Thursday, November 21, 2024
Environmental Management

Air Microbiology (Aerobiology) and Causes of Air-Borne Diseases

Aerobiology is defined as the study of life present in the air. Aeromicrobiology relates to the study of environmentally relevant micro-organisms. Intramural Aerobiology deals with indoor environment while Extramural Aerobiology deals with outdoor environment. No organism is indigenous to the atmosphere.

Micro-organisms exist within 300-1000 feet of earth‘s surface that have become attached to fragments of dried leaves, straw or dust particles light enough to be blown by wind. In dry weather, the microbial load of air is high while in wet weather the rain washes the micro-organisms from the air.

Air is not a medium in which micro-organisms grow, but it is a carrier of dust and droplets that may be laden with microorganisms. Large droplets settle out quickly while the droplet nuclei remain afloat.

The spore formers and cyst formers are likely to survive better in the atmosphere for longer period. Depending upon the type and the climatic conditions the persistence of micro-organisms is observed. The micro- organisms come into the air via both land and water. Wind creates dust laden with microbes.

From the ocean surface water droplets laden with microbes arise. Various agricultural, industrial and municipal processing facilities have the potential for generating microbe laden aerosols. The irrigation sprinkler, grain thrashing, sewage treatment facility, abattoirs etc., can serve as sources.

Air-Borne Diseases

Air Microbiology (Aerobiology) and Causes of Air-Borne Diseases

Air-borne diseases are caused by hardy micro-organisms and include diseases of plants, animals and human. The impact of plant pathogens esp. fungi on agricultural economy is enormous. Infection of pet and livestock by airborne pathogens is also significant as are the diseases in humans.

The kinds of pathogenic micro-organisms present in the atmosphere associated with humans are viruses, protozoa, molds and bacteria. The table below summarizes the wide adverse effects on humans by contaminants present in the air which also includes the bacterial and fungal toxins.

Read Also: Importance of Water Microbiology

Air pollution by exhausts from industries is another matter. The consequences of industrial air pollution are irritation of skin, eyes and respiratory tract, thereby posing health hazards.

Toxins of Clostridium botulinum is a potential biological warfare agent Bacillus anthracis has been used effectively in germ or biological warfare. A sophisticated training and machinery is required to tackle these agents.

Table: Air-borne Human Diseases of Importance and their Causative Agent

BacteriaDiseaseVirusDisease
Streptococcus pyogenesSore throatInfluenza virusInfluenza
Corynebacterium diphtheriaeDiphtheriaHantavirusPulmonary syndrome
Mycobacterium tuberculosisTuberculosisHepatitis virusHepatitis
Streptococcus pneumoniaePneumococcal pneumoniaHerpes virusChicken pox
Klebsiella pneumoniaeatypical pneumoniaPicorna virusCommon cold
Neisseria meningitidisMeningococcal meningitisFlavivirusDengue fever
Yersinia pestisBubonic plaqueRubella virusRubella
Bordetella pertussisWhooping coughMeasles virusMeasles
Haemophilus influenzaeInfluenzaInfluenza virusInfluenza
Nocardia asteroidsNocardiosisHantavirusPulmonary syndrome
FungiDisease
Aspergillus fumigatusAspergillosis
Blastomyces dermatiridiBlastomycosis
Coccidioides immitisCoccidioidomyosis
Cryptococcus neoformansCryptococcosis
Histoplasma capsulatumHistoplasmosis
Pneumocystis cariniiPneumocystitis
Source: Anuradha S. Nrurkar, 2006.

Table: Adverse Effects on Humans and Environment Associated with Exposure to Airborne Micro-organisms

S/NAgentHumansEnvironment
1.AlgaeAllergyOdor
2.BacteriaHypersensitivity, respiratory infectionsPlant diseases, odor
3.FungiAllergy, skin problems, respiratory infectionsDeterioration of building materials, odor, plant diseases
4.EndotoxinCough, headache, respiratory distressNone
5.MycotoxinCough, headache, respiratory distressDisease in livestock
6.ProtozoaEncephalitis, hypersensitivity infectionsProtect other bacteria, disease to livestock
7.VirusInfectionsCrop and livestock disease
Source: Anuradha S. Nrurkar, 2006

Without the knowledge of microbiology, the above ideas would have been strange before man and death of humans would have been recorded in their millions.

Read Also: The History and Origin of Burmese Pythons

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Benadine Nonye is an agricultural consultant and a writer with several years of professional experience in the agriculture industry. - National Diploma in Agricultural Technology - Bachelor's Degree in Agricultural Science - Master's Degree in Science Education - PhD Student in Agricultural Economics and Environmental Policy... Visit My Websites On: 1. Agric4Profits.com - Your Comprehensive Practical Agricultural Knowledge and Farmer’s Guide Website! 2. WealthinWastes.com - For Effective Environmental Management through Proper Waste Management and Recycling Practices! Join Me On: Twitter: @benadinenonye - Instagram: benadinenonye - LinkedIn: benadinenonye - YouTube: Agric4Profits TV - Pinterest: BenadineNonye4u - Facebook: BenadineNonye

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