Uphenyo lwendawo yemvelo luyinqubo ebalulekile yokuqonda ukuthi ukungcoliswa kukhona yini, lapho kungenzeka khona, ukuthi kuhamba kanjani, nokuthi iziphi izingozi ezingase zidale abantu nezindawo ezizungezile.
Uphenyo oluthembekile aluqali ngokuthatha amasampula enkambu kuphela. Iqala ngokuqoqa ulwazi olukhona mayelana nesiza, umlando waso, indawo ezungezile, imisebenzi yangaphambilini, izakhiwo, udoti, kanye nemithombo engaba khona yokungcoliswa.
Amarekhodi omlando angadalula imisebenzi yangaphambilini yezimboni, izindawo zokugcina imfucuza, izinhlelo zokudonsa amanzi, ukuchitheka, amathange angaphansi komhlaba, amasistimu e-septic, izisekelo zokwakha, nezinye izici ezithonya izinqumo zesampula nokuphepha kophenyo.
Ulwazi oluphathekayo nendawo ezungezile lubaluleke ngokufanayo ngoba ukungcola kungahamba enhlabathini, emanzini angaphansi komhlaba, emanzini angaphezulu, emoyeni, ezimila, nakwezinye izindlela kuye ngezimo zesizinda nezici zokungcola.
Uhlelo lwamasampula olulungiswe kahle luhlanganisa le mithombo yolwazi ehlukene. Isiza abaphenyi ukuthi bakhethe izindawo ezifanele zamasampula, banqume izinombolo zesampula, bakhethe amapharamitha okuhlaziya, futhi baqoqe amasampula amele abanye.
Ukuchaza Imvelo Engokoqobo
Isigaba sokuqala sokuchaza indawo ebonakalayo sibandakanya ukubuyekeza ulwazi oluchaza isiza nemisebenzi yaso yangaphambilini. Amarekhodi omlando angadalula izindawo lapho izinto ezingaba yingozi ziphathwe noma zakhululwa khona.
Amarekhodi awusizo angase ahlanganise amamephu omlando, amapulani esizinda, izithombe zasemoyeni, izakhiwo zezakhiwo, izindlela zokudonsa amanzi, amakhonsathi, izisekelo, izindawo zokugcina, izinqubo zokukhiqiza, izindawo zokulahla, nokuchitheka okubhaliwe noma ukuvuza.
Abaphenyi kufanele futhi bahlole ulwazi olumayelana nokusetshenziswa komhlaba ozungezile ngoba imisebenzi yezolimo eseduze, izimboni, izindawo zokuhlala, imigwaqo, izindawo zokulahla imfucuza, nezindawo zamanzi kungase kube nomthelela emaphethini okungcola.
Amafayela atholakalayo angase ahlonze izindawo ezisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza, ukugcinwa, ukwelashwa, noma imisebenzi ethile yokulahla. Ulwazi olunjalo lusiza abaphenyi ukuthi banqume ukuthi ukungcola okungenzeka ukuthi kwavela kuphi.
Abaphenyi kufanele bacabangele ukubuyekeza imisebenzi yomlando edala udoti ngoba imithombo ehlukene ikhiqiza ukungcola okuhlukile futhi ingase idinge imingcele yokuhlaziya ehlukene phakathi nokuhlukaniswa kwezindawo nokuhlolwa kwemvelo okulandelayo.
Idatha ye-Geographic Information System ingahlinzeka ngolwazi olubalulekile lwendawo lophenyo lwezemvelo. Amasethi edatha afakwe kumephu angase abonise ukusetshenziswa komhlaba, izici zenhlabathi, i-geology, izici zokugeleza kwamanzi, amakhonkolo, amaxhaphozi, nezinye izimo zesayithi ezibalulekile.
Ngokuhlonza izinto ezike zaphathwa esizeni, abaphenyi bangakha uhlu olugxile kakhulu lwezinto ezidinga ukuhlaziywa kwelabhorethri. Le ndlela inciphisa ukuhlola okungadingekile ngenkathi ithuthukisa ukuhambisana kophenyo.
Ulwazi olungokomlando lungase luthuthukise ukuhlela kwezempilo nokuphepha ngoba lungase lubonise ukuthi abasebenzi bangahlangabezana namakhemikhali ayingozi, izakhiwo ezingaqinile, izindawo ezingcolile, izimo eziqhumayo, noma ezinye izingozi zomsebenzi.
Lapho ulwazi oluthembekile lungatholakali, abaphenyi kufanele bagweme ukucabangela ukuthi indawo iphephile. Kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo zokuphepha ezifanele ngoba izinto ezingaziwa kanye nokungcoliswa okungalindelekile kungase kube khona.
Abaphenyi kufanele-ke bavakashele isayithi lokusampula ngaphambilini ukuze baqhathanise amarekhodi atholakalayo nezimo zangempela zenkambu. Lokhu kuvakasha kungase kuveze izinguquko, izakhiwo ezingenazo izincwadi, inhlabathi ephazamisekile, noma obunye ubufakazi obuwusizo.
Amalebula, izimpawu, imibhalo yokuthumela, izihlonzi zamathangi, imininingwane yezigubhu, namanye amarekhodi atholwe ngesikhathi sokuvakasha kwesayithi anganikeza imikhondo ebalulekile mayelana nezinto ezakhiwe ngaphambilini, ezigcinwe, ezithuthwayo, noma ezilahliwe.
Lokhu kuqashelwa kufanele kubhalwe ngokucophelela ngoba imininingwane ebonakala imincane ingaba nomthelela ezindaweni zamasampula, ukukhethwa kohlaziyo, izinyathelo zokuzivikela, izidingo zemishini, kanye nokusebenza ngempumelelo kophenyo kukonke.
Isiphetho semvelo sokungcola sincike ezimpahleni zokungcola, umthombo, nendawo ebonakalayo ethola okokusebenza. Ukungcola okuhlukene kuziphatha ngendlela ehlukile phakathi kwamatrices emvelo ahlukene.
Izici ezibalulekile zendawo ezungezile zihlanganisa ukuthungwa kwenhlabathi, ukungeneka, izimo zamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, ukunyakaza kwamanzi angaphezulu, amaphethini emvula, i-topography, ukwakheka kwegeological, uhlaza, izinhlelo zokudonsa amanzi, kanye nezindawo eziseduze ezibucayi zemvelo.
Uphenyo lwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kufanele lucabangele ukujula kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, isiqondiso sokugeleza, izindawo zokushajwa kabusha, ukushintshashintsha kwezinkathi ezithile zonyaka, kanye nobudlelwano nezindawo eziseduze zamanzi angaphezulu. Lezi zici zingakhomba izindlela ezingaba khona zokufuduka kokungcola.
Uphenyo lwamanzi angaphezulu kufanele luhlole imifudlana eseduze, imifula, imisele, amaxhaphozi, amachibi nezinye izindawo ezinamanzi. Isiqondiso sokugeleza namaphoyinti okuphuma abaluleke kakhulu lapho ukungcola kungase kudlule emanzini.
Izimo zebhayoloji kufanele zicatshangelwe. Abaphenyi bangase bahlole uhlaza, izilwane zasendle, izilwane ezifuywayo, izindawo ezibucayi, nezimpawu zokucindezeleka kwemvelo ezingase zibonise ukuchayeka kwemvelo.
Izimila ezicindezelekile zingase zinikeze ubufakazi obuwusizo bokunyakaza okungenzeka kube ukungcola, nakuba umonakalo obonakalayo wesitshalo akufanele uthathwe njengobufakazi obuqinisekile ngaphandle kokuthatha amasampula okufanele kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwelabhorethri.
Ukuqonda okubanzi kwe izindlela zokungcoliswa kwemvelo isiza abaphenyi ukuthi babone ukuthi ukungcola kungahamba kanjani phakathi komhlaba, amanzi, umoya, izitshalo, izilwane, nemiphakathi eseduze.
Sekukonke, ukuchaza indawo ebonakalayo kuvumela abaphenyi ukuba bakhe imibono ephusile mayelana nokuthi ukungcola kungase kutholakale kuphi nokuthi yiziphi izindlela okufanele zinakwe kakhulu ngamasampula.
Izindlela zokufuduka kufanele zikhonjwe ngaphambi kokuphothula izindawo zamasampula enkambu. Amasampula kufanele abekwe lapho anganikeza khona ulwazi olunengqondo mayelana nemithombo, ukunyakaza, ukugxilisa ingqondo, ukusatshalaliswa, kanye nokuchayeka kwemvelo okungaba khona.
Ulwazi oluqoqwe ngesikhathi sokubuyekezwa komlando, ukuhlolwa kwendawo, nokuhlolwa kwemvelo kunikeza isisekelo sokwenza uhlelo oluphelele lwamasampula olusebenzisekayo, oluvikelekayo, futhi olusabela ezinhlosweni zophenyo.
Ulwazi oluthe xaxa lwemithombo yokungcola, amaphethini okunyakaza, imidiya yezemvelo, kanye nezindlela zokuchayeka ezingase zibe khona ngokuvamile kuthuthukisa ikhono lomseshi lokukhetha amasampula afanelekile nokuhumusha idatha yokuhlaziya ewumphumela.
Abaphenyi kufanele babhale okutholakele okubalulekile okuvela kumarekhodi kanye nokubhekwa kwenkundla ukuze izinqumo zamasampula zilandelelwe emuva ebufakazini obuthile, okucatshangwayo, noma izimo zesayithi ezihlonzwe ngesikhathi sokuhlela.
Funda Futhi: Izingozi Zomsebenzi ezihlobene Nokuphatha Imfucuza
Izindawo Zesampula Nezinombolo
Inhloso yomcimbi wamasampula kufanele iqondise izinqumo mayelana nokuthi amasampula aqoqwa kuphi. Izindawo zamasampula kufanele zikhethwe ukuze kukhiqizwe ulwazi olukwazi ukuphendula imibuzo ethile yophenyo.
Uma ulwazi oluncane lwasemuva lutholakala futhi ukungcoliswa okusobala akukwazi ukuhlonzwa, isu lokusampula okungahleliwe lingase linikeze ukusabalala okubanzi futhi linciphise ukukhetha komuntu siqu.
Ukusampula okungahleliwe kusebenzisa ukukhetha okusekelwe ethubeni ukuhlonza izindawo zamasampula phakathi kwenani labantu elichaziwe. Ukungahleliwe okufanele kusiza ukuvimbela abaphenyi ekukhetheni ngokungazi izindawo ezisekela lokho abakulindele.
Izinombolo ezingahleliwe, i-randomized randomization, noma ezinye izindlela zezibalo ezaziwayo zingasiza abaphenyi ekukhetheni izindawo ezingachemile lapho idizayini yesampula engahleliwe ifanele uphenyo.
Abaphenyi kufanele futhi bacabangele ukulungiselelwa kwemvelo yesayithi ngaphambi kokukhetha izindawo ezingahleliwe. Izakhiwo zenhlabathi, ukugeleza kwamanzi, i-topography, ukunyakaza kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, amaphethini emfucuza, kanye nokufinyeleleka ngokomzimba kungaba nomthelela omkhulu ekungcoleni.
Ukuthatha amasampula ezindaweni okusolwa ukuthi kudoti oyingozi kuyona ngokuvamile kuhloswe ukuthola ukungcola nokunquma izinga lakho, ukugxilisa ingqondo, ukusatshalaliswa, kanye nokuhlukahluka kwemithombo yezemvelo ehlukene.
Kulezi zinhloso, amasampula okwahlulela angabaluleka ngoba abaphenyi bangakhomba ngamabomu izindawo ezinobufakazi obungokomlando, amabala abonakalayo, amadiphozi kadoti, izindawo zokucubungula, noma ezinye izinkomba zokungcola.
Amasampula okwahlulela akhethwa kusetshenziswa ulwazi olutholakalayo mayelana nemithombo engcolisayo, imisebenzi yangaphambilini, ukuziphatha okungcolile, izimo zemvelo, nezindlela ezisolisayo zokufuduka kuyo yonke indawo yophenyo.
Abaphenyi bangaqinisa umklamo jikelele ngokuhlanganisa izindlela ezahlukene zesampula kunokuncika ngokukhethekile endleleni eyodwa lapho izimo zesayithi zidinga ukucaciswa kwezinhlamvu okubanzi.
Isibonelo, amasampula okwahlulela angase aqondise izindawo ezilahlwayo zangaphambili, inhlabathi enamabala, izindawo zokugcina ezivuzayo, imigudu yokukhipha amanzi, noma izimila ezicindezelekile, kuyilapho amasampula angahleliwe enikeza ukumbozwa okubanzi kwenye indawo.
Le ndlela ehlanganisiwe ingaba wusizo ikakhulukazi lapho ukungcola kulindeleke ukuthi kugxiliswe ezindaweni ezithile kodwa izingxenye ezinkulu zesayithi zihlala zingabonakali kahle.
Ukusampula okuhlelekile kungase futhi kube usizo lapho abaphenyi bedinga ukumbozwa kwendawo okungaguquki. Isayithi lingahlukaniswa ngamagridi, ngamasampula aqoqwe ngokuya ngezindawo ezinqunywe kusengaphambili noma izikhawu.
Ukusampula okuhlanganisiwe kungacatshangelwa lapho isayithi liqukethe izindawo ezihlukile ezinezici ezihlukile. I-stratum ngayinye ingase ithole isu lokusampula elifanele ngokusekelwe ezimeni zayo zemvelo.
Inombolo kanye nendawo yamasampula kufanele ekugcineni ibonise izinhloso zophenyo kunokuba kube okuhlosiwe okungahleliwe. Amasampula engeziwe awangcono ngokuzenzakalelayo uma ehluleka ukuphendula imibuzo enengqondo.
Izindawo zamasampula kufanele futhi zifinyeleleke futhi ziphephe. Indawo ekahle ngokobuchwepheshe ingase idinge ukuguqulwa lapho izingozi ezibonakalayo, izakhiwo ezingazinzile, ukufinyelela okukhawulelwe, noma izimo eziyingozi zikhona.
Amarekhodi anemininingwane amasampula ezixhumanisi, izici zesayithi, ukubonwa kwemvelo, izimo zezulu, nezilinganiso zenkundla kungathuthukisa ukuchazwa kwemiphumela ngemva kokuhlaziywa kwelabhorethri.
Amadokhumenti anembile abaluleke kakhulu lapho kudingeka imizuliswano eminingi yamasampula ngoba abaphenyi badinga ukukhomba izindawo ezifanayo ngokungaguquki futhi baqhathanise izinguquko ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ulwazi mayelana izindawo zamasampula ezimele ngakho-ke kufanele kufakwe ohlelweni lwamasampula ngaphambi kokuqala komsebenzi, okuhlanganisa izihlonzi zendawo, omatikuletsheni, ukujula, amaza, kanye nezinqubo zokuqoqa.
Isu lendawo eliklanywe kahle kufanele likhiqize ulwazi olukwazi ukuhlukanisa izindawo ezingaba umthombo ezindaweni ezingathintekile, lisekele ukuchazwa kokungcola, ukuhlolwa kwengemuva, kanye nokwenziwa kwezinqumo okulandelayo kwezemvelo.
Lapho uphenyo luhlelwe ngokwanele, izindawo zamasampula ezikhethiwe zinikeza ukuxhumana okunengqondo phakathi kolwazi lwesayithi olukhona, ukubhekwa kwezindawo, ukuhlolwa kokuhlaziya, neziphetho zokugcina.
Isampula Usayizi Amapharamitha
Inani lamasampuli adingekayo ukuze kufakwe abalingisi besayithi lincike ezintweni ezimbalwa ezisebenzisanayo. Abaphenyi kufanele banqume izinombolo zesampula ezinhlosweni zocwaningo, izimo zemvelo, izidingo zezibalo, namaphethini okungcola alindelekile.
Izici ezinkulu ezithonya izinombolo zesampula zihlanganisa izindlela zokuchayeka, izinjongo zokusebenza kwezibalo, izinjongo zekhwalithi yedatha, izimfuneko zokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi, amasampula angemuva, izinjongo zamasampuli, nezimo eziqondene nesayithi.
1. Izindlela zokuvezwa: Imizila esolwayo abantu, izilwane, izitshalo, noma ama-ecological receptors angathintana nokungcola kungaba nomthelela enambeni, indawo, kanye nemidiya yezemvelo ekhethelwe ukuthatha amasampula ngesikhathi sophenyo.
2. Izinjongo zokusebenza kwezibalo: Izidingo zezibalo zisiza ukunquma ukuthi mangaki amasampuli adingekayo ukuze kutholwe, kulinganiswe, kuqhathaniswe, noma kubonakale ukugxila kokungcola ngezinga elamukelekayo lokuzethemba ophenyweni.
3. Izinjongo zekhwalithi yedatha: Izinjongo zekhwalithi yedatha zichaza ukuthi ulwazi lokuhlaziya olunembe, olunembayo, oluphelele, olumele, nolwethembekile kufanele lube kangakanani ngaphambi kokuba uphenyo lusekele izinqumo ezibalulekile.
4. Izinjongo zokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi: Izidingo zokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi zithonya inombolo nezinhlobo zamasampuli okulawula ikhwalithi, okuhlanganisa izikhala, izimpinda, izinto eziyisethenjwa, nokunye ukuhlola okudingekayo ukuze kuhlolwe ukwethembeka kwedatha.
5. Amasampula angemuva: Amasampula angemuva asiza ukusungula izimo zemvelo ezingokwemvelo noma ezingathinteki ukuze abaphenyi bakwazi ukuqhathanisa izindawo okungenzeka ukuthi zingcolile nezimo ezazikhona ngaphandle kwezindawo okusolwa ukuthi zinethonya.
6. Izinjongo zamasampula: Inhloso ehlosiwe yokuthatha amasampula inquma inani lesampula elidingekayo. Ukuhlolela ukungcola okungaba khona kungase kudinge amasampula ambalwa kunokuchazwa okuningiliziwe kwendawo eyaziwayo engcolile.
7. Izimo eziqondene nesayithi: Usayizi wesayithi, i-geology, i-hydrology, ukusatshalaliswa kwemfucuza, ukufinyeleleka, ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo, imisebenzi yomlando, nezici zokungcola kungase kunyuse noma kwehlise inani elifanele lamasampuli.
Isibonelo, ukunquma ukuthi ukungcola kungase kube khona yini kungase kudinge inani elilinganiselwe elilinganiselwe lamasampuli akhethwe ngokwecebo lapho ulwazi lwangemuva luqinile futhi izindawo ezingaba umthombo zikhonjwa.
Kodwa-ke, kungase kudingeke umzamo omkhulu wokuthatha amasampula lapho ukungcola kuqinisekiswa futhi abaphenyi kufanele bathole izinga lakho elivundlile nelime mpo kuyo yonke inhlabathi, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, inzika, noma ezinye izinto zemvelo.
Izindlela zezibalo zingasiza ekunqumeni osayizi abafanelekile besampula, ikakhulukazi uma abaphenyi bedinga izilinganiso ezivikelekayo zokugxilisa ingqondo, ukuhlukahluka, ukuzethemba, noma umehluko phakathi kwezindawo ezingcolile nezingemuva.
Abaphenyi kufanele bakugweme ukukhetha izinombolo zesampula ngoba zibonakala zifanelekile. Usayizi wesampula kufanele ugunyazwe ngemibuzo okukhulunywa ngayo, ukuhlukahluka okulindelekile, nezinqumo ezisekelwayo.
Ukusebenza kahle kwamasampula nakho kubalulekile ngoba amasampula angadingekile andisa izindleko zaselabhorethri kanye nezidingo zomsebenzi wasendle, kuyilapho amasampula anganele angase akhiphe iziphetho ezingathembeki futhi adinge uphenyo olwengeziwe kamuva.
Ukuhlelwa kokuhlaziywa kwemfucuza nakho kuyazuza ngokucabangela usayizi wesampula, uhlaka lwamasampula, nezinjongo zokuhlaziya ngaphambi kokuthi iqembu lasensimini liqale imisebenzi yokuqoqa.
Izinombolo zesampula zingase zidinge ukulungiswa lapho imiphumela yenkambu yokuqala ibonisa amaphethini okungcola angalindelekile. Uphenyo oluguquguqukayo lungavumela amasampula engeziwe lapho ubufakazi bubonisa ukuthi ukucaciswa kwezinhlamvu okwengeziwe kuyadingeka.
Abaphenyi kufanele babhale ngokucacile isisekelo senombolo yesampula ekhethiwe, okuhlanganisa ukuqagela kwezibalo, izimo zesayithi, ukuhlukahluka okulindelekile, izidingo zokuhlaziya, kanye nanoma yiziphi izimfuneko zokulawula noma eziqondene nephrojekthi ethile.
Ngakho-ke uhlelo lwesampula oluvikelekayo aluchazi kuphela ukuthi mangaki amasampula azoqoqwa, kodwa futhi nokuthi kungani leyo nombolo ifaneleka ukufeza izinjongo zophenyo ezishiwo.
Funda Futhi: Isizathu Sesampula Kadoti kanye Namasu
Isampula Methodology kanye Matrix
Ngemva kokusungulwa kwezindawo nezinombolo zamasampula, abaphenyi kufanele bakhethe izindlela zokuqoqa ezingathola amasampula amele ngaphandle kokwethula ukungcoliswa okukhulu, ukulahlekelwa, ukuguqulwa, noma eminye imithombo yephutha.
Indlela yesampula kufanele ifaniswe ne-matrix yemvelo ephenywayo. Umhlabathi, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, amanzi angaphezulu, intlenga, udaka, imfucumfucu, nezinto eziphilayo zingadinga izinqubo zokuqoqwa kanye nezinto zokusebenza ezahlukene.
Abaseshi kufanele bacabangele ukuthi ingabe isampula ihloselwe ukumela indawo ethile, ukujula, isikhathi, i-stratum, noma inhlanganisela yezindawo ngaphambi kokukhetha indlela yokuqoqa.
Ukuthatha isampula kuqoqa okubalulekile endaweni ethile nesikhathi, kuyilapho ukusampula okuyinhlanganisela kuhlanganisa izingxenye ezivela ezindaweni eziningi, ukujula, noma izikhathi ngokuya ngedizayini yesampula echaziwe yophenyo.
Ukusampula okuhlanganisiwe kunganikeza ulwazi oluwusizo mayelana nezimo ezimaphakathi, kodwa kungase kunciphise ikhono lokuhlonza ukungcoliswa kwendawo ngenxa yokuthi ukugxila okuphezulu nokuphansi kungase kuhlanganiswe phakathi kwenhlanganisela.
Ukukhetha okokusebenza nakho kubalulekile ngoba amadivayisi amasampula akufanele asabele, angcolise, akhangise, amunce, noma aguqule izinto eziqoqwayo ngezindlela ezingase zithinte imiphumela yokuhlaziya.
Izinto zokwakha, idizayini, isimo, ukuhlanzwa, ukungcoliswa, kanye nokuphathwa kwempahla yokusampula kufanele kucaciswe ngaphakathi kohlelo lwamasampula ngaphambi kokuthi kuqale imisebenzi yasensimini.
Abaseshi kufanele bakhethe okokusebenza ngokwezici ezibonakalayo ze-matrix. Izinto ezibonakalayo, okuqinile, okuwuketshezi, udaka, izinsalela, nemfucumfucu exubile kungaletha izinselelo ezihlukene zokuqoqwa.
Ukukhethwa kwe imishini yokusampula efanele kufanele balandise ngezici ze-matrix, ukufinyeleleka, izingozi ezingaba khona, umthamo wesampula odingekayo, ukujula okufunayo, kanye nethuba lokungcoliswa okuphambene phakathi nokuqoqwa.
Iziqukathi zesampula kufanele futhi zihambisane nezidingo zokuhlaziya. Ukuhlaziya okuhlukile kungase kudinge izinto ezihlukene, amakhono, ukuvalwa, izilondolozi, izinqubo zokubamba, noma izilawuli zezinga lokushisa.
Lapho ukulondolozwa kuyadingeka, isilondolozi esifanele kanye nenani kufanele kucaciswe kusenesikhathi. Ukulondolozwa okungalungile kungashintsha izici zesampula futhi kubeke engcupheni ukwethembeka kwemiphumela yaselabhorethri elandelayo.
Abasebenzi abathatha amasampula kufanele barekhode imininingwane ebalulekile ngokushesha ngemva kokuqoqwa, okuhlanganisa ukuhlonza isampula, indawo, usuku, isikhathi, izimo zemvelo, i-matrix, indlela yokuqoqa, kanye nokubhekwa kwezindawo ezifanele.
Izixhumanisi ze-GPS zingase zibe usizo ekubhaleni indawo yamasampula, ikakhulukazi lapho kudingeka ukuphinda kwenziwe amasampula, ukutolika kwendawo, ukudwetshwa kwemephu, noma ukuqhathanisa imizuliswano yophenyo ehlukene.
Abaphenyi kufanele bagcine amarekhodi afanele ochungechunge lokugcinwa ukuze isampula ngalinye likwazi ukulandelelwa kusukela ekuqoqweni ngokusebenzisa izinto zokuhamba, ukutholwa kwaselabhorethri, ukuhlaziya, kanye nokubika kokugcina.
Iziqukathi zesampula kufanele zilebulwe kahle kusetshenziswa ulwazi oluhlala lufundeka kukho konke ukuthutha nokuphathwa kwaselabhorethri. Ukuhlonza okungaphelele noma okungalungile kungenza kube nzima ukutolika imiphumela yokuhlaziya ewusizo.
Amanothi asezindaweni kufanele abhale ukubonwa okungajwayelekile, ukuchezuka ezinqubweni ezihleliwe, izimo zesayithi ezingalindelekile, izinkinga zemishini, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, nezinye izici ezingaba nomthelela kwikhwalithi yesampula.
Amasampula kufanele avikelwe ekungcoleni okuphambanayo kukho konke ukuqoqwa, ukulungiswa, ukugcinwa, kanye nokuhamba. Ukususa ukungcola kwezinto kanye nokulandelana okufanele kubaluleke kakhulu uma uhamba phakathi kwezindawo okungenzeka ukuthi zingcolile nezihlanzekile.
Okuphelele isampula yokusingatha izinqubo kufanele ibhekane neziqukathi, amalebula, ezokuthutha, ukugcinwa, ukulondolozwa, imibhalo, ukusebenzelana kwelabhorethri, kanye nezinye izinqubo ezidingekayo ukuze kugcinwe ubuqotho besampula.
Izidingo zaselabhorethri kufanele zicatshangelwe ngaphambi kokuqala komsebenzi. Abaphenyi kufanele baqinisekise izindlela zokuhlaziya, inani lesampula, izikhathi zokubamba, imininingwane yesitsha, izidingo zokulondolozwa, kanye nezinqubo zokwamukela ilabhorethri.
Lapho kungase kuhlangatshezwane nezinto eziyingozi, izinqubo zamasampula kufanele zihlanganise nezilawuli ezifanele zezempilo nokuphepha. Abasebenzi kufanele baqonde izingozi zesizinda, okokuvikela okudingekayo, izinqubo eziphuthumayo, nokuphathwa kwemishini ephephile.
Isiqondiso mayelana izingozi zezempilo ezihlobene nokuchayeka kwemfucuza yemvelo ingasiza abaphenyi baqonde ukuthi kungani imisebenzi yesampula idinga ukuhlela ngokucophelela, ukuvikelwa, nokulawula ukuchayeka.
Abaseshi kufanele futhi bagweme ukuphazamiseka okungadingekile kwezinto ezingcolile ngoba izindlela zokuqoqa ezinolaka zingasabalalisa ukungcola, zikhiphe umhwamuko oyingozi, zidale izingozi zokuchayeka, noma ziguqule izici ezibonakalayo zamasampuli.
Ezingxenyeni zemfucuza noma iziqukathi, okokusebenza kanye nendlela kufanele kubonise isimo somzimba sikadoti, okuqukethwe okusolisayo, ukumiswa kweziqukathi, ukufinyeleleka, kanye nezingozi ezihlonziwe ngaphambi kokuvulwa noma ukusampula.
Ulwazi mayelana izinqubo zokusampula eziphephile zamayunithi kadoti luwusizo ikakhulukazi lapho abaphenyi kufanele basebenze eduze kwezigubhu, amathange, inqwaba yemfucuza, imigodi, ama-sludge, noma amanye ama-matric anzima.
Imisebenzi yamasampula kufanele yenziwe ngokungaguquki ngokohlelo olugunyaziwe kuyilapho kuvumela ukulungiswa okulawulwayo lapho ubufakazi benkambu bubonisa ukuthi umklamo wangempela awukwazi ukuhlangabezana ngokwanele nezinjongo zophenyo.
Noma yikuphi ukuchezuka okubalulekile kufanele kurekhodwe futhi kuhlolwe ngoba izinguquko kokokusebenza, izindawo, ukujula, isikhathi, ukulondolozwa, noma izimfuneko zokuhlaziya zingathinta ukuchazwa kwedathasethi yokugcina.
Abaphenyi kufanele baqinisekise ukuthi idathasethi yokugcina imelela izimo zangempela zesayithi ngokuseduze ngangokunokwenzeka. Ikhwalithi yesampula incike ekuhleleni okucatshangelwayo, izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezifanele, ukuqoqwa ngokucophelela, ukuphathwa ngendlela efanele, nokuhlaziywa kwelabhorethri okuthembekile.
Ukuqinisekiswa Kwekhwalithi Nokucatshangelwa Kwemibhalo
Ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi kufanele kuhlanganiswe kuyo yonke imisebenzi yophenyo lwesizinda ngoba amaphutha angeniswa ngesikhathi sokuhlela, ukuqoqwa, ukuphatha, ukuthutha, noma ukubhalwa kwamadokhumenti angase abeke engcupheni ukuba wusizo kwemiphumela yaselabhorethri.
Uhlelo oluqinile lokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi luqala ngaphambi komsebenzi wasendle. Izinjongo zamasampula, imingcele yokuhlaziya, okokusebenza, iziqukathi, izidingo zokulondoloza, amasampula okulawula ikhwalithi, izinqubo zaselabhorethri, kanye nezidingo zemibhalo kufanele kuchazwe kusengaphambili.
Abasebenzi basensimini kufanele baqonde uhlelo lwamasampula futhi bathole imiyalelo efanele mayelana nezinqubo okulindeleke ukuthi bazilandele. Izibopho ezicacile zinciphisa ukudideka futhi zithuthukise ukungaguquguquki.
Izinto ezisetshenziswayo kufanele zihlolwe, zihlanzwe futhi zilungiswe ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa kwensimu. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezingathula ukungcola noma ziphazamise ukuhlaziya akufanele zisetshenziswe ngaphandle kokulawula okufanele.
Amasampula okulawula ikhwalithi angase ahlanganise izikhala, izimpinda, ukuhlukaniswa, noma amanye amasampuli aklanyelwe ukuhlonza ukungcola, ukuhlukahluka, izinkinga zokusingatha, izinkinga zokuhlaziya, noma eminye imithombo engaba khona yephutha.
Imibhalo yasensimini kufanele ibe nemininingwane eyanele ukuze ivumele omunye umseshi ukuthi aqonde ukuthi yini eyaqoqwa, yaqoqwa kuphi, yaqoqwa kanjani, futhi ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo.
Abaphenyi kufanele bagcine irekhodi elicacile lamasampula kanye nokubhekwa ngoba uphenyo lwezemvelo ngokuvamile lubandakanya izisebenzi eziningi, amalabhorethri, imizuliswano yamasampula, nezigaba zokwenza izinqumo.
A esingokoqobo amasampula kanye nohlelo lokuhlaziya ngakho-ke kufanele kuqondise ukusebenza kwenkambu nezidingo zaselabhorethri ukuze ikhwalithi yesampula nokwethembeka kohlaziyo kuvikelwe ekuqoqweni ngokubika.
Ukuhlela okufanele nakho kungavimbela ukubambezeleka okungagwemeka. Amasampuli angase abe nezikhathi zokubamba eziqondile, izimo zokugcina, izimfuneko zokuhamba, kanye nemibandela yokwamukela ilabhorethri okufanele yaneliswe.
Abasebenzi abathatha amasampula kufanele balungise izinhlu zemishini, imininingwane yesiteshi, amalebula amasampula, iziqukathi, izinto zokuphepha, amamephu, izinto zokubhala, nezinye izidingo ngaphambi kokuya ensimini.
Uhlu lokuhlola lwangaphambi kwenkundla lusiza ekunciphiseni okushiywe futhi lungase luhlonze izinkinga ngaphambi kokuba zithinte uphenyo. Ingase futhi ithuthukise ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamaqembu amasampula, abaphathi bephrojekthi, amalabhorethri, nabamele indawo.
Lapho izimo zishintsha ngesikhathi sokusampula, abaphenyi kufanele babhale izimo futhi banqume ukuthi ukuguqulwa kuyadingeka yini. Noma yiziphi izinguquko kufanele zihlale zihambisana nezinjongo kanye nezidingo zekhwalithi.
Ikhwalithi yeziphetho zokuhlaziya incike kakhulu kwikhwalithi yamasampuli aqoqiwe. Imishini yaselabhorethri ethembekile ayikwazi ukulungisa amaphutha abangwe ukungakhethi kahle kwesampula, ukungcoliswa, ukulondolozwa okungafanele, noma imibhalo enganele.
Ngakho-ke abaphenyi kufanele baphathe amasampula njengenqubo edidiyelwe kunomsebenzi wasensimini ozimele. Ukuhlela, ukuqoqwa, ukuphatha, ukuhlaziya, ukuhumusha, kanye nokubika kumele kusebenze ndawonye ukuze kukhiqizwe imiphumela evikelekayo.
Ukutolika Imiphumela Yesampula
Imiphumela yaselabhorethri kufanele ihunyushwe ngokuhlobene nezinjongo zokuqala zamasampula, umlando wendawo, izimo zemvelo, ulwazi lwangemuva, kanye nomklamo wamasampula kunokucabangela amanani okuhlaziya ngamanye.
Abaseshi kufanele baqhathanise ukugxilisa ingqondo ezindaweni zonke, ekujuleni, emithonjeni yezindaba yezemvelo, kanye nezindawo ezingemuva ezifanele ukuze bakhombe amaphethini angase abonise imithombo yokungcola noma izindlela zokufuduka.
Imiphumela engalindelekile kufanele ihlolwe ngokucophelela ngoba ingase ibonise ukungcoliswa kwendawo, ukuhlukahluka kwamasampula, izinkinga zaselabhorethri, izimo zemvelo ezingavamile, noma imisebenzi yesayithi eyayingaziwa ngaphambili.
Lapho imiphumela iphakamisa ukuthi ukungcola kudlulele ngalé kwendawo yokuqala yamasampula, kungase kudingeke uphenyo olwengeziwe ukuze kutholakale ubukhulu obugcwele nokuqonda izingozi ezingaba khona.
Idatha yendawo ingathuthukisa ukutolika ngoba imiphumela emephu ivumela abaphenyi ukuthi baqhathanise ukugxilwa kokuhlaziya nezindlela zokudonsa amanzi, ukusetshenziswa komhlaba, i-geology, ukunyakaza kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, i-topography, nezindawo zomlando zemithombo.
Izinhlelo zokuqapha imvelo ziyazuza ezindleleni ezingaguquguquki ngoba izinqubo eziqhathanisekayo zenza kube lula ukuhlola izinguquko ekugxilweni kokungcola nokunquma ukuthi izimo zizinzile noma ziyashintsha.
Ulwazi oluvela ku izindlela zokuqapha ezingcolile nezingcolile ingasekela ukuqonda okubanzi kokuthi ukungcola kukalwa kanjani kuyo yonke imidiya yezemvelo nokuthi imiphumela yokuqapha ingazisa kanjani izinqumo zemvelo.
Ukuhumusha kufanele futhi kubone ukungaqiniseki. Amasistimu emvelo ayahlukahlukana, futhi amasampula amelela izingxenye ezilinganiselwe zemiphakathi emikhulu kakhulu ezingase zihluke kakhulu endaweni nesikhathi.
Lapho ukungaqiniseki kukukhulu, abaphenyi kufanele bakhombe imikhawulo ngokucacile kunokuba bethule izincazelo ngokuzethemba okukhulu kunalokho okungasekelwa ubufakazi obukhona.
Amasampula engeziwe angase afaneleke lapho imiphumela ekhona ingakwazi ukuphendula ngokwanele imibuzo ebalulekile yophenyo. Isinqumo kufanele sisekelwe ekungaqinisekini okusele kanye nemiphumela yokungcola okungaxazululiwe.
Uphenyo oluklanywe kahle kufanele ekugcineni lunikeze ulwazi olwanele lokuqonda imithombo yokungcola, imidiya ethintekile, izindlela zokufuduka, amaphethini okugxilisa ingqondo, kanye nesidingo sokuhlola okwengeziwe noma ukuphathwa.
Umbiko wophenyo kufanele uxhumanise okutholwe kohlaziyo nobufakazi bomlando, ukubhekwa kwezindawo, izinqubo zamasampula, ulwazi lokulawula ikhwalithi, kanye nokutolika ukuze iziphetho zibe sobala futhi zivikeleke ngokobuchwepheshe.
Isifinyezo Somlando Wesayithi-Ukuhlola Idatha Ekhona/Ulwazi Lwefayela
| Indawo | Isifinyezo |
|---|---|
| Ulwazi lwangemuva | Amarekhodi omlando, izinhlelo zesayithi, ulwazi lwasemoyeni, imisebenzi yangaphambilini, izici zokudonsa amanzi, izindawo zokugcina, namarekhodi okuchitheka kusungula umongo obalulekile wophenyo. |
| Indawo engokwemvelo | Isayensi yokwakheka komhlaba, inhlabathi, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, amanzi angaphezulu, isimo sezulu, isimo sendawo, izimila, izilwane zasendle, nokusetshenziswa komhlaba kuthonya ukunyakaza okungcolisayo nezinqumo zamasampula. |
| Ukuvakashela isayithi | Ukuhlolwa kwangaphambili kwesampula kuqinisekisa ulwazi olukhona futhi kuhlonza amalebula, izakhiwo, izindawo ezilahlwayo, izinkomba zemvelo, izingozi, nezimo ezingabhaliwe. |
| Izindawo zamasampula | Izindawo kufanele zikhethwe ngokuya ngezinhloso zamasampula, ubufakazi bokungcola, izimo zesizinda, izindlela ezilindelekile, ukufinyeleleka, kanye nesidingo solwazi olumele. |
| Amasu okusampula | Kungase kusetshenziswe izindlela ezingahleliwe, zokwahlulela, ezihlelekile, ezihlukene, noma ezihlangene kuye ngolwazi olutholakalayo kanye nezinjongo zophenyo. |
| Izinombolo zesampula | Ubuningi besampula buncike ezindleleni zokuchayeka, izinjongo zezibalo, izidingo zekhwalithi yedatha, izidingo zangemuva, izinjongo zamasampula, nezici eziqondene nesayithi. |
| Indlela yokwenza isampula | Izindlela zokuqoqa nezinto zokusebenza kufanele zifane ne-matrix yemvelo, izimo zomzimba, izidingo zokuhlaziya, ukucatshangelwa kokuphepha, nokumelwa kwesampula okufunayo. |
| Ukubamba isampula | Iziqukathi ezilungile, ukulondolozwa, amalebula, ezokuthutha, uchungechunge lokugcinwa, ukususwa kokungcola, kanye nemibhalo kusiza ukuvikela ubuqotho besampula nokuthembeka kokuhlaziya. |
| Ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi | Izinqubo zokulawula ikhwalithi kufanele zihlanganise ukuhlela, ukulungiswa kwemishini, izinqubo zenkambu, ukuxhumanisa elabhorethri, imibhalo, nokuhlolwa kwemithombo yephutha engaba khona. |
| Ukuchazwa komphumela | Okutholakele kokuhlaziya kufanele kuhunyushwe ngokuhambisana nomlando wesizinda, izimo zemvelo, ukwakheka kwamasampula, amaphethini wendawo, ulwazi lwangemuva, kanye nokungaqiniseki okubonwayo. |
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Mayelana Nophenyo Lwesayithi kanye Nohlelo Lwesampula
1. Kuyini uphenyo lwesizinda nohlelo lokuthatha amasampula?
Uphenyo lwesizinda nohlelo lwamasampula kuwumbhalo ohlelekile ochaza ukuthi yiluphi ulwazi oluzoqoqwa, lapho amasampula azovela khona, azoqoqwa kanjani, nokuthi kungani.
2. Kungani ulwazi lwesizindalwazi lubalulekile ngaphambi kokuthatha amasampula?
Ulwazi olungokomlando lungahlonza izinqubo zangaphambili zezimboni, izindawo zokugcina, izindawo zokulahla, ukuchitheka, imizila yokukhipha amanzi, nezinye izimo ezisiza abaphenyi ukuthi bathole imithombo engaba khona yokungcoliswa ngokuphumelelayo.
3. Zikhethwa kanjani izindawo zamasampula ngesikhathi sophenyo lwesayithi?
Izindawo zamasampula zingakhethwa kusetshenziswa izindlela ezingahleliwe, zokwahlulela, ezihlelekile, ezihlukanisiwe, noma ezihlanganisiwe, kuye ngolwazi lwesizinda, izinhloso zophenyo, izimo zemvelo, namaphethini okungcola.
4. Yini enquma inani lamasampula adingekayo?
Izinombolo zamasampuli zincike ezindleleni zokuchayeka, izidingo zezibalo, izinhloso zekhwalithi yedatha, izidingo zokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi, amasampula angemuva, izinjongo zophenyo, izimo zesayithi, nokuhlukahluka kokungcola okulindelekile.
5. Kuyini ukusampula kokwahlulela noma okuchemayo?
Amasampula okwahlulela akhetha ngamabomu izindawo ngokusekelwe ebufakazini obungokomlando, ukungcola okubonakalayo, izinqubo ezaziwayo, ukuziphatha okungcolile, izindlela zemvelo, noma olunye ulwazi oluphakamisa amathuba aphezulu omthelela.
6. Kusetshenziselwani ukusampula okungahleliwe?
Ukusampula okungahleliwe kusiza ekuhlinzekeni ukumbozwa okubanzi nokuchemile okuncane uma ulwazi lwangemuva lunqunyelwe futhi abaphenyi bengenabo ubufakazi obanele bokukhetha izindawo ezithile ngokuncamelayo.
7. Kungani i-matrix yemvelo ibalulekile lapho ukhetha izindlela zokusampula?
Ama-matrices ahlukene afana nenhlabathi, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, amanzi angaphezulu, intlenga, udaka, kanye nemfucuza inezakhiwo ezihlukile zemvelo, ezidinga izindlela zokuqoqa kanye nezinto zokusebenza ezifanele ukuthola amasampula amele.
8. Kungani kubalulekile ukuphatha amasampula ngendlela efanele?
Ukuphatha ngendlela efanele kuvimbela ukungcoliswa, ukucekelwa phansi, ukungakhonjwa kahle, namanye amaphutha angashintsha imiphumela yokuhlaziya futhi enze okutholwe elabhorethri kungathembeki ekuthathweni kwezinqumo zendawo ezungezile.
9. Iyiphi indima edlalwa ukuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi ekuthatheni amasampula?
Ukuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi kusungula izinqubo zokulungiswa kwemishini, ukuqoqwa kwensimu, imibhalo, amasampula okulawula ikhwalithi, ukuhlanganiswa kwelabhorethri, ukuphathwa kwesampula, nokuhlolwa kwamaphutha angaba khona athinta idatha yokuhlaziya.
10. Kunini lapho amasampula engeziwe adingekayo?
Ukusampula okwengeziwe kungase kudingeke lapho imiphumela yokuqala iveza ukungcoliswa okungalindelekile, ukungaqiniseki okukhulu, amaphethini okugxilisa ingqondo angachazwanga, noma ulwazi olwanele lokuchaza izinga lokungcoliswa nezindlela zokufuduka.
Ingabe unayo imibuzo, iziphakamiso, noma iminikelo? Uma kunjalo, sicela ukhululeke ukusebenzisa ibhokisi lokuphawula elingezansi ukuze wabelane ngemicabango yakho. Futhi sikukhuthaza ukuba wabelane ngomusa lokhu kwaziswa nabanye abangase bazuze kukho. Njengoba singakwazi ukufinyelela wonke umuntu ngesikhathi esisodwa, silwazisa ngempela usizo lwakho ekusakazeni izwi. Siyabonga kakhulu ngokusekela kwakho nokwabelana!
Funda Futhi: Ukuxhumana Phakathi Kwekhemistry Yomhlabathi, Ikhemistri Yamanzi, Nesayensi Yokungcoliswa Kwemvelo