Omume na akara aka nke ọgwụ pesticides na mmiri

Ọgwụ na-egbu egbu na mmiri nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi n’ihi na kemịkalụ ndị a anaghị adịgide n’otu ebe mgbe ha hapụrụ ubi ugbo, ebe nchekwa, ma ọ bụ ngwa ngwa. Ọdịiche a dị mkpa mgbe a na-enyocha ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi.

Mmiri mmiri ozuzo, ogbugba mmiri n’ubi, igbapu mmiri, mwụfu, ikuku ikuku na mmiri dị n’ime ala nwere ike ibufe ihe mkpofu pesticide n’ime osimiri, iyi, ọdọ mmiri, ọdọ mmiri, ọdọ mmiri, na usoro mmiri ndị ọzọ ejikọrọ. Usoro a nwere ike ịdịgasị iche n’ofe mmiri dị iche iche.

Ozugbo ọgwụ pesticides rutere mmiri, omume ha na-adabere n’ụdị kemịkal, ìhè anyanwụ, okpomọkụ, pH, sedimenti, ihe mgbaze, microorganisms, mmegharị mmiri, na mmekọrịta ha na ihe ndị dị n’ime mmiri. Ihe ndị a nwere ike ịgbanwe ntinye nke dị na mmiri.

Ụfọdụ ogige ka na-agbaze, ebe ndị ọzọ na-ejikọta na ụmụ irighiri ihe kwụsịtụrụ, na-abanye n’ime sedimenti dị ala, gbanarị ikuku, ma ọ bụ na-agbakọta n’ime ihe ndị dị n’ime mmiri na agbụ nri. Mgbanwe ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike imetụta mkpughe gburugburu ebe obibi.

Ịghọta omume na akara aka nke pesticides na mmiri na-enyere ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, ndị ọrụ ugbo, ndị ọrụ nchịkwa, na ndị obodo aka ibelata mmetọ, chebe ihe ndị dị n’ime mmiri, ma melite ogo mmiri. Ịghọta usoro a na-eme ka mkpebi nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi dịkwuo mma.

Otu ọgwụ pesticides si abanye na mmiri dị n’elu

Ọgwụ nje nwere ike ịbanye na mmiri dị n’elu site na mwepu ozugbo, mmiri na-asọpụta site na ala a na-agwọ ọrịa, ihe mberede mberede, mmiri mmiri mmiri, nsị ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ma ọ bụ ntinye ikuku nke mmiri ozuzo na-esote. Nke a nwere ike ịgbanwe ihe egwu mmetọ n’ime sistemu mmiri ejikọrọ.

Mgbọ mmiri nke ugbo na-adị mkpa karịsịa ka mmiri ozuzo siri ike ma ọ bụ ogologo oge gasịrị obere oge ka ejiri ọgwụ nje mee ihe, mgbe mmiri nwere ike ịgafe ngwa ngwa n’ala tupu ịbanye ma ọ bụ mmebi kemịkal. Mmetụta ahụ nwere ike ịkawanye ike mgbe ihe omume oke mmiri ozuzo gasịrị.

Nnyocha na nduzi na mmegharị nke pesticides site na ala na mmiri mmiri gosi ihe kpatara ọnọdụ ala, oge mmiri ozuzo, mkpọda, na omume itinye n’ọrụ na-emetụta ihe egwu mmetọ. Nke a na-enyere aka ịkọwa ọdịiche dị n’etiti gburugburu mmiri.

Mmetọ mmiri dị n’elu nwekwara ike ibilite site na mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi sara mbara, n’ihi na kemịkalụ a na-etinye n’ime ala nwere ike irute n’usoro mmiri, iyi, na osimiri site na mbuze, nsị, na njem mmiri ozuzo. Ụzọ ndị a nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ n’otu oge.

Mgbochi dị mma na-amalite na omume mgbochi mmetọ mmiri nke na-ebelata ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe n’ebe ha si enweta, na-egbochi mmiri ozuzo, na-emezi njikwa ihe mkpofu, na-echebekwa ụzọ mmiri dị nro site na ikpughe na-adịghị mkpa. Ileba anya mgbanwe ndị a na-akwado mkpebi njikwa mmetọ ka mma.

1. Mmebi nke ugbo: Mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ ogbugba mmiri n’ubi nwere ike ịsacha ihe mkpofu pesticide gbazere na ụmụ irighiri ihe ala emetọọ site n’ubi a na-agwọ ọrịa banye n’ime iyi, ọdọ mmiri, ọwa mmiri mmiri, osimiri, na ọdọ mmiri. Nke a nwere ike ịbawanye nchegbu maka ihe ndị dị n’ime mmiri nwere mmetụta.

2. Mwepu ozugbo: Akụrụngwa ihicha n’akụkụ ụzọ mmiri, mwụfu na mberede, mkpofu na-ekwesịghị ekwesị, na nsị emetọ nwere ike iwebata ihe mkpofu pesticide gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ ozugbo n’ime mmiri dị n’elu. Ọnọdụ ndị a nwere ike ịgbanwe nnọgidesi ike nke pesticides na ngagharị.

3. Ndobe ikuku: Ụfọdụ ọgwụ na-egbu egbu nwere ike ịgafe n’ikuku mgbe etinyechara ya ma mesịa laghachi n’ala ma ọ bụ mmiri na mmiri ozuzo, ebe akọrọ akọrọ, ma ọ bụ dozie ihe ndị dị n’ikuku. Nsonaazụ dabere na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi.

Gụkwuo: Ọrụ nke ndị nrụpụta na ụlọ ọrụ na njikwa mkpofu

Isi usoro mgbanwe na mmiri

Mgbanwe nke pesticide na-agbanwe nhazi kemịkalụ nke ogige nne na nna ma nwee ike imepụta metabolites ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ nwere njirimara dị iche na pesticide mbụ. Ọdịiche a dị mkpa mgbe a na-enyocha ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi.

Mgbanwe anaghị eme ka mmetọ ahụ ghara ịdị njọ ozugbo n’ihi na ụfọdụ ngwaahịa na-adịte aka, na-aga n’ihu, ma ọ bụ na-ejigide ihe omume ndụ mgbe ọgwụ nje ndị nne na nna malitere ịpụ na mmiri. Omume dị otú ahụ na-emetụta ogologo oge ihe fọdụrụ dị.

Ihe mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi pụtara n’ihi ya na-adabere na njirimara na ntinye nke ngwaahịa ndị e guzobere, ọsọ nke nhazi, na njem ha na-esote site na mmiri. Usoro a nwere ike ịdịgasị iche n’ofe mmiri dị iche iche.

1. Hydrolysis: Mmiri na-emeghachi omume na ụmụ irighiri ihe na-egbu egbu nwere ike kewaa kemịkalụ kemịkalụ, na-emepụta obere ngwaahịa ndị nnọgidesi ike, solubility, ngagharị, na nsi nwere ike ịdị iche nke ukwuu. Mmekọrịta ndị a na-ekpebi ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke pesticides.

2. Mbelata Oxidation: Mmeghachi omume mbufe eletrọn nwere ike ịgbanwe ụmụ irighiri ihe pesticide n’okpuru ikuku oxygen bara ụba, ikuku oxygen-ogbenye, na-ebelata kemịkalụ, ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ oxidizing n’ime akụkụ mmiri dị iche iche. Nsonaazụ n’ezie dabere n’ọtụtụ mgbanwe mmekọrịta.

3. Mmebi ndụ: Microorganisms na-eji enzymes gbanwee ọgwụ pesticides, mgbe ụfọdụ na-agbanwe ha nke nta nke nta site na ọtụtụ ogige etiti na, n’ọnọdụ dị mma, na-emecha nweta nnukwu mineralization. Nke a na-enyere aka ịkọwa ọdịiche dị n’etiti gburugburu mmiri.

4. Photolysis: Ìhè anyanwụ nwere ike ịkụda ọgwụ nje ndị na-amịkọrọ ogologo ebili mmiri kwesịrị ekwesị, ebe ihe ndị sitere n’okike na-arụ ọrụ ọkụ nwere ike na-emepụta ụdị mmeghachi omume na-awakpo ụmụ irighiri ihe. Nke a dị mkpa maka ichekwa akụrụngwa mmiri ejikọrọ.

Mmeghachi omume Hydrolysis na Redox

Hydrolysis na-eme mgbe mmiri na-ekere òkè ozugbo ma ọ bụ na-apụtaghị ìhè n’imebi agbụ pesticide, na mmeghachi omume mmeghachi omume nwere ike ịgbanwe nke ukwuu dịka pH, okpomọkụ, usoro molecular, na catalysts. Nsonaazụ dabere na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi.

Ọnọdụ acidic nwere ike ime ka mmeghachi omume nke acid-catalysed, ebe ọnọdụ alkaline nwere ike ịkwado mmeghachi omume ndabere-catalysed. Ụfọdụ ogige kama na-egosi ntakịrị ịdabere na pH n’oge hydrolysis. Usoro a nwere ike ịdịgasị iche n’ofe mmiri dị iche iche.

Okpomọkụ na-emetụtakwa hydrolysis n’ihi na mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ na-aga n’ihu ngwa ngwa ka mmiri na-adịwanye ọkụ, ọ bụ ezie na azịza ya dịgasị iche n’etiti ogige pesticide. Mgbanwe ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike imetụta mkpughe gburugburu ebe obibi.

usoro nyocha ogo mmiri nwere ike inye aka chọpụta ọnọdụ ndị dị mkpa na mmetọ, na-ekwe ka nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi jikọọ mkpokọta pesticide na mgbanwe kemịkalụ mmiri. Ileba anya mgbanwe ndị a na-akwado mkpebi njikwa mmetọ ka mma.

Mmeghachi omume mbelata oxidation gụnyere nnyefe elektrọn n’etiti ụdị kemịkal. Mkpa ha nwere ike ịgbanwe n’etiti mmiri ikuku oxygen, mmiri miri emi, sedimenti ala, na ebe nwere ihe na-ebelata. Ụzọ ndị a nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ n’otu oge.

Gburugburu mbelata nwere ike ịkwado mmeghachi omume metụtara ígwè, ọla mgbanwe ndị ọzọ, ogige ndị na-ebelata organic, ma ọ bụ ihe ndị sitere n’okike mepụtara nke na-agbanwe ihe owuwu pesticide n’okpuru ọnọdụ kwesịrị ekwesị. Nsonaazụ n’ezie dabere n’ọtụtụ mgbanwe mmekọrịta.

N’ihi na pH, ikuku oxygen, okpomọkụ, na ihe mejupụtara kemịkal dịgasị iche iche n’ofe usoro mmiri, mgbanwe pesticide nwere ike ime na ọnụego dị iche iche n’ime otu mmiri ahụ. Nke a na-enyere aka ịkọwa ọdịiche dị n’etiti gburugburu mmiri.

Ọmụma nke isi iyi mmetọ mmiri na ụzọ na-enyere aka idowe mmeghachi omume ndị a n’ọnọdụ ya n’ihi na ụzọ mmetọ mbụ nwere ike imetụta ebe ọgwụ nje na-etinye uche ma gbanwee. Ihe ndị a nwere ike ịgbanwe ntinye nke dị na mmiri.

Biodegradation na Photolysis Na Mmiri

Microorganisms nwere ike gbanwee pesticides site na mmeghachi omume nke enzyme, na-eji ụfọdụ ogige dị ka mkpụrụ ma ọ bụ gbanwee ha na mberede n’oge metabolism nke carbon na ike ndị ọzọ. Nke a na-enyere aka ịkọwa ọdịiche dị n’etiti gburugburu mmiri.

Ụfọdụ pesticides na-adịgide adịgide na-eguzogide ngwa ngwa biodegradation n’ihi na microorganisms enweghị enzymes dị irè ma ọ bụ n’ihi na ogige ndị ahụ nwere ihe ndị na-emegide mgbanwe ndụ n’okpuru ọnọdụ okike. Ọdịiche a dị mkpa mgbe a na-enyocha ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi.

Ozi na mmegharị ahụ fọdụrụ pesticide n’ime ngwaahịa anụmanụ na-egosikwa ihe mere ihe fọdụrụ na-adịgide adịgide kwesịrị nlebara anya karịa saịtị ọgwụgwọ mbụ yana gafee ụzọ gburugburu ebe jikọtara ya. Nke a dị mkpa maka ichekwa akụrụngwa mmiri ejikọrọ.

Photolysis Direct na Indirect

Photolysis ozugbo na-amalite mgbe ọgwụ pesticide na-amịkọrọ ìhè anyanwụ na ogologo ebili mmiri na-eru n’elu mmiri, na-ekwe ka ike ahụ na-etinye uche kpalite nkwụsị nke njikọ, oxidation, nhazigharị, ma ọ bụ mgbanwe ndị ọzọ. Nsonaazụ dabere na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi.

Photolysis na-apụtaghị ìhè na-apụta mgbe ìhè anyanwụ na-eme ka ihe ndị dị ka nitrate ma ọ bụ ihe gbazere, na-emepụta ụdị na-emeghachi omume nke na-emesị wakpo ụmụ irighiri ihe mgbochi na mmiri gbara ya gburugburu. Omume dị otú ahụ na-emetụta ogologo oge ihe fọdụrụ dị.

Ido anya mmiri, omimi, ihe ndị na-agbaze agbaze, ntinye nitrate, ike ìhè anyanwụ, na nhazi pesticide niile nwere ike imetụta mgbanwe fotolytic, na-eme ka ọnụego mgbanwe dị ukwuu n’etiti gburugburu mmiri. Ọnọdụ ndị a nwere ike ịgbanwe nnọgidesi ike nke pesticides na ngagharị.

Mmetụta nke mmetọ mmiri mmiri nwere ike ịdị mkpa karịa mgbe ngwaahịa mgbanwe na-arụsi ọrụ ike na usoro ndu ma ọ bụ na-adịgide ogologo oge iji ruo n’ime ihe ndị nwere mmetụta. Nke a nwere ike ịbawanye nchegbu maka ihe ndị dị n’ime mmiri nwere mmetụta.

1. Ọrụ Microbial: Bacteria, fungi na microorganisms ndị ọzọ nwere ike gbanwee ọgwụ pesticides nwere ike ịdaba, yana ọnụego mmebi na-adabere na mpaghara microbial, mkpughe gara aga, nnweta nri, okpomọkụ, pH, na ọnọdụ oxygen. Nke a na-enyere aka ịkọwa ọdịiche dị n’etiti gburugburu mmiri.

2. Ọnọdụ gburugburu: Onu ogugu microbial na-anabata nke oma na okpomoku, ikuku oxygen gbazere, salinity, pH, nri di na ya, na nchikota nke ma ogwu ogwu na uzo ozo nke carbon. Ihe ndị a nwere ike ịgbanwe ntinye nke dị na mmiri.

3. Mmekọahụ: Microorganisms nwere ike gbanwee ọgwụ pesticide sịntetik mgbe ha na-eri ihe ọzọ maka uto, nke pụtara na pesticide nwere ike imebi n’agbanyeghị na ọ na-enye ntakịrị uru nri nri. Usoro a nwere ike ịdịgasị iche n’ofe mmiri dị iche iche.

Nbufe nke usoro na-achịkwa ọgwụ ahụhụ na mmiri

Usoro mbufe nke usoro na-ebugharị ọgwụ pesticides n’etiti ngalaba gburugburu ebe obibi na-agbanweghị nhazi kemịkalụ ha. Nfefe ndị a na-enwe mmetụta siri ike ma ogige ka ọ na-agagharị, na-agbakọ, na-agbanwe agbanwe, ma ọ bụ dozie. Ọdịiche a dị mkpa mgbe a na-enyocha ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi.

Ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị akwụsịla akwụsị nwere ike ibufe ihe mkpofu pesticide sorbed na mmiri, ebe sedimenti edobere nwere ike ịchekwa ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ ma emechaa hapụ ha mgbe oke mmiri, idei mmiri, oke mmiri ozuzo, ma ọ bụ ihe omume na-akpaghasị ihe ndina. Mgbanwe ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike imetụta mkpughe gburugburu ebe obibi.

sedimentation na urughuru omume na mmiri ya mere ọ dị mkpa mgbe ị na-enyocha ebe ọgwụ nje nwere ike ịkpakọba n’ime usoro mmiri. Usoro a nwekwara ike imetụta ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi ka oge na-aga. Mmekọrịta ndị a dị mkpa na mmiri.

Àgwà mmiri mkpofu nwekwara ike imetụta mbufe oge n’ihi na ihe siri ike kwụsịtụrụ, carbon organic gbazere, mmanụ na ihe ndị ọzọ na-enye elu ma ọ bụ usoro na-emekọ ihe na pesticides. Ihe ndị a nwere ike ịgbanwe ntinye nke dị na mmiri.

Kwesịrị ekwesị njikwa na ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu nwere ike ibelata ntọhapụ ndị na-emerụ emerụ tupu nsị abanye n’osimiri, ọdọ mmiri, iyi, ma ọ bụ mmiri ndị ọzọ na-anata. Usoro a nwekwara ike imetụta ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi ka oge na-aga. Mmekọrịta ndị a dị mkpa na mmiri.

Usoro Sorption na Bioaccumulation

Sorption na-akọwa nkewa pesticide n’etiti mmiri etisasịwo na elu ahụ. Ogige hydrophobic na-egosipụtakarị njikọ siri ike na sedimenti bara ụba nke organic karịa ogige mmiri na-agbaze nke ukwuu. Omume dị otú ahụ na-emetụta ogologo oge ihe fọdụrụ dị.

Ọtụtụ ihe na-emetụta sorption, gụnyere pesticide hydrophobicity, mmiri solubility, pH, ike ionic, carbon organic etisasịwo, urughuru n’elu ebe, na organic coatings na sediments. Nsonaazụ n’ezie dabere n’ọtụtụ mgbanwe mmekọrịta.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ nkesa nke a na-ejikarị Kd na-atụnyere mkpokọta pesticide jikọtara ya na ihe siri ike na mmiri, ebe Koc na-edozi sorption na ọdịnaya carbon carbon nke sedimenti. Mmekọrịta ndị a na-ekpebi ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke pesticides.

nhọrọ ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu nwere ike ịdabere na usoro anụ ahụ na kemịkal na-ekewapụ mmetọ nwere ihe siri ike kwụsịtụrụ ma ọ bụ gbanwee ọnọdụ na-achịkwa mwepụ ha. Nke a na-enyere aka ịkọwa ọdịiche dị n’etiti gburugburu mmiri.

Sorption nwere ike ibelata ntakiri gbazere dị maka mgbanwe na ụdị ụfọdụ nke biodegradation, ọ bụ ezie na pesticides na-ejikọta urughuru nwere ike ịnọgide na-adị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi mgbe sediments na-agagharị. Usoro a nwere ike ịdịgasị iche n’ofe mmiri dị iche iche.

Ihe ndị dị n’ime mmiri nwere ike ịkwakọba ọgwụ na-egbu egbu site na iwere mmiri ozugbo na site na iri nri emetọru. A maara usoro a jikọtara ọnụ dị ka bioaccumulation. Nsonaazụ dabere na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi.

ihe akaebe na ihe mkpofu pesticide na ihe oriri na-akọwa ihe kpatara nnọgidesi ike na mkpokọta kemịkalụ kwesịrị nlebara anya n’ofe gburugburu ebe obibi na usoro nri ejikọrọ. Ileba anya mgbanwe ndị a na-akwado mkpebi njikwa mmetọ ka mma.

Bioconcentration dabere na kemịkalụ hydrophobicity, organism lipid ọdịnaya, metabolism, ndụ ogbo, size, mmekọahụ, na ụdị, otú dị iche iche ntule nwere ike ịkpakọba nnọọ iche iche pesticide mkpokọta. Ọnọdụ ndị a nwere ike ịgbanwe nnọgidesi ike nke pesticides na ngagharị.

1. Mbufe mmiri na-esi ike: Sorption na-akpali ụmụ irighiri ihe pesticide gbazere n’elu sedimenti kwụsịtụrụ, ihe organic, ihe ndị dị n’ime ala, na nkwụnye ego nke ala, na-agbanwe mmegharị ha na nnweta gburugburu ebe obibi. Nke a dị mkpa maka ichekwa akụrụngwa mmiri ejikọrọ.

2. Nyefe mmiri-gaa-Biota: Ihe dị n’ime mmiri nwere ike were ọgwụ na-egbu egbu ozugbo site na mmiri ma ọ bụ n’ụzọ na-edoghị anya site na nri, na-eme ka njupụta dị n’ime ya gafere oke mmiri gbara ya gburugburu maka ụfọdụ kemịkalụ na-adịgide adịgide. Ihe ndị a nwere ike ịgbanwe ntinye nke dị na mmiri.

3. Mbufe mmiri na ikuku: Volatilization na-enye ohere pesticides kwesịrị ekwesị ịgbanarị na mmiri banye ikuku, karịsịa mgbe akụrụngwa kemịkalụ na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-akwado mmegharị n’ofe ikuku-mmiri. Nsonaazụ dabere na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi.

Gụkwuo: Mmetụta dị ukwuu nke mmetọ mmiri

Volatilization na Iwu Henry

Volatilization na-ebufe ụmụ irighiri ihe pesticide gbazere site na mmiri banye ikuku. Usoro a na-adabere na mgbanwe kemịkalụ, mgbasa ozi molecular, mmegharị mmiri, ọnọdụ okpomọkụ, na ọnọdụ na ikuku-mmiri interface. Ọdịiche a dị mkpa mgbe a na-enyocha ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi.

Ụdị pesticides ụdị fumigant na-egosipụtakarị mgbanwe dị ike karịa ọtụtụ ọgwụ herbicides na-ejikarị eme ihe, ebe ụfọdụ ogige organochlorine nwere ike ịnọ n’ọnọdụ etiti dabere na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Omume dị otú ahụ na-emetụta ogologo oge ihe fọdụrụ dị.

Kama nke ahụ, mgbanwe mgbanwe na-agbanwe ebe nnata, na njem ikuku ma ọ bụ nkwụnye ego emechaa nwere ike kesaa ihe fọdụrụ na ala, ahịhịa, mmiri elu, ma ọ bụ akụkụ gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ọzọ. Nsonaazụ dabere na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi.

1. Low Henry Constant: Ọgwụ nje ndị nwere oke iwu Henry dị ala na-egosipụtakarị ntakịrị mgbanwe site na mmiri dị n’elu n’ihi na kemịkalụ nwere oke ike nkebi na mpaghara gas. Ọnọdụ ndị a nwere ike ịgbanwe nnọgidesi ike nke pesticides na ngagharị.

2. Ogologo oge Henry nke etiti: Ngwakọta ndị dị n’etiti etiti nwere ike gbanwee nke ọma n’okpuru ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi, ya mere okpomọkụ mmiri, ọgba aghara, itinye uche, na ọnọdụ ikuku na-adị mkpa karịsịa. Nke a na-enyere aka ịkọwa ọdịiche dị n’etiti gburugburu mmiri.

3. High Henry Constant: Ndị na-egbu egbu ndị ọzọ na-agbanwe agbanwe nwere ike ịnyefe ngwa ngwa site na mmiri gaa na ikuku, na-eme ka mgbanwe dị mkpa dị mkpa nke nwere ike ibelata mkpokọta na kọlụm mmiri. Nke a nwere ike ịbawanye nchegbu maka ihe ndị dị n’ime mmiri nwere mmetụta.

Ihe ndị na-ekpebi akara aka nke ọgwụ pesticide

Ọdịmma nke ọgwụ nje na mmiri na-adabere na mmekọrịta kemịkalụ na ihe gburugburu ebe obibi kama ịbụ otu ihe dịpụrụ adịpụ. Ịghọta njikwa ndị a na-eme ka nleba anya, nhazi, mgbochi, na mkpebi njikwa. Ọdịiche a dị mkpa mgbe a na-enyocha ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi.

ihe mkpofu ugbo na njikwa ntinye ihe dị mkpa n’ihi na ọrụ ugbo nwere ike iwebata ọgwụ pesticides, fatịlaịza, ihe fọdụrụ na ihe ndị emetọru n’ụzọ na-eduga n’ahụ mmiri. Ụzọ ndị a nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ n’otu oge.

Mwepụta ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike ịgbakwunye ụzọ mmetọ ọzọ, ọkachasị ebe akụrụngwa na-ejikwa ngwaahịa kemịkalụ, na-edozi mmiri mkpofu, ma ọ bụ na-echekwa ihe ndị dị ize ndụ n’akụkụ sistemu mgbapu na mmiri dị n’elu. Nke a nwere ike ịgbanwe ihe egwu mmetọ n’ime sistemu mmiri ejikọrọ.

ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ na-emetụta mmiri na gburugburu ebe obibi gosi ihe kpatara mgbochi ga-agụnye nchekwa nchekwa, mwepu a na-achịkwa, ọgwụgwọ, nleba anya na nzaghachi mwụfu ihe mberede. Ileba anya mgbanwe ndị a na-akwado mkpebi njikwa mmetọ ka mma.

Mmiri dị n’ime ala nwekwara ike ịghọ ụzọ na-adịte aka n’ihi na ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ na-abanye n’ime aquifers nwere ike iji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-aga ma nọgide na-esi ike iwepụ ozugbo mmetọ malitere. Omume dị otú ahụ na-emetụta ogologo oge ihe fọdụrụ dị.

Ntụle mmiri dị mma kwesịrị ịgbaso ma ihe ngosi kemịkalụ na ebe obibi, n’ihi na mgbanwe nke okpomọkụ, ikuku oxygen, turbidity, nri nri, na mkpokọta pesticide nwere ike ikpughe ọnọdụ mmetọ na-agbanwe agbanwe. Nsonaazụ n’ezie dabere n’ọtụtụ mgbanwe mmekọrịta.

Ọnọdụ mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ na nlekota oru nye ọnọdụ bara uru maka ịghọta ka nrụgide mmetọ si emekọrịta n’ofe osimiri, ọdọ mmiri, sistemu mmiri dị n’ime ala, na gburugburu ndị ọzọ ejikọrọ. Nke a na-enyere aka ịkọwa ọdịiche dị n’etiti gburugburu mmiri.

mmiri ala na aquifer nchebe ya mere ọ dị mkpa mgbe ọgwụ pesticides na-akwaga ala site na ala ma ọ bụ banye n’ebe mgbaba na-ejikọta mmiri n’okpuru ala na usoro elu. Nke a dị mkpa maka ichekwa akụrụngwa mmiri ejikọrọ.

Njikwa mmetọ nke ọma na-adaberekwa na nleba anya mmiri a pụrụ ịdabere na ya, ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ekwesị, ijikwa ọgwụ ahụhụ, na atumatu ndị na-egbochi mmetọ ịbịarute gburugburu mmiri dị nro na mbụ. Usoro a nwere ike ịdịgasị iche n’ofe mmiri dị iche iche.

ụzọ maka ịchịkwa mmetọ mmiri nye usoro sara mbara maka mbelata isi iyi, njikwa mmiri mkpofu, nleba anya na nchekwa nke ịnweta mmiri. Usoro a nwekwara ike imetụta ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi ka oge na-aga. Kpachapụ anya.

Ọgwụgwọ mmiri nwere ike ibelata ụfọdụ mmetọ site na nyocha, sedimentation, filtration, adsorption, precipitation, or disinfection, ọ bụ ezie na iwepụ pesticide na-adabere na njirimara kemịkalụ na nhazi ọgwụgwọ. Nsonaazụ n’ezie dabere n’ọtụtụ mgbanwe mmekọrịta.

Usoro ọgwụgwọ mmiri ọha gosi otú ọtụtụ usoro ọgwụgwọ nwere ike isi rụọ ọrụ ọnụ, ebe mmetọ pụrụ iche nwere ike ịchọ ụzọ ọgwụgwọ ọzọ. Usoro a nwekwara ike imetụta ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi ka oge na-aga. Kpachapụ anya.

usoro ọgwụgwọ mmiri nwere ike inye aka dozie ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ site na ijikọta nkewa anụ ahụ na usoro kemịkalụ dabara na njirimara nke mmiri. Mmekọrịta ndị a na-ekpebi ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke pesticides.

Ogo mmiri mkpofu dịkwa mkpa n’ihi na mmiri ụlọ, ọrụ ugbo na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nwere ike ịnwe ihe gbazere, kwụsịtụrụ, colloidal, ma ọ bụ kemịkalụ nke na-emetụta ụgbọ njem na arụ ọrụ ọgwụgwọ. Ihe ndị a nwere ike ịgbanwe ntinye nke dị na mmiri.

njirimara mmiri mkpofu na-enye ndabere bara uru maka ịghọta ihe siri ike na ihe gbazere nke nwere ike imetụta mmegharị pesticide na omume ọgwụgwọ. Usoro a nwekwara ike imetụta ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi ka oge na-aga. Kpachapụ anya.

Ijikwa sedimenti kwesịrị ekwesị nwere ike belata mweghachi nke ihe mmetọ na-ekekọta uru, ọkachasị mgbe oke mmiri siri ike, idei mmiri, mmiri mmiri, oke mmiri ozuzo, ma ọ bụ ọgba aghara ndị ọzọ na-emetụta nkwụnye ego emetọru. Nke a nwere ike ịbawanye nchegbu maka ihe ndị dị n’ime mmiri nwere mmetụta.

usoro sedimentation kọwaa otú ihe ndị a kwụsịtụrụ esi edozi na ihe kpatara mgbanwe na ọsọ mmiri nwere ike gbanwee nkesa nke mmetọ ndị metụtara ụmụ irighiri ihe. Usoro a nwere ike ịdịgasị iche n’ofe mmiri dị iche iche.

Mmemme nleba anya kwesịrị ịtụle ma agbazere yana mkpokọta ihe metụtara pesticide n’ihi na ịlele naanị kọlụm mmiri nwere ike ileghara mmetọ echekwara n’ime sedimenti ma ọ bụ ihe ndị dị n’ime mmiri. Ileba anya mgbanwe ndị a na-akwado mkpebi njikwa mmetọ ka mma.

nchegbu fọdụrụ pesticide na nri gosikwara mkpa ọ dị nleba anya mmegharị nke mmetọ gafere mmiri n’onwe ya, ọkachasị ebe akụrụngwa mmiri na-akwado ịkụ azụ, anụ ụlọ, ịgba mmiri, ma ọ bụ mmepụta nri. Nke a dị mkpa maka ichekwa akụrụngwa mmiri ejikọrọ.

Ntụle gburugburu ebe obibi zuru oke kwesịrị ijikọ ngwa ọgwụ pesticide, mkpọpu mmiri, ụgbọ njem mmiri, mgbanwe, mmekọrịta sedimenti, nnabata nke ndu, nnyefe ikuku, na mkpughe mmadụ ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Ụzọ ndị a nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ n’otu oge.

njikwa ihe fọdụrụ nke pesticide na sistem anụ ụlọ na-emesi mkpa ọ dị ịtụle ụzọ mkpughe jikọtara nke gụnyere nri, mmiri, anụmanụ, na gburugburu ọrụ ugbo. Nsonaazụ n’ezie dabere n’ọtụtụ mgbanwe mmekọrịta.

1. Njirimara kemịkalụ: Solubility, hydrophobicity, molecular structure, ionization, vepor pressure, na ike nke hydrolysis ma ọ bụ oxidation na-emetụta nkwụsi ike pesticide na nkesa gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọdịiche a dị mkpa mgbe a na-enyocha ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi.

2. Chemistry mmiri: pH, okpomọkụ, salinity, ikuku oxygen gbazere, carbon organic gbazere, nitrate, ion ịnweta, na ihe siri ike kwụsịtụrụ nwere ike ịgbanwe mgbanwe na ọnụego nnyefe oge. Ọdịiche a dị mkpa mgbe a na-enyocha ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi.

3. Hydrology: Ọsọ ọsọ, ọgba aghara, idei mmiri, oge obibi, omimi mmiri, mmiri ozuzo, ogbugba mmiri n’ubi, na mmegharị sedimenti na-ekpebi ka ngwa ngwa ọgwụ nje na-agbasa ma ọ bụ gbakọta. Usoro a nwere ike ịdịgasị iche n’ofe mmiri dị iche iche.

4. Ọrụ ndu: Obodo microbial na ihe ndị dị n’ime mmiri na-emetụta mmebi ihe ndị dị ndụ, nnabata, metabolism, nyefe webụ nri, na nkwụsi ike nke ihe fọdụrụ na pesticide. Mmetụta ahụ nwere ike ịkawanye ike mgbe ihe omume oke mmiri ozuzo gasịrị.

mkpọpu mmiri n’ugbo na mmetọ mmiri nye echiche ọrụ ugbo bara uru gbasara ka ọgwụ pesticides na mmetọ ndị ọzọ na-emetọ ugbo nwere ike isi n’ubi banye n’ime mmiri dị nso. Ọdịiche a dị mkpa mgbe a na-enyocha ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi.

Nchịkọta gbasara omume na akara aka nke ọgwụ pesticides na mmiri

Ajụjụ ndị a na-ajụkarị gbasara omume na akara aka nke ọgwụ pesticides na mmiri: Usoro isi

1. Olee otú ọgwụ ahụhụ si abanyekarị na mmiri dị n’elu?

Ha na-esikarị na mmiri na-asọpụta n’ọrụ ugbo na-abata, mwụfu, mkpọpu mmiri ozugbo, igbapu mmiri, ikuku ikuku, na mmiri dị n’ime ala mebiri emebi na-abanye n’ime usoro mmiri dị n’elu jikọtara ọnụ.

2. Kedu ihe na-eme ọgwụ ahụhụ mgbe ha rutere na mmiri?

Ha nwere ike ịnọgide na-agbaze, gbanwee na kemịkalụ, na-etinye aka na sedimenti, gbakọta n’ime ihe ndị dị ndụ, na-agbanwe n’ime ikuku, ma ọ bụ jiri mmiri na-asọ asọ na-agbada.

3. Ìhè anyanwụ ọ̀ na-agbaji ọgwụ ahụhụ na mmiri?

Ee. Ìhè anyanwụ nwere ike ime ka photolysis kpọmkwem na ogige na-amịkọrọ ogologo wavelength kwesịrị ekwesị na photolysis na-apụtaghị ìhè site na ụdị mmeghachi omume nke ihe ndị na-ahụ anya na-emepụta.

4. Gịnị mere ọgwụ mgbochi pesticide ji dị mkpa na mmiri dị n’elu?

Sorption na-ebuga pesticides n’ime ụmụ irighiri ihe na sedimenti, nke nwere ike ibelata mkpokọta agbazere ebe ọ na-eke mmetọ echekwara nke nwere ike ịlaghachi n’oge ọgba aghara sedimenti.

5. Ihe ndị dị n’ime mmiri hà nwere ike ịnakọta ọgwụ nje site na mmiri emetọru?

Ee. Ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ike ịmịnye ọgwụ nje na mmiri ozugbo ma nweta ihe ndị fọdụrụ site na nri emetọọ, na-emepụta bioaccumulation n’ọnọdụ kwesịrị ekwesị.

6. Olee ihe ndị na-achịkwa ịnọgidesi ike n’ihe na-egbu ahụhụ na mmiri?

Ihe ndị dị mkpa gụnyere nhazi kemịkalụ, pH, okpomọkụ, ìhè anyanwụ, oxygen, microorganisms, ihe na-agbaze organic, sedimenti, hydrology, na pesticide itinye uche.

7. Gịnị bụ ọrụ nke Iwu Henry mgbe niile?

Ọ na-enyere aka igosi ọchịchọ nke pesticides nke nkewa n’etiti mmiri na ikuku, na-enyere aka ịchọpụta ma volatility nwere ike ibelata mkpokọta mmiri dị n’elu.

8. Kedu otu esi ebelata mmetọ mmiri ọgwụ pesticide?

Jiri ọgwụ na-egbu egbu mee ihe nke ọma, gbochie ihe ọwụsa, na-echekwa ebe nchekwa, jikwaa mmiri na-asọpụta mmiri, chebe mpaghara mmiri dị n’ime ala, nyochaa ịdị mma mmiri, ma kpofuo ihe mkpofu ahịhịa.

Ị nwere ajụjụ, ntụnye ma ọ bụ onyinye ọ bụla? Ọ bụrụ otu a, biko nweere onwe gị iji igbe nkọwa n’okpuru kesaa echiche gị. Anyị na-agbakwa gị ume ka ị jiri obiọma kesaa ozi a n’etiti ndị ọzọ nwere ike irite uru na ya. Ebe ọ bụ na anyị enweghị ike ịbịaru onye ọ bụla n’otu oge, anyị nwere ekele maka enyemaka gị n’ịgbasa okwu ahụ. Daalụ nke ukwuu maka nkwado gị na maka ịkekọrịta!