhulu ngokusekela kwakho nokwabelana!
Funda Futhi: Ukunukubezeka Kwamanzi Nomhlaba Kwezolimo