Mishonga inobatsira varimi kurwisa tumbuyu, sora, fungi, makonzo nezvimwe zvinokuvadza zvinogona kuderedza goho kana kunaka. Nekudaro, kuita kwavo kunobatsira kunoitawo mabasa kune hutano hwevanhu uye kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza.
Hutsanana hwakakosha hunopa misimboti inodiwa kubata, kushandisa, kuchengeta, kutakura, uye kurasira mishonga yezvipembenene pasina kuita kuti pave nekudzivirirwa. Mitemo iyi inobata vashandi, vatengi, mhuka, mvura, ivhu, mhepo, uye zvokudya.
Kushandiswa kwemushonga kwakachengeteka kunoenderana nekunzwisisa huturu, nzira dzekuratidzira, nguva yekushandisa, midziyo yekudzivirira, mamiriro emidziyo, zvinyorwa zvechigadzirwa, uye nguva dzinodiwa. Miitiro yakanaka yehutsanana inoderedzawo kusvibiswa kubva mumarara, kukukurwa, zvisaririra, nemarara.
Masara emishonga yezvipembenene anogona kupfuura zvirimwa zvakacheneswa kuburikidza nekuyerera, kudonha, kukukurwa, midziyo ine utachiona, midziyo yakaraswa, uye kubata tsvina zvisina kufanira. Kunzwisisa nzira idzi kunotsigira sarudzo dziri nani pamberi, panguva, uye mushure mekushandisa.
Nekuti njodzi dzemushonga wezvipembenene zvinoenderana nechinhu, magadzirirwo, dhamu, nzira yekuratidzira, uye nguva, vashandisi havafanire kutonga kuchengetedzwa kubva kumazita echigadzirwa chete. Chishandiso chine mutoro chinotanga nemadhairekitori nematanho akakodzera.
Hutsanana Hunokosha hweKushandisa Mushonga Wezvipembenene
Hutsanana hunokosha hunotanga mushonga wezvipembenene usati wasvika kumunda. Vashandisi vanofanirwa kuona chigadzirwa chakatenderwa, kusimbisa chipfuyo chayo, kunzwisisa chinyorwa, uye kugadzirira chengetedzo yakakodzera, zvishandiso, zvipfeko zvekudzivirira, uye hurongwa hwekukurumidzira.
Kushandisa kunofanirwa kuenderana nechirimwa, chipembenene, magadzirirwo, mamiriro ekunze, uye mwero unokurudzirwa. Kushandisa mishonga yezvipembenene yakawanda pane yaunenge waudzwa hakungogadzirisi kudzora uye kunogona kuwedzera zvisaririra, kuratidzwa, kufamba kwezvakatipoteredza, uye mari yekurapwa isingakodzeri.
Vashandi vanofanira kudzivisa kudya, kunwa, kusvuta, kana kubata kumeso pavanenge vachibata mishonga yezvipembenene. Maoko, ganda rakavhurika, midziyo yekudzivirira inogona kushandiswa zvakare, uye maturusi ekushandisa zvinoda kucheneswa kwakakodzera mushure mebasa kuderedza kuratidzwa netsaona.
Mishonga yezvipembenene inofanira kuramba iri mumidziyo yayo yepakutanga, yakanyorwa nemazvo uye kugara kure nechikafu, chikafu chemhuka, mishonga, vana, nevashandisi vasina mvumo. Chengetedza chengetedzo zvakare inoderedza kuvuza, kusanganisa netsaona, uye kupinda kusina mvumo.
Maitiro ehutsanana anoenderera mberi mushure mekupfapfaidza kuburikidza nekucheneswa kwakaringana, kuchengetedzwa kwemidziyo yakachengeteka, manejimendi ezvisaririra, ongororo yekuchengetera, marekodhi epabasa, uye kutarisisa kusati kwave kukohwa kana kupinda zvakare zvinodiwa zvakataurwa pane yakabvumidzwa chigadzirwa label.
Zvakakodzera makemikari-marara kubata zvine basawo nekuti midziyo yemishonga yezvipembenene, zvinhu zvine utachiona, uye misanganiswa yasara inogona kuva tsvina ine ngozi kana vanhu vakaibata zvisina hanya kana kuisiya iri pachena mumapurazi, zvitoro nedzimba. Kudzora kwakachengeteka kunodzivirira kubata.
Kunzwisisa zvinhu zvine ngozi inobatsira vanoshandisa mishonga yezvipembenene kuti vaone kuti mishonga yekurima ingapinda sei muvhu, mumvura, mumhepo, muchikafu, nenzvimbo dzekugara dziri pedyo kuburikidza nekurasa, kuyerera, kukukurwa, kusachengetedzwa zvakanaka, uye kuraswa kwemarara. Kuziva uku kunosimbisa kudzivirira.
Utsanana hwakanaka hunotsigirawo kuratidzwa kwehutano hwevanhu kudzora nekudzikisira kusangana kusingakoshi panguva yekugadzirira, kurapwa, kuchenesa midziyo, kuchengetedza, chekufambisa, uye kurasira mabasa munzvimbo dzese dzekurima nenharaunda dzakatenderedza. Utsanana hunoenderana hunosimbisa izvi zvidzoro.
Verenga zvakare: Waste Detification Nzira
Hutsanana Mabhenefiti eMishonga Yezvipembenene Yakachengeteka
1. Kudzivirira Vashandi: Maitiro ehutsanana anoderedza kusangana panguva yekusanganisa, kurodha, kushandisa, kuchenesa michina, uye kugadzirisa. The exposure nzira pamabasa aya anofanira kudzorwa nekuti vashandi vanogona kusangana nemishonga yezvipembenene kakawanda.
2. Kuchengetedza Vatengi: Miyero yekushandiswa kwayo, nguva, uye nguva yekukohwa zvinobatsira kudzikamisa masara emishonga yezvipembenene pazvirimwa. Kushandiswa zvine mutsindo kunoderedza kusvibiswa kunosvika kuchikafu, mvura, nzvimbo dzekuchengetera, vatengi, uye zvigadzirwa zvapera. Strong zvine ngozi-marara zvinodzora kuwedzera kuderedza kusvibiswa.
3. Kuchengetedza Nharaunda: Kukukurwa kwemishonga yezvipembenene, kuyerera, uye kuraswa zvisina kufanira kunogona kuratidza vanhu vasina kumbobata chigadzirwa. Hutsanana hunoparadzanisa nzvimbo dzekurapisa kubva mudzimba, nzira dzemvura, zvikoro, zvipfuyo, nenzvimbo dzeveruzhinji. Kunzwisisa ngozi-marara maitiro inovandudza kudzivirira.
4. Kuchengetedza Ecosystems: Mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inogona kukanganisa zvipenyu kupfuura tupukanana tunenge twakarongwa kana zvipembenene zvatiza munzvimbo yakanangwa. Sarudzo yakangwarira, kunyatso shandisa, kudzivirira kurashikirwa, uye manejimendi emarara anoderedza kufumurwa kusingakoshi mumapurazi nenzvimbo dzakatenderedza.
Sanitary Classification yeMishonga Yezvipembenene
Sanitary classification inobatsira kuenzanisa njodzi dzemishonga yezvipembenene uye kuona matanho anodiwa pakubata nekushandisa. Mazuva ano masisitimu anofunga acute toxicity uye rumwe ruzivo rwengozi, uku waste characterization inogona kutsigira kuongororwa kwezvinhu zvine chekuita nemishonga yezvipembenene.
| Acute Oral Toxicity Category | Oral LD50 | Common U.S. Signal Word |
|---|---|---|
| I | Kusvika ku50 mg / kg | NJODZI kana NJODZI/POISON |
| II | Kupfuura 50 kusvika 500 mg/kg | YAMBIRO |
| III | Kupfuura 500 kusvika 5,000 mg/kg | KUCHENJERA |
| IV | Kupfuura 5,000 mg/kg | Hapana chaidiwa |
1. Acute Hazard Classes: WHO inoshandisa acute-hazard framework inokamura mishonga yezvipembenene yakasarudzwa kuita Ia ine njodzi zvakanyanya, Ib ine njodzi zvakanyanya, II ine ngozi iri pakati nepakati, uye III ine ngozi zvishoma. Iyi nzira inotarisawo maitiro.
2. Mafungiro ekuumbwa: Mushonga wezvipembenene unogona kushandura kuratidzwa uye hunhu hwenjodzi. sampling maitiro inogona kubatsira kana zvinhu zvakasvibiswa zvichida kuyedzwa kwemumiriri sarudzo dzisati dzaitwa nharaunda kana marara.
3. LD50 Zvinoreva: LD50 inofungidzira dhigirii, mumamirigiramu pakirogiramu yehuremu hwemuviri, inotarisirwa kuuraya hafu yehuwandu hwemhuka dzakaedzwa pasi pemamiriro akatarwa. Kuderera kunoratidza huturu hwakanyanya.
4. Classification Limits: LD50 haitsananguri njodzi yese yezvipembenene. Mhedzisiro isingaperi, kushatirwa, kukurudzira, kugadzira zvivakwa, nzira yekuratidzira, uye maitiro ezvakatipoteredza zvinodawo kutariswa paunenge uchiongorora njodzi dzehutsanana nekusarudza matanho ekudzivirira panguva yekushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene uye kutonga kwemarara.
LD50 uye Pesticide Signal Mazwi
Mapepa emishonga yezvipembenene anowanzo shandisa mazwi echiratidzo kutaura nezve njodzi yakanyanya, asi izvo chaizvo zvinodiwa zvinoenderana nehurongwa hwekutonga uye kuongororwa kwechigadzirwa. Vashandisi vanofanirwa kubata izwi rega rega rechiratidzo seyambiro yekutevera mafambiro.
MuUnited States, EPA inoshandisa mazwi echiratidzo Danger, Warning, and Caution, akabatanidzwa kune akaverengerwa acute toxicity zvikamu. Category IV zvigadzirwa zvingangoda kusaina izwi rechiratidzo, zvichienderana nemitemo inoshanda yekunyora.
Oral LD50 maitiro anogona kuenzanisira acute toxicity zvikamu, asi vanodzora vanofungawo dermal uye inhalation chepfu, ziso uye ganda mhedzisiro, uye mamwe acute endpoints pavanopa ruzivo rwepesticide label.
Sanitary classification saka inotsigira njodzi kutaurirana, asi haifanire kutsiva kuverenga iyo yakazara label. Vashandisi vanoda mirairo yakanangana nechigadzirwa chemidziyo yekudzivirira, kusanganisa, kushandisa, kuchengetedza, kurasa, kupindazve, uye nguva yekukohwa.
Kuongorora toxic-substance analysis inogona kudzamisa nzwisiso yekuti zvimiro zvemakemikari, kutarisisa, nzira dzekuratidzira, uye mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza zvinokanganisa sei njodzi dzinogona kuitika munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzekufumurwa, zvinhu zvakasvibiswa, nzvimbo dzebasa dzekurima, nenharaunda dzakatenderedza.
Kurongeka kweNzira dzeKushandisa Pesticide
1. Foliar Application: Iyi nzira inoisa mushonga wezvipembenene pamashizha vachishandisa michina yekufirita. Inokodzera mishonga yezvipembenene uye fungicides, asi vashandisi vanofanirwa kubata kudonha, mamiriro ekunze, kuvharika, uye kuratidzwa kwevashandi. Kuronga kunofanira kuzvidavirira hova dzemarara ekurima.
2. Kushandiswa kwevhu: Mishonga yevhu inoisa mishonga yezvipembenene pazvirimwa. Vanogona kunanga zvipembenene zvevhu kana matambudziko emidzi-nzvimbo, nepo kusarudzwa kwechiyero kunobatsira kudzikisira kufamba mumvura yepasi. Kuziva kwe kufamba kwemishonga yezvipembenene inotsigira zvisarudzo.
3. Kurapa Mbeu: Mbeu inorapwa inogashira mushonga wezvipembenene isati yadyarwa kudzivirira mbesa dziri kumera kubva kutumbuyu nezvirwere. Vashandi vanofanira kudzivirira guruva, kudzivisa kusangana zvakananga, uye kutevera mirairo yechigadzirwa. Kunzwisisa ivhu zvinhu inotsigira hurongwa hwekushandisa.
4. Bait Application: Zviredzo zvinosanganisa chinhu chinoshanda nechikafu kana chinokwezva chinokweva twupukanana. Kuiswa kwakachengeteka kunobatsira kuderedza kupinda netsaona kwevana, zvipfuyo, mhuka dzinovaraidza, mhuka dzesango, uye zvipenyu zvisina chinangwa munzvimbo dzakarapwa.
5. Fumigation Application: Fumigants inoburitsa magasi kana mhute inodzora zvipembenene munzvimbo dzakavharirwa. Zvigadzirwa izvi zvinogona kuunza njodzi dzakakomba dzekufumurwa, saka vakadzidziswa chete, vashandisi vane mvumo vanofanirwa kutevedzera marebhureki ekushandisa zvakachengeteka.
Kubata Kwakachengeteka Panguva Yekushandisa Mushonga Wezvipembenene
1. Verenga Chiratidzo Kutanga: Simbisa chirimwa chakatenderwa, chipembenene chinotarirwa, mwero, nzira yekushandisa, midziyo yekudzivirira, zvirambidzo, uye nguva dzinodiwa. Mapepa ezvigadzirwa anopa mirairo yekushandisa mishonga yezvipembenene zvisina njodzi. Nzira dzekurasa marara zvinoenderana nemazita ekuraira.
2. Pfeka Dziviriro Yakakodzera: Shandisa zvipfeko zvekudzivirira uye zvishandiso zvakatsanangurwa pane chigadzirwa label. Magirovhosi, dziviriro yeziso, dziviriro yekufema, uye shangu zvinogona kudikanwa zvinoenderana nechigadzirwa. Tevera inokurudzirwa nzira dzekurasa zvezvinhu zvakasvibiswa.
3. Sanganisa Nekungwarira: Gadzirira mishonga yezvipembenene kure nematsime, chikafu, chikafu chezvipfuyo, uye nzira dzemvura. Dzivisa kupfachuka, kupera, kuyera kusingakoshi, uye kuonana kwakananga. Zvakakodzera kuraswa kwemarara emishonga yezvipembenene inobatsira kudzivirira kuburitswa kwemakemikari asina kuchengetedzeka.
4. Tarisa Chishandiso Chekushandisa: Wongorora masprayers, nozzles, hose, matangi, uye zvisimbiso usati washandisa. Midziyo chaiyo inogona kuvandudza huchokwadi hwekushandisa, kuderedza kudonha, kudzikamisa kuratidzwa netsaona, uye kudzivirira kurapwa kusina kuenzana pachirimwa panguva yemaitiro ebasa remumunda.
5. Chenesa Zvakachengetedzeka: Zvishandiso zvakachena, zvipfeko, uye zvinhu zvinodzivirira zvinogona kushandiswa zvakare maererano nemazita ekuraira. Chengetedza mishonga yasara yakachengeteka, gadzirisa zvinhu zvine utachiona nenzira kwayo, uye geza ganda rakashama nekukasika wapedza basa rekushandisa nekucheneswa.
Kuchengetedzwa Kwezvakatipoteredza uye Zvisaririra zveMishonga
Kucheneswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene kunodzivirirawo zviwanikwa zvezvakatipoteredza nekuti makemikari anogona kufamba kubva kuminda yakarapwa kuburikidza nekumhanya, kudonha, kudhiraivha, kudhiraivha, kana kuburitswa netsaona. Maitiro ekushandisa akakodzera anobatsira kuchengetedza kurapwa mukati menzvimbo yakatarwa.
Zvisaririra zvemishonga yezvipembenene zvinogona kuramba zvichienderera kana kushanduka mushure mekushandiswa, zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze uye zvimiro zvemakemikari. Information on kuparara kwemishonga yezvipembenene inobatsira kutsanangura kuti sei zvisaririra zvinoda kunyatsotariswa, kubata, nekurasa maitiro mushure mekurapwa kwekurima.
Kusvibiswa kwevhu kunogona kutevera kushandiswa kwakadzokororwa, kurasika, kusaraswa zvakanaka, kana kufamba kwemishonga yezvipembenene kusingadiwi. Guidance on kusvibiswa kwevhu inoratidza kuti sei kuchengetedza kunaka kwevhu kuchiramba chiri chinangwa chakakosha cheutsanana kune nzvimbo dzekurima dzine zvibereko.
Nzira dzemvura dzinofanirwa kuchengetedzwa kwakakosha panguva yekushandisa mushonga wezvipembenene. Information on kunaka kwemvura kunokanganisa inosimbisa kukosha kwekudzivirira kuyerera, kurasika, uye mamwe makemikari anobudiswa kuti asasvike hova, nzizi, madziva, madziva, uye mvura yepasi.
Chiito chekudzivirira chinofanirawo kugadzirisa kuchengetedza, nguva yekushandisa, kudonha kwemidziyo, dhiraivha, uye kubata tsvina. Kuderedza kusvibiswa panzvimbo yacho kazhinji kunoganhurira kudiwa kwekuchenesa kunodhura uye kutonga kwenguva refu kwezvakatipoteredza.
Verenga zvakare: Kutarisirwa Kwemarara Ane Ngozi Munzvimbo
Kutarisisa Kunosungirwa Kushandiswa Kwemushonga Wezvipembenene
Kuiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene kunofanirwa kuita chikamu chehurongwa hwakakura hwehutsanana hunorekodha zvigadzirwa, mazuva ekurapwa, tupukanana, mitengo yekushandiswa, mamiriro ekunze, kutariswa kwemidziyo, zviitiko, uye zvirambidzo zvinoenderana nekukohwa mumwaka wega wega wekurapwa.
Marekodhi enguva dzose anoita kuti zvive nyore kuongorora kushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene, kuongorora kuratidzwa kusingawanzoitiki, kuratidza kutevedza, uye kuona matambudziko anodzokororwa. Inzwi tsvina yekusarudza nzira inobatsirawo kurongedza marara ane chekuita nemishonga isati yarapwa kana sarudzo dzekurasa.
Kuchengetedza zviwanikwa zvemvura kunoda zvinopfuura kungodzivisa kurasika kwakananga. kudzivirira kusvibiswa kwemvura zvinosanganisirawo kudzora kuyerera, kuchengetedza maitirwo akakodzera ekushandisa, uye kuchengetedza zvinhu zvine utachiona kure netunzira twekuyerera nemvura.
Zvisina kushandiswa, zvinhu zvakasvibiswa, midziyo isina chinhu, mvura yekugezesa, uye imwe tsvina yemishonga inouraya zvipembenene zvinoda kutarisirwa zvakanaka. Mitemo yemunharaunda inosarudza nzira dzinogamuchirwa dzekurasa, saka vashandisi havafanire kupisa, kurasa, kudurura, kana kuviga tsvina kunze kwekunge zvanyatsobvumidzwa.
Kudzidziswa kunoramba kwakakosha nekuti marekodhi, magadzirirwo, zvishandiso, uye mirau zvinogona kusiyana pakati pezvigadzirwa uye masimba. Vashandi vanofanirwa kuziva nzira dzechimbichimbi, kunzwisisa nzira dzekusangana nadzo, uye kutsvaga rubatsiro rwekurapa nekukurumidza mushure mekufungidzirwa kuti vane chepfu kana kuratidzwa zvakanyanya.
Kushandisa mishonga inouraya zvipembenene zvine ungwaru kunobatanidza hutsanana, kupatsanurwa kwenjodzi, kushandiswa chaiko, kuchengetedzwa kwevashandi, kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, kutonga kwezvisaririra, kuchengeta marekodhi, uye kuraswa kwemarara zviri pamutemo. Matanho aya anobatsira kuchengetedza kudzora tupukanana kunoshanda uku achidzikisa njodzi dzisina basa.
Pfupiso pamusoro peSanitary Fundamentals uye Classification yePesticide Application
| Chikamu | Main Idea | Nei Zvichikosha |
|---|---|---|
| Sanitary Fundamentals | Kubata zvakachengeteka, kuchengetedza, kushandisa, kuchenesa, uye marekodhi. | Inoderedza kuratidzwa kusingakoshi kwevanhu uye kwezvakatipoteredza. |
| Sanitary Benefits | Inodzivirira vashandi, vatengi, nharaunda, uye ecosystems. | Inotsigira kushandiswa kwakachengeteka kwemishonga yezvipembenene mukati menguva yakazara yekushandisa kutenderera. |
| Sanitary Classification | Inofananidza njodzi dzemishonga yezvipembenene uchishandisa nzira dzinozivikanwa dzehupfu. | Inobatsira vashandisi kunzwisisa matanho ekudzivirira uye njodzi kutaurirana. |
| LD50 Uye Zviratidzo | LD50 inoyera huturu hwakanyanya, nepo mavara achitaurirana mazinga enjodzi. | Inokurudzira kududzirwa kwakarurama kwemavara emishonga yezvipembenene. |
| Maitiro Okushandisa | Inosanganisira foliar, ivhu, mbeu, chirauro, uye nzira dzekufukidzira. | Imwe neimwe nzira inoda zvidzoreso zvinoenderana nenjodzi dzayo dzekufumurwa. |
| Kubata Kwakachengeteka | Inosimbisa mavara, midziyo yekudzivirira, kunyatsosanganisa, kutarisa kwemidziyo, uye kuchenesa. | Inodzikamisa kusangana netsaona uye kukanganisa kwekushandisa. |
| Kuchengetedzwa Kwezvakatipoteredza | Inodzora kukukurwa, kuyerera, kudonha, kurashikirwa, zvisaririra, uye marara. | Inochengetedza ivhu, mvura, mhuka dzesango, nenharaunda dzakapoteredza. |
| Monitoring | Inoshandisa marekodhi, kudzidziswa, kuronga kwekukurumidzira, uye kutonga kwemarara zviri pamutemo. | Inotsigira kuzvidavirira uye kuenderera mberi kwekuvandudza mukuchengetedza mishonga yezvipembenene. |
Mibvunzo Inowanzo Kubvunzwa Nezve Hutsanana Dzinokosha uye Kurongeka Kwemishonga Yezvipembenene
1. Ndezvipi zvakakosha zvehutsanana mukushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene?
Ndiwo hutsanana, kuchengetedzeka, kubata, kuchengetedza, kushandisa, kuchenesa, uye misimboti yekutarisa inoshandiswa kuderedza kufumurwa kwemishonga yezvipembenene uye kusvibiswa.
2. LD50 inorevei?
LD50 inhamba yefungidziro yedosi inokonzeresa kufa muhafu yehwerengedzo yemhuka pasi pemamiriro akatarwa.
3. Mishonga yose ine chepfu here?
Mishonga yezvipembenene zvinhu zvine biologically inoshanda zvakagadzirirwa kudzora zvipenyu zvinonangwa, saka chigadzirwa chese chinoda kunyatsobatwa zvinoenderana nereiro uye ruzivo rwenjodzi.
4. Ndedzipi nzira dzakajairika dzekushandisa mushonga wezvipembenene?
Nzira dzakajairika dzinosanganisira kupfapfaidza nefoliar, kuisa ivhu, kurapwa kwembeu, kuisa chirauro, uye kupfungaidza, zvichienderana nechigadzirwa uye chipembenene chakanangana.
5. Sei kupatsanurwa kwemishonga yezvipembenene kune basa?
Classification inobatsira kutaurirana njodzi dzehukama uye inotungamira vashandisi kune kwakakodzera chenjedzo, zvekudzivirira, maitiro ekubata, uye zvinodikanwa zvekutonga.
6. Kusvibiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene kungaderedzwa sei?
Shandisa chigadzirwa chakakodzera uye mwero, kudzivirira kurasika uye kukukurwa, chengetedza zvitubu zvemvura, gadzirisa zvisaririra nemazvo, uye tevedzera zvinodiwa nemalebula.
7. Chii chinofanira kuitika mushure mekushandisa mushonga wezvipembenene?
Chenesa midziyo zvakachengeteka, geza ganda rakashama, chengetedza zvigadzirwa, chengetedza tsvina nenzira kwayo, chengetedza marekodhi, uye tarisa zvese zvinodiwa zvekupindazve kana nguva dzekukohwa.
Iwe une chero mibvunzo, mazano, kana mipiro? Kana zvirizvo, ndapota inzwa wakasununguka kushandisa bhokisi rekutaura pazasi kugovera pfungwa dzako. Tinokukurudzirawo kuti ugoverane nomutsa mashoko aya nevamwe vangabatsirwa nawo. Sezvo tisingakwanisi kusvika munhu wose panguva imwe chete, tinoonga zvechokwadi rubatsiro rwenyu mukuparadzira shoko. Ndinokutendai zvikuru nerutsigiro rwenyu uye nokugoverana!
Verenga zvakare: Chengetedzo Yekuchengetedza uye Yekutanga Aid Kuratidzira mune Pesticide Poisoning muKurima